DOCSLIB.ORG

Thesis Rests with Its Author

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thesis Rests with Its Author University of Bath PHD Labour imperialism or democratic internationalism? U.S. trade unions and the conflict in El Salvador and Nicaragua, 1981-1989 Sweeney, Sean Award date: 1990 Awarding institution: University of Bath Link to publication Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 08. Oct. 2021 Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism? U.S. Trade Unions and the Conflict in El Salvador and Nicaragua, 1981-1989 Submitted by Sean Sweeney for the degree of PhD of the University of Bath 1990 COPYRIGHT 'Attention is drawn to the fact that copyright of this thesis rests with its author. This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author1. UMI Number: U050B88 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U050B88 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 For my late brother, Peter ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my supervisor at the University of Bath, Dr. Frank Longstreth, for the many hours he worked with me on this thesis. From the start he made me feel that the subject I was pursuing was an important one. For its financial assistance and helpful staff, I thank the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). For their advice and encouragement during the early months, I thank Ian Roxborough (London School of Economics), Robin Cohen (University of Warwick), James Dunkerley and Richard Southall. I am doubly grateful to Peter Waterman (Institute for Policy Studies, the Hague). Peter's work in (and enthusiasm for) the area of workers' internationalism helped give this research a particular focus. Moreover, Peter provided many leads and ideas. I am particularly indebted to Hobart A. Spalding of Brooklyn College, both for his invaluable research in the field of AFL-CIO involvement in Latin America, and for his friendship and constructive advice which began from the moment I first arrived in New York. Robert Armstrong, author and formerly a leading figure in the North American Congress of Latin America (NACLA) and NACLA editor Mark Fried were of enormous assistance during this period. i In terms of gathering material, providing office space and sharing thoughts and insights, I am grateful to David Dyson, director of the political action department (Union Label) of the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union (ACTWU) and coordinator of the National Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador. David's trust and cooperation, as well as his files, collections of letters, etc., profoundly affected the character and shape of this thesis. Daniel Cantor, his partner at ACTWU, deserves similar appreciation. Their contribution to this work is truly immeasurable. Other U.S. trade union activists, officials, and commentators who offered advice and assistance include Barbara Briggs, Larry Drake, Debbie Duke, Denys Everingham, Mike Finlay, Hank Frundt, Stanley Gacek, Paul Garver, Ernesto Jofre, Jim Kaplan, Amy Newell, David Slaney, Jane Slaughter, Fred Soloway, A1 Weinrub and, in particular, Charles Kernaghan. Trade unionists from Central America working in the U.S., particularly Francisco Acosta and Jose Pena in the Washington D.C. offices of the National Federation of Salvadoran Workers (FENASTRAS), were also helpful. This thesis makes many criticisms of the American Institute For Free Labor Development (AIFLD). However, it's officers and staff made available to me numerous documents, obscure articles, old Institute publications, etc., and I am grateful for their time and effort even though they may view the outcome as somewhat less than satisfactory. AIFLD*s consultant, Dr. William Douglas, deserves a special mention. There are many people and organisations who, because of their political, journalistic and academic work concerning Nicaragua and El Salvador, made it possible for me to develop a firm understanding of the situation in those countries and to stay in touch with day to day developments. William Bollinger*s remarkably deep knowledge of the Salvadoran labour movement warrants special note, as does A1 Weinrub and colleagues who worked on the Labor Report on Central America in Oakland, California. For their helpful advice and timely interventions to prevent computer-related disasters, I am deeply grateful my close friends Linda Hall and Nigel Cammann, and to Steve Meacham and Marguerite Lucia Scholar. I would like to thank my friends and colleagues at the Institute of Applied Social Science at the Hofstra University campus at District 65, United Auto Workers, in New York City: Bonnie Borenstein, Ellen Gurzinsky, Bonnie Johnson, Dr. Barbara Joseph, Roanna Judelson, Bob Kirkman, Rick Pieto and Karen Wagner. As for my students, working adults and members of the UAW, I thank you all for your love and openness, and for giving me an education. My partner Susan Kraft, despite her own trials and struggles, has been a true friend and inspiration throughout. My gratitude to her extends beyond words. Finally, a word for iii friends and family who did