Comparison of EU Decisions and CITES Suspensions – Identification of Any Outstanding Potential Discrepancies

UNEP-WCMC technical report

Comparison of EU decisions and CITES suspensions – identification of any outstanding potential discrepancies

Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E - Global & Regional Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. – Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements, Brussels, Belgium

Prepared October 2016

Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2016. Comparison of EU decisions and CITES suspensions – identification of any outstanding discrepancies. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.

The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity assessment of the United Nations Environment Programme, the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organization. The Centre has been in operation for over 30 years, combining scientific research with policy advice and the development of decision tools.

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Contents

Introduction and overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1 Methods………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...1 Table 1: Taxon/country combinations with a CITES suspension formed by the Standing Committee and either an SRG positive opinion or no decision by the SRG……………...... 2 Table 2: Taxon/country combinations with a CITES suspension formed by the country itself and either an SRG positive opinion or no decision by the SRG………………………………….…………………..6 Appendix……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….10

Introduction and overview

In order to ensure that EU decisions of the Scientific Review Group (SRG) for particular taxon/country combinations align with current CITES decisions (such as decisions of the CITES Standing Committee formed in the context of the Review of Significant Trade in specimens of Appendix-II species, or CITES notifications relating to trade restrictions formed by countries themselves), this document identifies any remaining instances where the SRG has a positive opinion, a no opinion or does not have an opinion for taxon/country combinations subject to current CITES suspensions.

Following each CITES Standing Committee, UNEP-WCMC provides a comparison between CITES decisions in the context of the Review of Significant Trade in specimens of Appendix-II species (Resolution Conf. 12.8 (Rev. CoP13)), and those of the SRG, identifying any potential discrepancies and providing recommendations for each taxon/country combination regarding the appropriateness of EU decisions. In addition, CITES suspensions for particular taxon/country combinations also arise from CITES notifications, where a country has its own trade restrictions in place, for which it has notified the CITES Secretariat. To ensure that any remaining potential discrepancies between CITES and EU decisions are identified, this report contains a full comparison between all current CITES suspensions at the species level and all current SRG opinions. Instances where taxon/country combinations have a current CITES suspension in place formed by the Standing Committee in the context of the Review of Significant Trade are presented in Table 1. Instances where taxon/country combinations have a current CITES suspension based on a country’s own trade restrictions are presented in Table 2. Methods

In order to identify potential discrepancies between CITES suspensions and SRG decisions, a list of taxon/country combinations subject to CITES suspensions and their corresponding SRG decisions was extracted from Species+ on 5th July 2016. This list did not include any species that are only affected by country-level CITES suspensions (e.g. trade suspensions put in place due to non-submission of annual reports). Amongst taxon/country combinations subject to CITES suspensions, there were seven with current SRG positive opinions, six with SRG no opinions (for CITES suspensions formed by the CITES Standing Committee only) and 49 for which no SRG decision has yet been made.

CITES trade data were extracted from the CITES Trade Database for the 62 taxon/country combinations for which the SRG decision did not match the CITES suspension. Direct trade to the EU-28 and to all other countries (RoW) was summarised for the period 2005-2014, as reported by the importers and exporters (based on CITES trade data downloaded 18th July 2016). Indirect trade to the EU-28 was also summarised for the same time period (based on CITES trade data downloaded 3rd August 2016). If trade occurred during this time period, the most recent year of trade was given.

Table 1: Taxon/country combinations with a CITES suspension formed by the Standing Committee and either an SRG positive opinion, a no opinion or no decision by the SRG Trade to the EU-28 includes direct and indirect trade, whilst trade to the rest of the world (RoW) includes direct trade only1. If importer- and exporter-reported figures differ, both are given. Importer-reported figures are listed first, and exporter-reported figures are listed below [in grey font and in square brackets]. Indirect trade to the EU is listed beneath direct trade and italicised. Only the main source and purpose for each listed term are provided sequentially in parentheses, except in cases where two sources or purposes are equally traded when both are given. If trade 2005-2014 involves fewer than 500 units2, this is considered to be “Low” trade and details are given. If trade involves 500-1000 units, this is considered to be “Moderate”, and if trade involves more than 1000 units, this is considered to be “High”. If trade is considered to be moderate or high, only the main terms and sources are indicated between brackets.

EU Trade (direct and indirect) RoW Trade (direct) Date and details Date and Taxon (Appendix) Last Party of CITES details of EU Last in Trade levels Trade levels Notes (IUCN Red List status) in suspension opinion trade 2005-2014 2005-2014 trade MAMMALIA Macaca fascicularis (II) Lao PDR 16/03/2016; All No opinion - no trade 2011 High (live, C; T) (LC) exports. 27/01/1999 2006 High (live, W; T) AVES Falco cherrug (II) Iran 14/11/2006; - no trade 2011 8 live (W; P), 4 live (F; P) 2016 quota: zero

(EN) Suspension of the - Kazakhstan issuance of export - no trade 2013 198 live (C; P), 338 live (C; T) 2016 quota: zero permits for Falco [328 live (C; T)] Kyrgyzstan cherrug from - no trade 2014 - 2016 quota: zero countries [11 live (F; E)] Mongolia categorised as 2013 250 feathers (W; S), 2014 Moderate (live, W; T) ‘urgent concern’. 3ml specimens (W; S) Parties to inform [8414 feathers (W; S), the Secretariat if 194 specimens (W; S)] Pakistan an export permits - no trade 2013 271 live (W; P) 2016 quota: zero is presented to - Russian them. 2005 - 2014 Moderate (live, C/F; P/T) Federation [11 live (C; T)]

