DOCSLIB.ORG

Memory for Emotional Images: Mechanisms of Episodic Processing and Its Psychophysiological Correlates Gregory E

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Memory for Emotional Images: Mechanisms of Episodic Processing and Its Psychophysiological Correlates Gregory E Loma Linda University TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects 9-1-2011 Memory for Emotional Images: Mechanisms of Episodic Processing and its Psychophysiological Correlates Gregory E. Devore Loma Linda University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Devore, Gregory E., "Memory for Emotional Images: Mechanisms of Episodic Processing and its Psychophysiological Correlates" (2011). Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects. 27. http://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/27 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects by an authorized administrator of TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Loma Linda University School of Science and Technology in conjunction with the Faculty of Graduate Students ______________________ Memory for Emotional Images: Mechanisms of Episodic Processing and its Psychophysiological Correlates by: Gregory E. Devore ______________________ A Dissertation submitted in satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Clinical Psychology ______________________ September 2011 © 2011 Gregory E. Devore All Rights Reserved Each person whose signature appears below certifies that this dissertation in his/her opinion is adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. , Chairperson Paul Haerich, Professor of Psychology Todd Burley, Professor of Psychology Michael Gilewski, Associate Professor, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Richard Hartman, Assistant Professor of Psychology iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to the individuals who enabled me to reach this point in my life. First, I would like to express my gratitude to my parents, grandparents, and Uncle Tiger, who without their support and inspiration this document would not have been possible. Their sacrifices and wisdom have allowed me to pursue an expensive and time-intensive degree with the freedom to enjoy a quality of life that has enabled me to stay healthy, happy, and motivated. Their hard work and dedication has allowed me to pursue my dreams for a better life. A better life that has provided me with the means to change people’s lives, my skills willing, for the better. My family’s sacrifice is a gift that cannot be measured, and for that I am eternally grateful. Momma, Dad, Grandma, Grandpa, and Tiger - I love you with all of my heart. Additionally, I would like to thank Loma Linda University and California State University, San Bernardino for providing the resources necessary to conduct this body of research. I would also like to thank David Gilsdorf for his efforts in helping program experiments C and D, and also Brenda Aguirre for assisting in data collection. I am thankful for my committee members Michael Gilewski, Ph.D, Todd Burley, Ph.D, and Rich Hartman, Ph.D, for their sage advice and commentary throughout the entire dissertation process. Their roles as professors and clinicians have educated me in the foundational principles of clinical and experimental psychology, and have enabled me to take the next big step into the world of professional psychology. Finally, I would like to thank my chair and mentor Paul Haerich, Ph.D. His contribution to my development as a professional has been instrumental. In moments when I was lost, he was there to guide me. His brilliant technical and theoretical expertise iv helped me understand the incremental process of science and what it means to be a scientist. His patience and calming presence always made me feel supported and competent to do my work, even when he had to teach me how to run basic statistics all over again. Dr. Haerich is my scholarly father and I cannot thank him enough for his support. v CONTENTS Approval Page .................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iv List of Figures ......................................................................................................................x List of Tables ................................................................................................................... xiii Abstract ............................................................................................................................ xiv Chapter 1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................1 Emotion and the Biphasic Organization of Behavior ........................................3 Emotion and Memory ........................................................................................6 Contributions of Valence and Arousal ...............................................................7 Emotion and Attention-Mediated Memory ......................................................10 Arousal Theory ................................................................................................11 Binding Theory ................................................................................................16 Generalizing the Predictions of Binding Theory .............................................20 Physiological Underpinnings of Emotion Processing ......................................24 Measurement of Emotion .................................................................................27 Physiological Reactions to Pictures .................................................................28 2. Preliminary Studies ................................................................................................31 Major Hypotheses, Aims, and Significance .....................................................31 Hypotheses .................................................................................................34 Preliminary Studies Introduction .....................................................................36 Experiments A & B ....................................................................................36 Experiment C .............................................................................................40 