not live to see the completion of this work, namely Diane Jackson, fellow postgraduate at the University of Bath, Sonya Kraft, Selma Cohn, and my brother Peter, to whom this work is dedicated. iv ABSTRACT This thesis is an empirical study of a conflict within U.S. labour during the 1980s over U.S. Government and trade union policy towards Nicaragua and El Salvador. It demonstrates how the American Federation of Labor - Congress of Industrial Organization (AFL-CIO) actively supported U.S. Government objectives in these two countries by providing political and financial support for anti-Sandinista unions in Nicaragua and moderate unions in El Salvador. It shows how this type of trade union intervention (which some commentators have termed "labour imperialism") has had a serious impact in Central America and in numerous other locations historically. As the 1980s progressed, trade union opposition to U.S. foreign policy increased. With it came a challenge to the AFL- CIO' s "democratic internationalism." This thesis pays particular attention to the form, method and ideology (or, rather, ideologies) of this challenge and how it was spearheaded by activists and lower-level union officials, many of whom had been part of the 1960s anti-war movement. It shows how an alternative internationalism emerged from a network of "anti-intervention" committees and caucuses who forged links with the pro-Sandinista v unions and the left unions in El Salvador. This thesis argues that the serious proportions of this conflict can be attributed to the collapse of the Keynesian '*social pact" between U.S. business, government, and organised labour which had hitherto sustained the AFL-CIO1s active "Cold War unionism." The political and economic attacks on U.S. unions, and the changed structural relationship of U.S. workers to the world economy, has altered the perceptions of many in the U.S. labour movement regarding the role of the U.S. Government, the multinational corporations and the significance of challenges to U.S. hegemony abroad. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume I Acknowledgements...............................................i Introduction................................................... 1 Table of Acronyms (by category)................................59 ChapterOne.................................................... 6 6 The Controversy of AFL-CIO Foreign Policy: Democratic Internationalism or Trade Union Imperialism? Chapter Two.................................................. 150 The AFL-CIO in El Salvador 1965-1983: Reforms Amidst Repression Chapter Three................................................ 187 The AFL-CIO and the Rise of the Sandinistas Chapter Four.......................... ....................... 220 Intervention and Anti-Intervention: The Foreign Policy Conflict in U.S. Trade Unions vii Chapter Five..................................................309 El Salvador: Trade Unions and the "Democratic Opening”
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Implementation of the Helsinki Accords Hearings
    BASKET III: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HELSINKI ACCORDS HEARINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE NINETY-SEVENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION THE CRISIS IN POLAND AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE HELSINKI PROCESS DECEMBER 28, 1981 Printed for the use of the - Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 9-952 0 'WASHINGTON: 1982 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE DANTE B. FASCELL, Florida, Chairman ROBERT DOLE, Kansas, Cochairman ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah SIDNEY R. YATES, Illinois JOHN HEINZ, Pennsylvania JONATHAN B. BINGHAM, New York ALFONSE M. D'AMATO, New York TIMOTHY E. WIRTH, Colorado CLAIBORNE PELL, Rhode Island MILLICENT FENWICK, New Jersey PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont DON RITTER, Pennsylvania EXECUTIVE BRANCH The Honorable STEPHEN E. PALMER, Jr., Department of State The Honorable RICHARD NORMAN PERLE, Department of Defense The Honorable WILLIAM H. MORRIS, Jr., Department of Commerce R. SPENCER OLIVER, Staff Director LYNNE DAVIDSON, Staff Assistant BARBARA BLACKBURN, Administrative Assistant DEBORAH BURNS, Coordinator (II) ] CONTENTS IMPLEMENTATION. OF THE HELSINKI ACCORDS The Crisis In Poland And Its Effects On The Helsinki Process, December 28, 1981 WITNESSES Page Rurarz, Ambassador Zdzislaw, former Polish Ambassador to Japan .................... 10 Kampelman, Ambassador Max M., Chairman, U.S. Delegation to the CSCE Review Meeting in Madrid ............................................................ 31 Baranczak, Stanislaw, founder of KOR, the Committee for the Defense of Workers.......................................................................................................................... 47 Scanlan, John D., Deputy Assistant Secretary for European Affairs, Depart- ment of State ............................................................ 53 Kahn, Tom, assistant to the president of the AFL-CIO ..........................................
