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Urbanisation and Urban Architectural Heritage Preservation in Hanoi : The UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 1 PANTHÉON-SORBONNE INSTITUT D’ÉTUDE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT ÉCONOMIQUE ET SOCIAL ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DE GÉOGRAPHIE DE PARIS Thèse en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur Discipline : Sociologie du développement Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 29 juin 2017 Urbanisation and urban architectural heritage preservation in Hanoi: The community’s participation? [Urbanisation et préservation du patrimoine architectural urbain à Hanoi : La participation de la communauté ?] DAO Thi Nhu Membres du jury DÔ Tu Lan, architecte-urbaniste, Professeur associé, Ministère de la construction, Hanoi, Viêt-nam (co-directrice) Vincent GERONIMI, économiste, Maître de conférences HDR, CEMOTEV-Université Versailles Saint-Quentin (rapporteur) Charles GOLDBLUM, architecte-urbaniste, Professeur émérite, Université Paris 8 (président du jury) Patrick GUBRY, démographe, Directeur de recherche émérite à l'IRD, UMR "Développement et sociétés" (Université Paris 1-IRD) (co-directeur) Nathalie LANCRET, architecte-urbaniste, Directrice de recherche HDR, IPRAUS, UMR AUSser, CNRS (rapporteur) Cover: Painting of Phai Street, Ancient Quarter of Hanoi, by Bui Xuan Phai (1920-1988) [www.buixuanphai.com] To my beloved mother, For your support and encouragement To my three little children, For the happiness, joy and laughter that you bring to our family Acknowledgements Acknowledgements The present thesis, resulting of five years of research, would not have been possible without the help, encouragements and support of many persons. I thank all of them and I present them all my gratitude. Firstly, I am sincerely thankful to my two supervisors: Professor Patrick Gubry and Associate Professor Do Tu Lan. They not only inspired me to keep my passion and enthusiasm in my work and field of expertise, but they also are my compassionate friends who are devoted to me and help me out in life. This comprehensive support has helped me overcome difficulties and fill up my days until now. I would also like to warmly thank Professor Nathalie Lancret (IPRAUS, UMR AUSser, CNRS). I am glad she freely accepted to be a member of the jury of this thesis and one of the two reviewers. In the same way, I wish to thank Professor Vincent Geronimi (University Versailles Saint-Quentin) for the time he spent. His participation to the jury of this thesis and his review are highly appreciated too. I would like to extend my gratitude to Professor Charles Goldblum, University Paris 8, for honouring my jury by chairing it. While in France, I received warm-hearted support from my French friends, staffs at libraries and offices at University Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne [Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne], Doctoral school of geography of Paris [École doctorale de géographie de Paris] , Institute for the Study of Economic and Social Development (IEDES) [Institut d’Étude du Développement Économique et Social (IEDES)], French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) [Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)], City library. I would like to thank all of them who let me feel the warmth while away from home. I cannot forget many professors and experts in the field of urban architecture who enthusiastically instructed me and shared with me their valuable knowledge and 5 Urbanisation and urban architectural heritage preservation in Hanoi: The community’s participation? resources so that I had access to excellent professional references. They are Associate Professor Nguyen Quoc Thong - an urban expert, Ms To ThiToan - former head of the Ancient Quarter relocation project, Mr Phuong - an Ancient quarter management board officer, Mr Tran Hoang Linh - an urban specialist at Hanoi Institute of Architectural Planning, Associate Professor Pham Thuy Loan - an architectural planning expert, Deputy Director of the National Institute of Architectural Planning, Mr Le Thanh Vinh - Director of the Heritage Conservation Institute, Associate Professor Dang Van Bai, Dr Nguyen Thu Lan, Dr Emmanuel Cerise - Co-director of the Institute for Urban Policy (IMV) [Institut des Métiers de la Ville (IMV)] in Hanoi... I would also like to send my gratitude to my friends who have always supported and worked with me while conducting difficult surveys: Ms Nguyen Thu Van and staffs and students of National University of Civil Engineering: Mr Nguyen Bao Ngoc, Mr Phung Anh Quan, Ms Nguyen Thanh Hang... We shared many difficulties and excitement on the field. Their enthusiasm enabled me to get many responses from the communities. My thankfulness is also spent for Dr Nguyen Viet Nga, Deputy Dean at Faculty of International Affairs, Academy of Journalism and Communication, who assisted me to improve my academic language skills so that I could read the materials and better express my ideas. I would like to extend my gratitude to all the persons who helped me by reviewing the text of the thesis, translating and correct the language mistakes, in particular Dr Nguyen Viet Nga, Dr Tran Xuan Lam (National University of Civil Engineering), Ms Phuong Nguyen (VOV5), Ms Nguyen Thu Van, Mr Nguyen Bao Ngoc. Special thanks are going to my brother, Dao Xuan Nguyen, for the wonderful drawings illustrating the thesis and my cousin, Dao Ngoc Duy, for his editing work to make beautiful the thesis format. 