Participants ...........................................................................................41 Power Analysis ....................................................................................41 Materials and Design ...........................................................................41 Physiological Measures .......................................................................43 Procedure .............................................................................................43 Results and Discussion ........................................................................44 vi Recognition Memory Proportion Correct ......................................44 Signal Detection Measures ............................................................46 Remember-Know-Guess ................................................................48 3. Experiment D .........................................................................................................52 Major Hypotheses, Aims, and Significance .....................................................52 Hypothesis..................................................................................................53 Recognition Measures ..........................................................................53 Physiological Data ...............................................................................54 Arousal and Valence Ratings ...............................................................55 Research Design and Methods .........................................................................55 Participants .................................................................................................55 Power Analysis ..........................................................................................55 Physiological Measures .............................................................................55 Materials ....................................................................................................55 Procedure and Design ................................................................................55 Results ..............................................................................................................57 Recognition Memory Task ........................................................................57 Recognition Memory Proportion Correct ............................................58 Signal Detection Measures ..................................................................60 Arousal and Valence Ratings ...............................................................61 Remember-Know-Guess ......................................................................62 Physiological Results in Studied Lists .......................................................65 Skin Conductance ................................................................................65
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Enhancing the Production Effect in Memory: Singing, Underlying Mechanisms, and Applications
    ENHANCING THE PRODUCTION EFFECT IN MEMORY: SINGING, UNDERLYING MECHANISMS, AND APPLICATIONS by Chelsea Karmel Quinlan Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia December 2017 © Copyright by Chelsea Karmel Quinlan, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................... vi ABSTRACT ................................................................................ vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED .................................................. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................ ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 2 1.2 HISTORY OF THE PRODUCTION EFFECT ........................................................... 4 1.3 A REVIEW OF THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES .................................................. 11 1.4 MUSIC AND MEMORY ....................................................................................... 17 1.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY, RATIONALE, AND CURRENT EXPERIMENTS ................ 19 CHAPTER 2: EXTENDING THE BOUNDARIES OF THE PRODUCTION EFFECT .................................................................................... 24 2.1 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Elaborative Encoding, the Ancient Art of Memory, and the Hippocampus
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2013) 36, 589–659 provided by RERO DOC Digital Library doi:10.1017/S0140525X12003135 Such stuff as dreams are made on? Elaborative encoding, the ancient art of memory, and the hippocampus Sue Llewellyn Faculty of Humanities, University of Manchester, Manchester M15 6PB, United Kingdom http://www.humanities.manchester.ac.uk [email protected] Abstract: This article argues that rapid eye movement (REM) dreaming is elaborative encoding for episodic memories. Elaborative encoding in REM can, at least partially, be understood through ancient art of memory (AAOM) principles: visualization, bizarre association, organization, narration, embodiment, and location. These principles render recent memories more distinctive through novel and meaningful association with emotionally salient, remote memories. The AAOM optimizes memory performance, suggesting that its principles may predict aspects of how episodic memory is configured in the brain. Integration and segregation are fundamental organizing principles in the cerebral cortex. Episodic memory networks interconnect profusely within the cortex, creating omnidirectional “landmark” junctions. Memories may be integrated at junctions but segregated along connecting network paths that meet at junctions. Episodic junctions may be instantiated during non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep after hippocampal associational function during REM dreams. Hippocampal association involves relating, binding, and integrating episodic memories into a mnemonic compositional whole. This often bizarre, composite image has not been present to the senses; it is not “real” because it hyperassociates several memories. During REM sleep, on the phenomenological level, this composite image is experienced as a dream scene.