    [Show full text]
  • THE AFL-CIO and the TRADE UNIONS in SOUTH AFRICA Paul Trewhela1
    THE AFL-CIO AND THE TRADE UNIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA Paul Trewhela1 'It is clear that whatever shape the future South Africa will take, the labour movement has a crucial role to play...' —Irving Brown, founder of the African-American Labour Centre (AALC) . 'At the highest level, [Central Intelligence] Agency labour operations are effected through George Meany, President of the AFL, Jay Lovestone, Foreign Affairs chief of the AFL and Irving Brown, AFL representative in Europe—all of whom are effective and witting collaborators' — Philip Agee, CIA operative in South and Central America 'Using money and, where necessary, the CIA, the US labour aristocracy began to carve out a sphere of influence for itself on African soil that would later be embodied in the African-**American Labour Centre (AALC), administered by the notorious Irving Brown from his office in New York' 4 —The official history of the South African Congress of Trade Unions Washington's interest in the SA labour scene is very high' — Charles Daris, labour attache at the US consulate, Johannesburg, 1982; previously special assistant to the US ambassador in Vietnam in the late 1960s The Cold War System in the Unions The cold war is dead, but the trade unions in South Africa—the strongest in the continent—remain the repository of its ghostly presence. Like the living dead of Gothic horror, Stalinism has thrived in the unions in South Africa in the past few years in proportion as its international control centre has disintegrated. The paradox may be summed up in the person of Chris Dlamini, vice-president of the Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu), who is also a member of the internal leadership group of the now legal South African Communist Party (SACP).
    [Show full text]
  • Solidarnosc: Polish Company Union For·CIA and Bankers
    A Spartacist Pamphlet $1.00 Solidarnosc: Polish Company Union for· CIA and Bankers -.~~, )(-523 Spartacist Publishing Co., Box 1377, GPO, New York, N.Y. 10116 2 Table of Contents Introduction As Lech Walesa struts before the ly progressive socialized property in Solidarnosc conference displaying his Poland, all the more so since the Madonna lapel pin and boasting how he discredited Stalinists manifestly cannot. Introduction ....... '..... , ...... 2 could easily have secured 90 percent of The call for "communist unity against the vote, the U.S. imperialists see their imperialism through political revolu­ Wall Street Journal Loves revanchist appetites for capitalist resto­ tion," first raised by the Spartacist Poland's Company Union .. 4 ration in Eastern Europe coming closer tendency at the time of the Sino-Soviet and closer to fruition. And the "crisis of split, acquires even greater urgency as Time Runs Out in Poland proletarian leadership" described by the Polish crisis underlines the need for Stop Solidarity's Trotsky Qearly a half-century ago is revolutionary unity of the Polish and Counterrevolution! ........... 7 starkly illuminated in the response of Russian workers to defeat U.S. imperi­ Walesa Brings "Mr. AFL-CIA" those in Poland and abroad who claim alism's bloody designs for bringing to Poland the right to lead the working class. Poland into the "free world" as a club I rving Brown: Stalinism has squandered the socialist against the USSR, military/industrial Cold War Criminal ..........13 and internationalist historic legacy of powerhouse of the deformed workers the Polish workers movement, demoral­ states. Solidarity Leaders Against izing the working class in the face of This pamphlet documents the Sparta­ Planned Economy resurgent Pilsudskiite reaction.