6 Acknowledgements There are many others who directly or indirectly supported me in different ways. My most special thanks go to my family, especially my husband Nguyen Quoc Toan and my three children who have always been a source of encouragement and motivation, helping me balance work and life. My parents gave me all support to take care of my children and encourage me mentally. Their patience and delightedness made me confident and kept my passionate flame during five years with so many great events in my life. 7 Abstract/Résumé/Tóm tắt Abstract Hanoi owns a huge variety of urban architectural heritages that have a good value in community life and serve certain functions in the city’s spatial organisation. Despite great effort from the State, preservation is still a challenging task. In the context of rapid development, especially after the Renovation policy in 1986, Hanoi has raised the need to protect not only existing single heritage values but also their dynamic surrounding spaces. These elements have been “encroached”, “occupied”, threatening “heritage messages”. Thereby, heritage issues are not only related to the value of each single building itself, but they are also an issue of urban life. Heritages are a component of the urban development context. Their influence and relation with other urban elements, including a dynamic life and diverse needs of the community, is undeniable. To complete the thesis, field surveys were conducted at heritage sites located at typical areas for city urbanisation, community interaction and urban development context. This helps to identify heritage issues such as heritage features, heritage value, mutual relationship between heritage – community – urban development, positive and negative changes of heritages, other relevant factors from community groups. Accordingly, the thesis puts forward suggestions to preserve heritages in the context of urban development, to encourage community participation and to balance the need for preservation and the constraints of city development. Developing the interaction space between heritage and community, setting up a Heritage Forum to enhance the sharing of heritage information among community groups, making policies based on market demand and the actual needs of different target groups… are among the suggested directions. Key words: urban architectural heritage, preservation, urbanisation, community, Hanoi, Vietnam 9 Urbanisation and urban architectural heritage preservation in Hanoi: The community’s participation? Résumé Hanoi possède une grande variété de patrimoines architecturaux urbains qui jouissent d'une grande valeur dans la vie communautaire et assurent certaines fonctions dans l'organisation spatiale de la ville. En dépit de grands efforts de l'État, la préservation est encore une tâche difficile. Dans le contexte d'un développement rapide, surtout après la politique de Renouveau en 1986, Hanoi a montré la nécessité de protéger non seulement les valeurs existantes d’un patrimoine isolé, mais aussi leurs dynamiques espaces environnants. Ces éléments se sont trouvés « empiétés », « occupés », menaçant les « messages patrimoniaux ». De ce fait, les problèmes patrimoniaux ne sont pas seulement liés à la valeur de chaque bâtiment en soi, mais ils sont également une problématique de la vie urbaine. Les patrimoines font partie du contexte de développement urbain. Leur influence et leurs relations avec d'autres éléments urbains, y compris une vie dynamique et divers besoins de la communauté, sont indéniables. Pour réaliser la thèse, des études de terrain ont été menées sur des sites patrimoniaux situés dans des zones typiques pour l'urbanisation de la ville, l'interaction communautaire et le contexte de développement urbain. Cela aide à identifier les problèmes du patrimoine tels que les caractéristiques du patrimoine, la valeur patrimoniale, les relations mutuelles entre le patrimoine − la communauté − le développement urbain, les changements positifs et négatifs des patrimoines, d'autres facteurs pertinents des groupes communautaires. En conséquence, la thèse avance des suggestions pour préserver les patrimoines dans le contexte du développement urbain, encourager la participation communautaire et équilibrer le besoin de préservation
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