Premesse Giovanili Di Sebastiano Ricci 397

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Premesse Giovanili Di Sebastiano Ricci 397 PREMESSE GIOVANILI DI SEBASTIANO RICCI l ritrovamento di una nuova, vasta decorazione, finora ignorata u, eseguita da Se­ I bastiano Ricci e Ferdinando Bibiena nell' Oratorio della Madonna del Serraglio presso San Secondo di Parma, affrescato per intero nelle pareti, nella volta e nella cu­ pola della piccola costruzione 2l, va al di là di una giunta alle opere note del pittore ve­ neto, non tanto per il valore intrinseco della pittura, quanto per gli addentellati, le de­ rivazioni e la collaborazione, che meglio ne mettono in evidenza i caratteri peculiari di questo periodo, finora invero piuttosto incerti ed oscuri, in cui le sue esperienze bo­ lognesi e parmensi appaiono improntate a forme ancora ade1·enti allo spirito del secolo che tramonta, mentre già si profila, nonostante allitterazioni, ancor giovanili incertezze e faticose ricerche, ed attraverso tanti idiomi diversi che solleticano il suo orecchio ri­ cettivo, le premesse e le promesse del suo più autentico linguaggio. E questa la sua prima esperienza parmense, dopo il tirocinio bolognese, ma ancora a quello strettamente legata, cui ci riporta sia il nome del suo <<partner n nella decora­ zione dell'Oratorio che quello del suo maggiore ispiratore. Il suo compagno di lavoro, del pari documentato - ed una volta tanto gli archivi della chiesa hanno esauriente­ mente risposto al nostro indagare - è Ferdinando Galli detto il Bibiena, che spartisce fraternamente con lui lavoro e compensi, dosati con esatta, salomonica suddivisione, per i due anni in cui dura il lavoro commissionato dal feudatario del luogo, il conte Sci­ pione Rossi. Questi, dopo aver ambiziosamente intrapresa la fabbrica di una nuova ala della rocca di San Secondo, lasciata poi incompiuta, oberato com'è dai debiti, cede in blocco i numerosi castelli del suo feudo ai Farnese 3l e raccoglie tutta la sua ambizione ed il superstite mecenatismo in questo Oratorio, già costruito dal parroco don Francesco Rossi, per ospitarvi l'affresco molto rovinato, di maniera di Bernardino Campi, con la << Madonna col Bambino JJ detta <<del parco o del serraglio Jl, appunto perché era stata dipinta sul muro che recingeva - in dialetto parmigiano recinto si dice « serai lJ - il parco del castello 4l, nel tempo in cui lo stesso Bernardino, il Baglione, il Bertoja, ecc. affrescavano per Troilo II Rossi sale e saloni della rocca. La data di costruzione del primo oratorio sembra debba essere all'incirca il 1680 5J, e certamente era già compiuto nel 1684, quando il prevosto ed i canonici lo cedettero 396 AUGUSTA GHIDIGLIA QUINTAVALLE al conte Scipione Rossi col beneplacito di Monsignor Saladini vescovo di Parma, che ne volle però salvo lo jus parrocchiale oi. Ottenutane la cessione, il nuovo proprietario ordinò di «rifabbricare e dilattare >> l'oratorio, e quindi cc fece venire due pittori celebri e lo fece dipingere a sue spese ». Chi fossero i due pittori, e quale il tempo in cui fu compiuta l'opera, risulta dal contratto iniziale e dai pagamenti che vanno dal Dicembre 1685 al Dicembre 1687, ma con una interruzione totale nel 1686 7l, solo che l'aggettivo celebri, nella citata notazione d'archivio, deve essere considerato a posteriori, non a priori, in quanto né Sebastiano Ricci, autore della decorazione figurata, né Ferdinando Bibiena, che dipinse quella architettonica e decorativa, erano all'inizio del lavoro ancora vastamente noti. Al con­ trario è facile congetturare che questa riuscita prova dovette loro servire, con le rac­ comandazioni del comune maestro ed amico Carlo Cignani, da entratura presso altri committenti e soprattutto presso il duca Ranuccio II. Per tale deduzione le date coincidono in pieno, chè il Bibiena, arrivato a Parma da Bologna nel 1684, dopo il tirocinio pittorico col Cignani e quello prospettico con l'Aldo­ vrandini ed il Trigoli, aveva, poco dopo, sposato una fanciulla del luogo, Corona Mar­ si gherita Stradella , ed aveva preso a Parma stabile dimora, ottenendo in seguito com­ missioni ed incarichi di vario genere, tra i quali il più ambito, a partire dal 1 o agosto 1687, di <<pittore di corte» 9l. Quanto al Ricci, rarissime sono le opere di lui prima della 10> venuta a Parma , nè la << Pietà» delle Cappuccine, finora considerata la sua prima opera qui, è ascrivibile a tempo anteriore al 1686, mentre sono posteriori gli altri nume­ rosi dipinti eseguiti per chiese e privati, come i vasti e vari riconoscimenti ducali. In questo almeno Scipione Rossi si è mostrato all'altezza del suo grande avo Pier Maria, fondatore di tutti i castelli alienati nel 1666 ai Farnese, nell'aver scelto, per de­ corare l'oratorio a lui caro, due artisti il cui valore, seppure ancora in nuce, trascende l'ambito locale e provinciale, ché la storia dell'uno come