    [Show full text]
  • The Altering Eye Contemporary International Cinema to Access Digital Resources Including: Blog Posts Videos Online Appendices
    Robert Phillip Kolker The Altering Eye Contemporary International Cinema To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/8 Open Book Publishers is a non-profit independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. Robert Kolker is Emeritus Professor of English at the University of Maryland and Lecturer in Media Studies at the University of Virginia. His works include A Cinema of Loneliness: Penn, Stone, Kubrick, Scorsese, Spielberg Altman; Bernardo Bertolucci; Wim Wenders (with Peter Beicken); Film, Form and Culture; Media Studies: An Introduction; editor of Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho: A Casebook; Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey: New Essays and The Oxford Handbook of Film and Media Studies. http://www.virginia.edu/mediastudies/people/adjunct.html Robert Phillip Kolker THE ALTERING EYE Contemporary International Cinema Revised edition with a new preface and an updated bibliography Cambridge 2009 Published by 40 Devonshire Road, Cambridge, CB1 2BL, United Kingdom http://www.openbookpublishers.com First edition published in 1983 by Oxford University Press. © 2009 Robert Phillip Kolker Some rights are reserved. This book is made available under the Cre- ative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 2.0 UK: England & Wales Licence. This licence allows for copying any part of the work for personal and non-commercial use, providing author
    [Show full text]
  • Cinema in Dispute: Audiovisual Adventures of the Political Names ‘Worker’, ‘Factory’, ‘People’
    Cinema In Dispute: Audiovisual Adventures of the Political Names ‘Worker’, ‘Factory’, ‘People’ Manuel Ramos Martínez Ph.D. Visual Cultures Goldsmiths College, University of London September 2013 1 I declare that all of the work presented in this thesis is my own. Manuel Ramos Martínez 2 Abstract Political names define the symbolic organisation of what is common and are therefore a potential site of contestation. It is with this field of possibility, and the role the moving image can play within it, that this dissertation is concerned. This thesis verifies that there is a transformative relation between the political name and the cinema. The cinema is an art with the capacity to intervene in the way we see and hear a name. On the other hand, a name operates politically from the moment it agitates a practice, in this case a certain cinema, into organising a better world. This research focuses on the audiovisual dynamism of the names ‘worker’, ‘factory’ and ‘people’ in contemporary cinemas. It is not the purpose of the argument to nostalgically maintain these old revolutionary names, rather to explore their efficacy as names-in-dispute, as names with which a present becomes something disputable. This thesis explores this dispute in the company of theorists and audiovisual artists committed to both emancipatory politics and experimentation. The philosophies of Jacques Rancière and Alain Badiou are of significance for this thesis since they break away from the semiotic model and its symptomatic readings in order to understand the name as a political gesture. Inspired by their affirmative politics, the analysis investigates cinematic practices troubled and stimulated by the names ‘worker’, ‘factory’, ‘people’: the work of Peter Watkins, Wang Bing, Harun Farocki, Danièle Huillet and Jean-Marie Straub.
    [Show full text]
  • The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project Labor Series
    The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project Labor Series LOUIS A. WIESNER Interviewer: Don R. Kienzle Initial interview date: September 30, 1992 Copyri ht 1998 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Bac ground Michigan State College Socialist/Communist Party member Harvard University United Mine Wor ers Council on Foreign Relations Professor (rayson )ir Isaiah Bowman Alan Hansen ,ntered the Foreign Service Attach- Program .900 Dan Horowit1 Labor Attach- to Ambassador Murphy2s Mission3 SHA,F .9004.905 Bushy Par , ,ngland United States Control (roup for (ermany Richard ,ldridge Herb Weiner 742s 7ersailles, France9 Housing ,nvironment Paul Porter Assistant Military (overnment Labor Officer Political Division, US POLAD3 Office of Military (overnment, US :OM(US) Wiesbaden, (ermany .9054.909 Operations 1 Na1i structure elimination (erman Labor Front Securing Wine coordinator Non4fraterni1ation U.S. (roup C. Dena1ification Allied Control Council Contact with Political Parties Social Democrats Willy Brandt Pro4Communists in US Military (overnment Wilhelm Leuschner Institute )urt Schumacher Soviet Bloc ade Air Lift Donald Heath Jimmy Riddleberger US Information Service Division Communist/Socialist Unity Party merger Russians Arrest by Russians Joe )eenan Sidney Hillman British Zone labor developments Deutche (ewer schaftbund Wor er representation in boards of directors Irving Brown 7ictor Reuther Cold War Returning (erman exiles Max Brauer McCarthyism ,ffects of past Communist Party membership An ara, Tur ey9 ,conomic
    [Show full text]
  • Interview with Harold L. Davey
    Library of Congress Interview with Harold L. Davey The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project Labor Series HAROLD L. DAVEY Interviewed by: Don R. Kienzle Initial interview date: March 14, 1995 Copyright 1998 ADST Q: I am Don Kienzle and I have the great pleasure today of interviewing Harold Davey, who was a former labor attach# in the Foreign Service and the long-time Foreign Service Coordinator at the Department of Labor. Harold, welcome! We are happy that you are willing to give an interview to the Labor Diplomacy Oral History Project.. DAVEY: Thank you, Don. I'm glad to be here. Q: Would you begin by saying something about your background, your education, your family, and whether you had any labor roots? DAVEY: Well, my family did not have any labor roots. But when I was at the University of Nebraska, I was also active in politics and we worked with the labor unions and labor leaders. I graduated from the University of Nebraska [with a major] in international affairs, and I came to Washington in 1952 to begin a career with the State Department. At first, I had regular State Department consular officer assignments. But in 1954 the Wriston Report recommended that Foreign Service Officers specialize in something. I was up in Interview with Harold L. Davey http://www.loc.gov/item/mfdipbib000267 Library of Congress Toronto at the time, and I decided I wanted to specialize in labor. I made some inquiries through the Foreign Service Institute and through the personnel office as to how one might get into labor work in the Foreign Service.