    [Show full text]
  • Ack Baraly Kylee Tamera 202
    EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC FACTORS INFLUENCING THE POSITIVE MEMORY BIAS IN AGING KYLEE TAMERA ACK BARALY A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctorate in Philosophy degree in Experimental Psychology at the University of Ottawa; Doctorate in Philosophy degree in Cognitive Sciences, Cognitive Psychology and Neurocognition at the Communauté Université Grenoble Alpes. School of Psychology Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition Faculty of Social Sciences École Doctorale Ingénierie pour la Santé, la Cognition et l’Environnement University of Ottawa Communauté Université Grenoble Alpes ©Kylee Tamera Ack Baraly, Ottawa, Canada, 2020 K. T. ACK BARALY PH.D. DISSERTATION ii Acknowledgements To Patrick and Pascal, thank you for being two of the most incredibly supportive and knowledgeable supervisors. You helped enlighten my scientific mind, pushing me to question better, reflect deeper, and learn more. You are both inspiring as researchers and as mentors. And I am forever grateful to have gone through this journey with you. I would also like to thank all of the members of the Neuropsychology Lab (Ottawa) and Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition (Chambéry and Grenoble). Thank you to all of the Master's students, honours thesis students, UROP students, lab volunteers, and research assistants who helped in more ways than I can count. Your enthusiasm and dedication to this work are truly appreciated. I am thankful for all the additional support provided by the INSPIRE Lab (Ottawa), which made collecting reliable data more efficient. A very special thank you to all of the research participants who so generously gave their time to this work. You are the pillar of scientific research and without you, none of this would have been possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Communication Science to the Public
    David M. Berube North Carolina State University ▪ HOW WE COMMUNICATE. In The Age of American Unreason, Jacoby posited that it trickled down from the top, fueled by faux-populist politicians striving to make themselves sound approachable rather than smart. (Jacoby, 2008). EX: The average length of a sound bite by a presidential candidate in 1968 was 42.3 seconds. Two decades later, it was 9.8 seconds. Today, it’s just a touch over seven seconds and well on its way to being supplanted by 140/280- character Twitter bursts. ▪ DATA FRAMING. ▪ When asked if they truly believe what scientists tell them, NEW ANTI- only 36 percent of respondents said yes. Just 12 percent expressed strong confidence in the press to accurately INTELLECTUALISM: report scientific findings. ▪ ROLE OF THE PUBLIC. A study by two Princeton University researchers, Martin TRENDS Gilens and Benjamin Page, released Fall 2014, tracked 1,800 U.S. policy changes between 1981 and 2002, and compared the outcome with the expressed preferences of median- income Americans, the affluent, business interests and powerful lobbies. They concluded that average citizens “have little or no independent influence” on policy in the U.S., while the rich and their hired mouthpieces routinely get their way. “The majority does not rule,” they wrote. ▪ Anti-intellectualism and suspicion (trends). ▪ Trump world – outsiders/insiders. ▪ Erasing/re-writing history – damnatio memoriae. ▪ False news. ▪ Infoxication (CC) and infobesity. ▪ Aggregators and managed reality. ▪ Affirmation and confirmation bias. ▪ Negotiating reality. ▪ New tribalism is mostly ideational not political. ▪ Unspoken – guns, birth control, sexual harassment, race… “The amount of technical information is doubling every two years.