dell'altro si fa in seguito na­ zionale, anzi, come dice giustamente il Longhi a proposito del Ricci, europea. Ma per ora, bisogna riconoscerlo, sono ancora ambedue alla ricerca di se stessi; e, se l'accento del Ricci, per i contatti e la dimora bolognese, è soprattutto petroniano, venato di car­ raccesca enfasi, di tibaldesca, satireggiante muscolatura e di cignanesca grazia, quello del Bibiena oscilla tra la ricerca ornamentale decorativa e quella più strettamente e severamente prospettica. Del resto il loro abbinamento qui è qualcosa di più di un incontro fortuito, di una commissione in comune, è la logica conseguenza di una più antica, solidale vicinanza, certo nello stesso ambiente, forse nella stessa scuola; in quanto il Bibiena veniva dalla bottega del Cignani ed il Ricci, associatosi a Gian Giuseppe del Sole nel 1682, cc quando il Cignani, il Canuti ed il Franceschini, continuando le tradizioni di Guido Reni e di An­ gelo Michele Colonna, sfondavano correggescamente volte e cupole con glorie corag­ giose di prospettive e di scorci e delicate di sfumature luminose» rn, era giunto qui, sem­ 12i bra, con commendatizie dello stesso Cignani , forse il pittore più in auge a Bologna PREMESSE GIOVANILI DI SEBASTIANO RICCI 397 Frc. l - SAN SECONDO, OnATORIO DEL SEllllAGT.IO - S. R1ccr e F. RmIENA : Decorazione a fresco. 398 AUGUSTA GHIDIGLIA QUINTAVALLE in quel tempo, ma ben noto anche a Parma, ove, dal 1678, era stato chiamato a lavorare nel ducale palazzo del Giardino 13), per cui non è illogico pensare che, incoraggiati ed aiutati da quel maestro, i due giovani abbiano tentato insieme l'avventura parmense in questa prima, ampia prova delle loro nascenti forze. Nel Bibiena, decoratore delle pareti e delle absidi del piccolo oratorio, tutto attra­ versato da paraste a candelabre monocrome (fig. 1), fa già capolino l'architetto e lo FIG. 2 - SAN SECONDO, ORATORIO DEL SERRAGLIO - F. BIBIENA: Prospettive; s. R1cc1: Allegoria dell'umiltà. scenografo teatrale, chè egli approfondisce illusivamente le prospettive con colonnati sorreggenti balconi, sulle cui balaustrate poggiano vasi fioriti, e che lasciano intravedere palazzi disposti a spigolo (fig. 2), mentre altre balconate si conchiudono con un arco vuoto di contro al cielo nelle due absidi di fondo (figg. 3 e 4); e nelle altre due (figg. 5 e 6) si ripetono i soliti motivi classici e festoni di frutta e fiori. Anche le figure monocrome, che segnano il centro della composizione e insieme lo spigolo dell'edificio (fig. 2), nella decorazione delle pareti dell'abside destra, sono carat­ teristiche dello scenografo bolognese ed accrescono l'illusione di spazio e di profondità che ritroviamo nel <<Tempio di Apollo ll, il bel disegno acquarellato della collezione Du- PREMESSE GIOVANILI DI SEBASTIANO RICCI 399 FIG. 3 - SAN SECONDO, ORATORIO DEL SERRAGLIO, abside d'ingresso - F. BIBIENA: Prospettive; S. RICCI: Talamoni. FIG. 4 - SAN SECONDO, ORATORIO DEL SERRAGLIO, abside di fondo - F. BIBIENA: Prospettive; S. RICCI: Talamoni. 400 AUGUSTA GllIDIGLIA QUINTAVALLE :F'rc. S - SAN: SECONDO, ORATORIO DEL SERRAGLIO, abside sinistra - F. BrnIENA: Ornati; S. R1ccr: Medaglioni e putti. Frc. 6 - SAN SECONDO, ORATORIO DEL SERRACI.Io, abside destra - F. BIBIENA: Ornati; S. R1ccr; Medaglioni e putti. PREMESSE GIOVANILI DI SEBASTIANO RICCI 401 rini a Milano, o nell'affresco absidale della chiesa di Santa Cristina a Parma, mentre nell'abside di San Sepolcro (ivi), ritorna, col motivo della balconata a traforo, come nella cantoria nel lato sinistro dell'oratorio del Serraglio, la sua famosa prospettiva d'angolo 14). Questo accorgimento, con gli effetti pittorico architettonici di colonne, paraste, volute, decorazioni, conchiglie, ornati, piedistalli, nicchie e statue, visti di spi­ golo e di scorcio, lievemente di sotto in su, annuncia chiaramente la sua peculiare qua­ lità di scenografo teatrale, per cui, entrando nella piccola costruzione, così solida e li­ neare all'esterno, si ha l'impressione che non di mattoni e di calce siano fatte le pa­ reti, ma di tela e di carta, e che quelle vol­ te, quelle finestre, quegli archi, quelle ba­ laustrate si possano arrotolare per cedere il posto ad altre illusorie decorazioni. Fra tanto ornamentale sfoggio si in­ nesta - in quella tipica collaborazione tra «figurista ll e «quadraturista)) che, afferma­ tasi nella vicina Bologna col binomio Colon­ na-Curti 15>, ebbe così vitale e prolungato sviluppo, anche a Parma ove trova gar­ bati accenni specie con Galeotti e Natali - l'opera di Sebastiano Ricci, le cui ammi­ razioni e propensioni giovanili si manife­ stano qui in scoperta allitterazione. Il Ci­ gnani è maestro e donna nei quattro ovlilti - retti da putti con l'«Annunciazione », «La� Natività», (fig. 5), «La Visitazione l>� «Il FIG. 7 - BOLOGNA, s. MICHELE IN Bosco - c. CIGNANI: s. Mi­ riposo
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