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Cells Expression in Murine Dendritic Cells and B Differential Regulation Differential Regulation of CCL22 Gene Expression in Murine Dendritic Cells and B Cells This information is current as Hormas Ghadially, Xiao-Lan Ross, Claudia Kerst, Jun Dong, of September 24, 2021. Angelika B. Reske-Kunz and Ralf Ross J Immunol 2005; 174:5620-5629; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.9.5620 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/9/5620 Downloaded from References This article cites 48 articles, 24 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/9/5620.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication by guest on September 24, 2021 *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2005 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Differential Regulation of CCL22 Gene Expression in Murine Dendritic Cells and B Cells1 Hormas Ghadially,2 Xiao-Lan Ross, Claudia Kerst, Jun Dong, Angelika B. Reske-Kunz, and Ralf Ross3 The activated T cell-attracting CC chemokine CCL22 is expressed by stimulated B cells and mature dendritic cells (DC). We have cloned and sequenced the complete mouse gene, including 4 kb of the 5؅-flanking promoter region, and detected two distinct sites -for initiation of transcription by 5؅-RACE. Reporter gene assays indicate that the promoter reflects the specificity of the endog enous gene. Within the proximal promoter region, we identified potential binding sites for NF-␬B, Ikaros, and a putative GC box. All three regions bind proteins. The NF-␬B site was shown to specifically bind NF-␬B subunits p50 and p65 from nuclear extracts of LPS-stimulated B cells, B cell line A20/2J, TNF-␣-stimulated bone marrow-derived DC, and DC line XS106. Furthermore, promoter activity was affected by targeted mutagenesis of the NF-␬B site and transactivation with p50 and p65. The region Downloaded from harboring the putative Ikaros site contributes to promoter activity, but the binding protein does not belong to the Ikaros family. The GC box was shown to specifically bind Sp1 using extracts from LPS-stimulated B cells and A20/2J but not from DC and DC line XS106. Additionally, Sp1 transactivated the promoter in A20/2J but not in XS106 cells, and mutation of the Sp1 site dimin- ished transactivation. Furthermore, binding of the protein complex at the GC box is required for NF-␬B activity, and the spatial alignment of the binding sites is of critical importance for promoter activity. Thus, identical and distinct proteins contribute to expression of CCL22 in DC and B cells. The Journal of Immunology, 2005, 174: 5620–5629. http://www.jimmunol.org/ hemokines are a group of functionally and structurally cell-derived chemokine-1 or DC and B cell-derived chemokine related small proteins that are critically important in ini- (6–9). CCL22 has been shown to play an important role in C tiating and controlling the homing and migration of leu- various diseases and mouse disease models. For example, ele- kocytes (reviewed in Refs. 1 and 2). Other functions of individual vated levels of CCL22 have been found in affected tissue of chemokines or chemokine receptors include, e.g., the regulation of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis (10), atopic asthma angiogenesis (3) and hematopoiesis (4). Based on the relative po- (10), and contact hypersensitivity (11). Furthermore, CCL22 sition of cysteine residues, four families of chemokines are distin- has been shown to be critically involved in mouse models of by guest on September 24, 2021 guishable, namely CXC (␣), CC (␤), CX3C (␦), and C (␥). The allergen-induced lung inflammation (12), atopic dermatitis (13), genes of most of the CXC, as well as the CC chemokines, are and septic peritonitis (14). clustered and show a similar exon/intron structure, hinting at du- The major function of CCL22 appears to be the induction of plication of common ancestor genes during evolution. For most chemotactic migration of activated T cells (7–9, 15), predomi- chemokines, homologues have been identified in mice and hu- nantly of the Th2 type (16) and of CD4ϩCD25ϩ regulatory T cells 4 mans, but there are exceptions such as the dendritic cell (DC) - (17), through its specific receptor CCR4. However, another as yet chemokine 1 (no mouse homologue) (5) and IL-8 (no clear-cut unidentified receptor has also been implicated (18, 19). The murine murine homologue), suggesting relatively recent evolutionary re- CCL22 is expressed by activated B lymphocytes and DC (8, 9). arrangements and differences in the equipment of the immune sys- Murine epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), an exceptionally homo- tem of mice and humans. geneous