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WIPO) Treaties Durham E-Theses Protecting Copyright in the Digital Era in China: A Critical Analysis of the Relevant Law and Practice from a Comparative Perspective HUI, YUANYUAN How to cite: HUI, YUANYUAN (2016) Protecting Copyright in the Digital Era in China: A Critical Analysis of the Relevant Law and Practice from a Comparative Perspective, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12171/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Protecting Copyright in the Digital Era in China: A Critical Analysis of the Relevant Law and Practice from a Comparative Perspective Yuanyuan Hui A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Durham Law School Durham University March 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................ 11 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 11 Introduction to the Thesis and Overview of the Development of Copyright Protection ............................................................................................................ 11 1.1. Background Information ............................................................................ 11 1.2. Research Questions .................................................................................. 12 1.3. Research Framework ................................................................................ 15 1.4. Research Methodology.............................................................................. 19 The Development of Copyright Protection in China .............................................. 23 Exclusive Summary .......................................................................................... 23 2.1. Background Information ............................................................................ 24 2.1.1. The Origin of Copyright in China ............................................................ 24 2.1.2. The Development of Copyright Protection in China ................................ 30 2.2. International Conventions .......................................................................... 37 2.2.1. The Berne Convention ............................................................................ 37 2.2.2. Universal Copyright Convention ............................................................. 44 2.2.3. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Treaties ...................... 49 2.2.3.1. WCT .................................................................................................... 50 2.2.3.2. WPPT .................................................................................................. 52 2.2.3.3. WIPO and China ................................................................................. 54 2.2.4. Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) ............................................................................................................ 55 1 2.2.4.1. Origin of TRIPs .................................................................................... 55 2.2.4.2. The TRIPS Agreement in China .......................................................... 58 2.3. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 61 The Emergence of Peer-to-Peer Technology in the Digital Age: A Contemporary Challenge to Copyright Protection ....................................................................... 63 Exclusive Summary .......................................................................................... 63 3.1. Peer-to-Peer technology ............................................................................ 64 3.1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 64 3.1.2. The early stage of file sharing technology ............................................... 70 3.1.3. The modern development of file sharing technology ............................... 72 3.1.4. Peer-to-peer software distribution ........................................................... 80 3.2. Relevant Legislation on Peer-to-Peer Technology in Selected Countries .. 82 3.2.1. The U.S.A. .............................................................................................. 82 3.2.1.1. Copyright Law in the United States ...................................................... 87 3.2.1.2. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 ...................................... 91 3.2.2. The United Kingdom ............................................................................... 98 3.2.2.1. The Statute of Anne........................................................................... 102 3.2.2.2. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 ......................................... 104 3.2.2.3. Digital Economy Act 2010.................................................................. 112 3.2.3. Canada ................................................................................................ 116 3.2.3.1. The Copyright Act of Canada ............................................................ 120 3.2.3.2. Bills to amend the Copyright Act ........................................................ 123 3.2.4. Australia ............................................................................................... 125 3.2.4.1. The Copyright Act 1968 ..................................................................... 128 3.2.4.2. Copyright Amendment (Digital Agenda) Act 2000 .............................. 131 2 3.2.5. China .................................................................................................... 134 3.2.5.1. Copyright Law of the People’s Republic of China .............................. 137 3.2.5.2. The PRC Registration of Copyright in Computer Software ................ 141 3.2.5.3. Regulation on the Protection of the Right to Network Dissemination of Information ..................................................................................................... 142 3.3. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 143 Unmasking the Normative Influence of History and Culture on the Gradual Development of Copyright Protection in China ................................................... 145 Exclusive Summary ........................................................................................ 145 4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 145 4.2. Copyright Protection in the Context of Chinese History and Culture ........ 147 4.2.1. Confucianism ....................................................................................... 148 4.2.2. Taoism ................................................................................................. 152 4.2.3. Traditional Cultural Notions .................................................................. 155 4.2.4. ‘Knowledge’ from a Chinese Perspective .............................................. 162 4.3. The Requirements of the New Epoch — Copyright Protection ................. 164 4.3.1. Political control ..................................................................................... 165 4.3.2. The rise of the Commercial Publishing Industry .................................... 171 4.3.3. Globalization in Modern China .............................................................. 189 4.4. Suggestions ............................................................................................ 200 4.4.1. Strengthening Legislation ..................................................................... 201 4.4.2. The Imposition of Tax ........................................................................... 201 4.4.3. Education ............................................................................................. 204 4.4.4. The Price of Copyrighted Work ............................................................. 208 4.5. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 212 3 Liability under the P2P System .......................................................................... 216 Exclusive Summary ........................................................................................ 216 5.1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 216 5.2. Primary Liability ....................................................................................... 218 5.3. Secondary Liability .................................................................................. 219 5.3.1. Definitions of Secondary Liability .........................................................
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