    [Show full text]
  • Ilidigital Master Anton 2.Indd
    services are developed to be used by humans. Thus, understanding humans understanding Thus, humans. by used be to developed are services obvious than others but certainly not less complex. Most products bioengineering, and as shown in this magazine. Psychology mightbusiness world. beBe it more the comparison to relationships, game elements, or There are many non-business flieds which can betransfered to the COGNTIVE COGNTIVE is key to a succesfully develop a product orservice. is keytoasuccesfullydevelopproduct BIASES by ANTON KOGER The Power of Power The //PsychologistatILI.DIGITAL WE EDIT AND REINFORCE SOME WE DISCARD SPECIFICS TO WE REDUCE EVENTS AND LISTS WE STORE MEMORY DIFFERENTLY BASED WE NOTICE THINGS ALREADY PRIMED BIZARRE, FUNNY, OR VISUALLY WE NOTICE WHEN WE ARE DRAWN TO DETAILS THAT WE NOTICE FLAWS IN OTHERS WE FAVOR SIMPLE-LOOKING OPTIONS MEMORIES AFTER THE FACT FORM GENERALITIES TO THEIR KEY ELEMENTS ON HOW THEY WERE EXPERIENCED IN MEMORY OR REPEATED OFTEN STRIKING THINGS STICK OUT MORE SOMETHING HAS CHANGED CONFIRM OUR OWN EXISTING BELIEFS MORE EASILY THAN IN OURSELVES AND COMPLETE INFORMATION way we see situations but also the way we situationsbutalsotheway wesee way the biasesnotonlychange Furthermore, overload. cognitive avoid attention, ore situations, guide help todesign massively can This in. take people information of kind explainhowandwhat ofperception egory First,biasesinthecat andappraisal. ory, self,mem perception, into fourcategories: roughly bedivided Cognitive biasescan within thesesituations. forusers interaction andeasy in anatural situationswhichresults sible toimprove itpos and adaptingtothesebiasesmakes ingiven situations.Reacting ways certain act sively helpstounderstandwhypeople mas into consideration biases ing cognitive Tak humanbehavior. topredict likely less or andmore relevant illusionsare cognitive In each situation different every havior day.
    [Show full text]
  • Infographic I.10
    The Digital Health Revolution: Leaving No One Behind The global AI in healthcare market is growing fast, with an expected increase from $4.9 billion in 2020 to $45.2 billion by 2026. There are new solutions introduced every day that address all areas: from clinical care and diagnosis, to remote patient monitoring to EHR support, and beyond. But, AI is still relatively new to the industry, and it can be difficult to determine which solutions can actually make a difference in care delivery and business operations. 59 Jan 2021 % of Americans believe returning Jan-June 2019 to pre-coronavirus life poses a risk to health and well being. 11 41 % % ...expect it will take at least 6 The pandemic has greatly increased the 65 months before things get number of US adults reporting depression % back to normal (updated April and/or anxiety.5 2021).4 Up to of consumers now interested in telehealth going forward. $250B 76 57% of providers view telehealth more of current US healthcare spend % favorably than they did before COVID-19.7 could potentially be virtualized.6 The dramatic increase in of Medicare primary care visits the conducted through 90% $3.5T telehealth has shown longevity, with rates in annual U.S. health expenditures are for people with chronic and mental health conditions. since April 2020 0.1 43.5 leveling off % % Most of these can be prevented by simple around 30%.8 lifestyle changes and regular health screenings9 Feb. 2020 Apr. 2020 OCCAM’S RAZOR • CONJUNCTION FALLACY • DELMORE EFFECT • LAW OF TRIVIALITY • COGNITIVE FLUENCY • BELIEF BIAS • INFORMATION BIAS Digital health ecosystems are transforming• AMBIGUITY BIAS • STATUS medicineQUO BIAS • SOCIAL COMPARISONfrom BIASa rea• DECOYctive EFFECT • REACTANCEdiscipline, • REVERSE PSYCHOLOGY • SYSTEM JUSTIFICATION • BACKFIRE EFFECT • ENDOWMENT EFFECT • PROCESSING DIFFICULTY EFFECT • PSEUDOCERTAINTY EFFECT • DISPOSITION becoming precise, preventive,EFFECT • ZERO-RISK personalized, BIAS • UNIT BIAS • IKEA EFFECT and • LOSS AVERSION participatory.