population of immature DC, produce CCL22 mRNA only The CCL22 is present in both mice and humans. In humans, upon maturation (9), whereas other myeloid DC transcribe CCL22 CCL22 is also referred to as macrophage-derived chemokine or constitutively (8). Epidermal LC and other immature DC represent stimulated T cell chemotactic protein-1 and in mice as activated B sentinel cells of the immune system. Activation, e.g., by inflam- matory stimuli, induces maturation into the most efficient APC known, which is outstanding in activating naive T cells (reviewed Clinical Research Unit Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Johannes Guten- in Ref. 20). Applying a differential screening approach, we iden- berg-University, Mainz, Germany tified numerous genes differentially expressed during matura- Received for publication July 1, 2004. Accepted for publication January 25, 2005. tion of LC (21, 22). We used regulatory sequences of one of The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page these genes, namely the actin-bundling protein fascin, to tran- charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. scriptionally target DC (23, 24). Furthermore, the CCL22 gene 1 This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, SFB548. was identified in this screening as the most abundantly ex- 2 Current address: Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Med- pressed gene induced during maturation of murine epidermal ical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. LC (9). The high expression level and the tight regulation of 3 Address correspondence and reprint requests to current address: Dr. Ralf Ross, expression, as indicated by the stage specificity, prompted us to Justus-Liebig-Universita¨t Giessen, Winchester Str. 2, D-35394 Giessen, Germany. isolate the gene and characterize the regulatory elements me- E-mail address: [email protected] diating expression in DC and B cells. Interestingly, DC and B 4 Abbreviations used in this paper: DC, dendritic cell; LC, Langerhans cell; BM-DC, bone marrow-derived DC; ORF, open reading frame; UTR, untranslated region; cells use—at least in part—the same promoter elements but EF1␣, elongation factor 1␣1. different protein complexes are formed. Copyright © 2005 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/05/$02.00 The Journal of Immunology 5621 Materials and Methods hybridizing with mouse CCL22 cDNA probe were identified by colony Animals filter hybridization. BALB/cJ mice were bred in the Central Animal Core Facility of the University DNA sequencing and sequence analysis of Mainz under specified pathogen-free conditions. Mice were used at 2–5 mo Nucleotide sequences were determined by cycle sequencing using the ABI of age. PRISM Dye Termination Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit as recom- mended and analyzed on a PE 373A DNA sequencer (PerkinElmer). GC- Cells rich DNA templates were linearized, heat-denatured (98°C for 5 min) and Epidermal cell suspensions were prepared from pelts and used for LC mixed with 5% (v/v) DMSO before sequencing. enrichment either directly or following in vitro cultivation for 3 days as Potential transcription factor binding sites were identified by MatInspec- ͗ ͘ described previously (21). LC were enriched from epidermal cell suspen- tor V 2.2 ( http://transfac.gbf.de ). Transcription factors mentioned in the sions by immunomagnetic separation with Dynabeads M-450 (Dynal Bio- text are named according to the first corresponding publication. d,b d tech) loaded with anti-MHC class II mAb 2G9 (anti-mouse I-A , I-E , rat Construction of CCL22 promoter reporter gene plasmids IgG2a as described previously; Ref. 21). MHC class II-positive, bead-cou- pled LC and cells without attached beads were enumerated using a To assess activity of the CCL22 promoter, a fragment spanning a sequence Neubauer hemocytometer. A purity of ϳ92–95% was obtained as deter- ϳ4 kb long containing part of the 5Ј-nontranscribed region and the com- mined by the ratio of bead-rosetted to nonrosetted cells. Cell viability, plete 5Ј-untranslated region (UTR) was subcloned into promoterless firefly determined by trypan blue exclusion, was Ͼ95%. luciferase expression vector pGL3-Basic (Promega), resulting in reporter Bone marrow-derived DC (BM-DC) were cultured as previously de- construct pGL-CCL22. Correct orientation was confirmed by sequencing scribed (25) with modifications (26), and maturation was induced by add- with vector-specific primers (RVprimer3 and GLprimer2; Promega). 5Ј- ing either 50 ng/ml TNF-␣ (R&D Systems) or 1 ␮g/ml LPS (Sigma- Deletion constructs were obtained by restriction and religation or by nested Aldrich).
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