    [Show full text]
  • Masculinity and the Structuring of the Public Domain in Kerala: a History of the Contemporary
    MASCULINITY AND THE STRUCTURING OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN IN KERALA: A HISTORY OF THE CONTEMPORARY Ph. D. Thesis submitted to MANIPAL ACADEMY OF HIGHER EDUCATION (MAHE – Deemed University) RATHEESH RADHAKRISHNAN CENTRE FOR THE STUDY OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY (Affiliated to MAHE- Deemed University) BANGALORE- 560011 JULY 2006 To my parents KM Rajalakshmy and M Radhakrishnan For the spirit of reason and freedom I was introduced to… This work is dedicated…. The object was to learn to what extent the effort to think one’s own history can free thought from what it silently thinks, so enable it to think differently. Michel Foucault. 1985/1990. The Use of Pleasure: The History of Sexuality Vol. II, trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage: 9. … in order to problematise our inherited categories and perspectives on gender meanings, might not men’s experiences of gender – in relation to themselves, their bodies, to socially constructed representations, and to others (men and women) – be a potentially subversive way to begin? […]. Of course the risks are very high, namely, of being misunderstood both by the common sense of the dominant order and by a politically correct feminism. But, then, welcome to the margins! Mary E. John. 2002. “Responses”. From the Margins (February 2002): 247. The peacock has his plumes The cock his comb The lion his mane And the man his moustache. Tell me O Evolution! Is masculinity Only clothes and ornaments That in time becomes the body? PN Gopikrishnan. 2003. “Parayu Parinaamame!” (Tell me O Evolution!). Reprinted in Madiyanmarude Manifesto (Manifesto of the Lazy, 2006). Thrissur: Current Books: 78.
    [Show full text]
  • The AFL-CIO Approaches the Vietnam War, 1947-64
    LaborHistory, Vol. 42, No. 3, 2001 “NoMore Pressing Task than Organization in Southeast Asia”: TheAFL– CIO Approaches the VietnamWar, 1947– 64 EDMUNDF. WEHRLE* The Vietnam War standsas the most controversial episodein theAFL– CIO’ s four decadesof existence.The federation’s supportfor thewar dividedits membership and drovea wedgebetween organized labor andits liberal allies. By theearly 1970s, the AFL–CIO wasa weakenedand divided force, ill-prepared for adecadeof economic decline.Few, however, recognize thecomplex rootsof the federation’ s Vietnam policy. American organized labor, in fact,was involved deeplyin Vietnam well beforethe American interventionin 1965. In SoutheastAsia, it pursuedits ownseparate agenda, centeredon support for asubstantial SouthVietnamese trade unionmovement under theleadership ofnationalist Tran QuocBuu. 1 Yet,as proved tobe the case for labor throughout thepost-World War IIperiod,its plans for SouthVietnam remained very muchcontingent on its relationship with the U.S.state. This oftenstrained but necessary partnership circumscribedand ultimately crippled thefederation’ s independentplans for Vietnameselabor. Trade unionistsin SouthVietnam foundthemselves in asimilar, although more fatal, bind,seeking to act independently,yet boundto the Americans anda repressiveSouth Vietnamese state. Scholars today oftenportray post-warAmerican organized labor asa partner (usually acompliant juniorpartner) in an accordor corporate arrangement with other “functionalgroups” including thestate and business. 2 While thereis undeniabletruth
    [Show full text]
  • Edward Seaga
    COVER FEATURE WEST INDIAN MAN OF THE YEAR Edward SeO · g Man who - � Turned Jamaica Around A feature written specially for the Bajan on its choice of West Indian Man of the Year by Hubert Williams, Chief Editor of CANA, based on an interview with Jamaica's Prime Minister Mr. �Edward Seaga. Edward Seaga lea�es nothing to chance. Socialist Manley. And it is on the basis of his And as he moves to shape the destiny of efforts to arrest Jamaica's economic spin Jamaica, this disquietingly intense man and turn the country around that the Prime intends to apply to the challenges of govern- Minister has won, hands down, this ment the same cool. calculating deliberate- magazine's nomination as its West Indian ness that won him acknowledgement from "Man of the Year 1981". friend and foe alike as the finest ever The Jamaican leader's origins make a Jamaica's Prime Minister Edward Seaga. Finance Minister the island has ever had. fascinating mix. Born in the United States, '�ill a Policy of Head-Over-Heart Put the Economy Firmly Seaga believes that one sure way of nearly Caucasian, married to a Black avoiding dangerous political pitfalls as well ".Jamaican beauty (Miss Jamaica 1964), Back on Its Feet? as economic and social chaos, is never to crown prince of the proletariat's Tivoli allow the 'heart' to rule the 'head'. It is a Gardens in West Kingston and yet the hope Seaga has himself remarked on the differ­ tested formula for success at the personal of big business.