    [Show full text]
  • John Collins, President, Forensic Foundations Group
    On Bias in Forensic Science National Commission on Forensic Science – May 12, 2014 56-year-old Vatsala Thakkar was a doctor in India but took a job as a convenience store cashier to help pay family expenses. She was stabbed to death outside her store trying to thwart a theft in November 2008. Bloody Footwear Impression Bloody Tire Impression What was the threat? 1. We failed to ask ourselves if this was a footwear impression. 2. The appearance of the impression combined with the investigator’s interpretation created prejudice. The accuracy of our analysis became threatened by our prejudice. Types of Cognitive Bias Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases | Accessed on April 14, 2014 Anchoring or focalism Hindsight bias Pseudocertainty effect Illusory superiority Levels-of-processing effect Attentional bias Hostile media effect Reactance Ingroup bias List-length effect Availability heuristic Hot-hand fallacy Reactive devaluation Just-world phenomenon Misinformation effect Availability cascade Hyperbolic discounting Recency illusion Moral luck Modality effect Backfire effect Identifiable victim effect Restraint bias Naive cynicism Mood-congruent memory bias Bandwagon effect Illusion of control Rhyme as reason effect Naïve realism Next-in-line effect Base rate fallacy or base rate neglect Illusion of validity Risk compensation / Peltzman effect Outgroup homogeneity bias Part-list cueing effect Belief bias Illusory correlation Selective perception Projection bias Peak-end rule Bias blind spot Impact bias Semmelweis
    [Show full text]
  • The Imagery Bizarreness Effect As a Function of Sentence Complexity and Presentation Time
    Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 1991. 29 (1). 25-27 The imagery bizarreness effect as a function of sentence complexity and presentation time SHERYL KLINE and LOWELL D. GRONINGER University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland Two experiments were carried out to examine the relationship between the bizarreness effect (more words recalled from bizarre images than from common images), sentence complexity, and presentation time. Experiment 1 showed that the bizarreness effect was not influenced by processing time when simple sentences were used. However, for complex sentences, an inter­ action occurred such that nouns from common sentences were recalled better with an ll-sec presen­ tation rate, and nouns from bizarre sentences were recalled better with a I5-sec presentation rate. This interaction was replicated in Experiment 2. These results show that the bizarreness effect does occur for complex sentences, provided that enough processing time is given. The results also suggest that reviews of the bizarreness literature need to consider processing time as a poten­ tially important variable. In 1972, Wollen, Weber, and Lowry showed that cued sitive to different presentation times. If common images recall for pictures of words (e.g., piano-cigar) was no can be formed more quickly than bizarre images, then better when the words were shown in a bizarre as opposed there should exist a presentation time such that a com­ to a common relationship. Research done since this time mon image relationship within a sentence could be has also shown that the formation of bizarre images of formed, but a bizarre image relationship could not be words produces no better recall of those words when formed.
    [Show full text]
  • Running Head: VALIDATING PHENOMENOLOGICAL ASPECTS 1
    Running Head: VALIDATING PHENOMENOLOGICAL ASPECTS 1 Validating Phenomenological Aspects of the Mental Imagery Experience through Meta- Analysis: Beyond Global Assessment of Imagery Ability Matthew S. Runge Carleton University 2012/2013 A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF NEUROSCIENCE IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE M.Sc. DEGREE VALIDATING PHENOMENOLOGICAL ASPECTS 2 Abstract The phenomenological experience of mental imagery vividness is of increasing interest within the field of mental health science, yet commentators refute its empirical validity as an independent scientific construct. Two assessments of mental imagery vividness were compared through meta-analysis, the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ), and trial-by-trial ratings of vividness. Each vividness assessment was further divided into behavioural/cognitive or neuroscientific measures. A corpus of 965 peer-reviewed journal articles were retrieved from four major databases and relevant statistical outcomes from each paper were recorded. Effect size estimates were computed for 3579 statistical outcomes, which were categorized as into one of four comparison groups (Vividness and Behavioural/Cognitive, VVIQ and Behavioural/Cognitive, Vividness and Neuroscientific, and VVIQ and Neuroscientific). It was found that the average effect size magnitude for trial-by-trial vividness exceeded that of the VVIQ for behavioural/cognitive, but not neuroscientific measures. However, the average effect sizes magnitude for neuroscientific measures was generally greater than behavioural/cognitive ones. Additionally, the average effect sizes magnitude for trial-by-trial vividness ratings was generally greater than the VVIQ. It is suggested that trial-by-trial ratings, in conjunction with neuroscientific measurement, may provide a more precise and reliable measure of mental imagery vividness.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bizarreness Effect and Memory: Implications for Eyewitness Testimony