    [Show full text]
  • Ideology and Educational Aims: the Case of Jamaica By
    IDEOLOGY AND EDUCATIONAL AIMS: THE CASE OF JAMAICA BY Joseph A. Walker, Ph.D. College of the Bahamas Oakes Field Campus ABSTRACT This research is basically a descriptive Predicated partly on-this criticism of the study. Its purpose was to determine the prevailing education in Jamaica, and extent to which the aims and policies of partly on a firm commitment to ~ social­ education under the Jamaica Labour Party istic ideology of economic and educational (J.L.P.) differed from the aims and policies organization, the Manley government (the of education under the People's National People's National Party) on the advent of Party (P.N.P.). It was anticipated that, its reascension to political power in 1972, given the differing self-proclaimed ideolog­ asserted its intent to seek political, ical cleavages of the J.L.P. (capitalism) economic, and educational development and the P.N.P. (socialism), there would be through socialistic means. The Jamaica marked differences in their educational Labour Party, its predecessor, on its aims. The analysis revealed, however, that ascension to political power in 1962, had, if there .were ideological difference, these in contrast, chosen to seek political, were not easily detected from the rhetoric economic, and educational development of their educational aims. The differences largely through capitalistic means. observed were largely in terms of emphasis and in the particular means and priorities The purpose of this paper, therefore, is designed to achieve their statt;d obj ectives. to examine the impact of these political decisions on the educational system of INTRODUCTION Jamaica from 1960 to 1980.
    [Show full text]
  • Sensate Focus (Mark Fell) Y (Sensate Focus 1.666666) [Sensate Focus
    Sensate Focus (Mark Fell) Y (Sensate Focus 1.666666) [Sensate Focus / Editions M ego] Tuff Sherm Boiled [Merok] Ital - Ice Drift (Stalker Mix) [Workshop] Old Apparatus Chicago [Sullen Tone] Keith Fullerton Whitman - Automatic Drums with Melody [Shelter Press] Powell - Wharton Tiers On Drums [Liberation Technologies] High Wolf Singularity [Not Not Fun] The Archivist - Answers Could Not Be Attempted [The Archivist] Kwaidan - Gateless Gate [Bathetic Records] Kowton - Shuffle Good [Boomkat] Random Inc. - Jerusalem: Tales Outside The Framework Of Orthodoxy [RItornel] Markos Vamvakaris - Taxim Zeibekiko [Dust-To-Digital] Professor Genius - À Jean Giraud 4 [Thisisnotanexit] Suns Of Arqa (Muslimgauze Re-mixs) - Where's The Missing Chord [Emotional Rescue ] M. Geddes Genras - Oblique Intersection Simple [Leaving Records] Stellar Om Source - Elite Excel (Kassem Mosse Remix) [RVNG Intl.] Deoslate Yearning [Fauxpas Musik] Jozef Van Wissem - Patience in Suffering is a Living Sacrifice [Important Reords ] Morphosis - Music For Vampyr (ii) Shadows [Honest Jons] Frank Bretschneider machine.gun [Raster-Noton] Mark Pritchard Ghosts [Warp Records] Dave Saved - Cybernetic 3000 [Astro:Dynamics] Holden Renata [Border Community] the postman always rings twice the happiest days of your life escape from alcastraz laurent cantet guy debord everyone else olga's house of shame pal gabor billy in the lowlands chilly scenes of winter alambrista david neves lino brocka auto-mates the third voice marcel pagnol vecchiali an unforgettable summer arrebato attila
    [Show full text]