    The Bizarreness Effect and Memory: Implications for Eyewitness Testimony by Jennifer Wiseman A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Wilkes Honors College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences with a Concentration in Psychology Wilkes Honors College of Florida Atlantic University Jupiter, Florida May 2008 The Bizarreness Effect and Memory: Implications for Eyewitness Testimony by Jennifer Wiseman This thesis was prepared under the direction of the candidate’s thesis advisor, Dr. Julie L. Earles, and has been approved by the members of her/his supervisory committee. It was submitted to the faculty of The Honors College and was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: ____________________________ Dr. Julie L. Earles ____________________________ Dr. William O’Brien ______________________________ Dean, Wilkes Honors College ____________ Date ii ABSTRACT Author: Jennifer Wiseman Title: The bizarreness effect and memory: Implications for eyewitness testimony Institution: Wilkes Honors College of Florida Atlantic University Thesis Advisor: Dr. Julie L. Earles Degree: Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences Concentration: Psychology Year: 2008 Mistakes in combining components of stimuli are called binding or memory conjunction errors. They occur when people mistakenly associate two previously seen stimulus features that were not previously seen together. It is hypothesized that bizarre items will be better remembered than common items. Participants saw 18 continuous events, each containing four actions performed by four different actors. One week later they returned for a recognition test and were shown more video clips.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Biases in Fitness to Practise Decision-Making
    ADVICE ON BIASES IN FITNESS TO PRACTISE DECISION-MAKING IN ACCEPTED OUTCOME VERSUS PANEL MODELS FOR THE PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS AUTHORITY Prepared by: LESLIE CUTHBERT Date: 31 March 2021 Contents I. Introduction ................................................................................................. 2 Background .................................................................................................. 2 Purpose of the advice.................................................................................... 3 Summary of conclusions ................................................................................ 4 Documents considered .................................................................................. 4 Technical terms and explanations ................................................................... 5 Disclaimer .................................................................................................... 5 II. How biases might affect the quality of decision-making in the AO model, as compared to the panel model .............................................................................. 6 Understanding cognitive biases in fitness to practise decision-making ............... 6 Individual Decision Maker (e.g. a Case Examiner) in AO model ......................... 8 Multiple Case Examiners .............................................................................. 17 Group Decision Maker in a Panel model of 3 or more members ....................... 22 III. Assessment of the impact of these biases,
    [Show full text]
  • Enactment and Retrieval
    Memory & Cognition 2010, 38 (2), 233-243 doi:10.3758/MC.38.2.233 Enactment and retrieval DANIEL J. PETERSON AND NEIL W. M ULLIGAN University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina The enactment effect is one of a number of effects (e.g., bizarreness, generation, perceptual interference) that have been treated in common theoretical frameworks, most of them focusing on encoding processes. Recent results from McDaniel, Dornburg, and Guynn (2005) call into question whether bizarreness and, by associa- tion, related phenomena such as enactment are better conceptualized as arising due to retrieval processes. Four experiments investigated the degree to which retrieval processes are responsible for enhanced memory for enacted phrases. Participants were presented with two pure study lists and later recalled the lists separately (inducing pure retrieval sets) or recalled the lists together in a single test (inducing a combined or mixed re- trieval set). Across all four experiments, the combined recall condition consistently failed to enhance the size of the enactment effect. The results provide no support for the retrieval account but are generally consistent with encoding accounts. Although much of the research on human memory has (see also Mulligan & Hornstein, 2003). This reenactment focused on verbal materials, a significant portion of what effect was interpreted in terms of the encoding specificity people actually remember relates to what they have done. principle (e.g., Tulving & Thomson, 1973) and was taken Research on enactment, or action memory, is concerned as evidence that motor information was a critical part of with understanding how people recall both simple and the original memory trace for SPTs.
    [Show full text]