2014 - [5 live (C/F; P/T)] Saudi Arabia - no trade 2013 2 live (C/W; P/T) 2016 quota: zero [773 live (W; P)]

1 Therefore EU and RoW trade cannot be totalled, as indirect trade into the EU may include trade previously reported to the RoW. 2 Units refer to any standardised measure of trade, including number of individuals, skins or trophies, weight in kg, and volume in m3 2

EU Trade (direct and indirect) RoW Trade (direct) Date and details Date and Taxon (Appendix) Last Party of CITES details of EU Last in Trade levels Trade levels Notes (IUCN Red List status) in suspension opinion trade 2005-2014 2005-2014 trade Turkmenistan - no trade 2010 34 live (W; P) 2016 quota: zero - Uzbekistan - no trade 2009 6 live (W; P) 2016 quota: four - Psittacus erithacus (II) Central African 16/03/2016; All Positive opinion 2014 15 live (W; P) 2014 Moderate (live, C/W; T) (VU) Republic exports. 16/09/1999 [13 live (unspecified; B/P)]

2011 3 live (W; P) [2 live (W; P)] Psittacus erithacus (II) Democratic 16/03/2016; All Positive opinion 2014 High (live, W; T) 2014 High (mainly live, W; T) 2016 quota: zero wild-taken (VU) Republic of the commercial trade 13/06/2005 individuals Congo in specimens of 2014 12 live (W; P), 1 carving Psittacus (O; Q) erithacus3 [36 live (W; T)] REPTILIA Chamaeleo gracilis (II) Ghana 16/03/2016; All No opinion: 2009 Moderate (live, W; T) 2014 High (live, W; T) Current EU 4.6(b) (LC) exports Ranched [High (live, W; T)] suspension for wild 15/09/2008 individuals Chamaeleo senegalensis Benin 16/03/2016; All Positive 2011 High (live, R; T) 2014 High (live, R; T) 2016 quota: 4000 ranched (II) exports. opinion: and 1000 wild-taken (LC) Ranched (snout 2014 304 live (R; T) individuals. to vent length [360 live (R; T)] Current EU 4.6(b) ≤6 cm) suspension for wild and 27/02/2014 ranched (>6 cm snout-vent length). Ghana No opinion: 2011 High (live, W; T) 2014 High (live, W; T) Current EU 4.6(b) Ranched suspension for wild 15/09/2008 individuals Trioceros quadricornis (II) Cameroon 16/03/2016; All Positive opinion 2011 High (live, W; T) 2011 High (live, W; T) Reviewed SRG32/4/2 (VU) exports. 25/10/2005 Phelsuma borai (II) Madagascar 16/03/2016; All - no trade - no trade Known only from a single (DD) exports. specimen. Phelsuma gouldi (II) Madagascar 16/03/2016; All - no trade - no trade Newly-described species is (DD) exports. known only from the holotype and photographs Phelsuma hoeschi (II) Madagascar 16/03/2016; All - no trade - no trade Only recorded from the type (DD) exports. locality Phelsuma ravenala (II) Madagascar 16/03/2016; All - no trade - no trade (LC) exports.

3 Except for an export in 2016 of 1600 specimens already collected and ready for export, but subject to confirmation of authenticity of export permits by the Secretariat. 3

EU Trade (direct and indirect) RoW Trade (direct) Date and details Date and Taxon (Appendix) Last Party of CITES details of EU Last in Trade levels Trade levels Notes (IUCN Red List status) in suspension opinion trade 2005-2014 2005-2014 trade Ptyas mucosus (II) Lao PDR 16/03/2016; All No opinion i): - no trade 2012 High (live, C/unspecified; T) Reviewed SRG61 (-) exports. Wild 11/09/2012 1 small leather product 2013 (C; T) Python reticulatus (II) Lao PDR 16/03/2016; All 2014 236 small leather 2014 High (mainly skins, C; T) (-) exports. products (C; T), 3 skins (C; T)

2014 High (mainly skins and small leather products C; T) Malacochersus tornieri (II) Tanzania 16/03/2016; All . 2007 20 live (I; unspecified) 2014 High (live F; T) 2016 quota: 940 live, F1 M. (VU) exports, except - tornieri specimens with a specimens carapace length ≤8 cm (see produced from 50 live (C; T) Notif.2014/039) ranching/captive- 2008 - breeding operations for which an annual export quota has to be agreed between the Management Authority and the Secretariat ACTINOPTERYGII Hippocampus algiricus (II) Guinea 16/03/2016; All - no trade 2012 High (bodies, W; T) (VU) exports. Hippocampus algiricus (II) Senegal 16/03/2016; All 2012 - 2014 High (bodies, W; T) (VU) exports. [20 live (W; Q), 1 skeleton (W; S)] SCLERACTINIA Plerogyra simplex (II) Fiji 16/03/2016; All Positive 2014 High (live, W; T) 2014 High (mostly live, small 2016 quota: 2000 pieces, (NT) exports. opinion: [Moderate (live, W; T)] number of raw corals, W; T) live or dead Wild 07/11/2014 Plerogyra sinuosa (II) Fiji 16/03/2016; All Positive 2014 High (mostly live, small 2014 High (mostly live, small 2016 quota: 650 pieces, live (NT) exports. opinion: number of raw corals, number of raw corals, W; T) or dead Wild 07/11/2014 W; T)

2011 10 live (W; T) [4 live (W; T)] ARACHNIDA

EU Trade (direct and indirect) RoW Trade (direct) Date and details Date and Taxon (Appendix) Last Party of CITES details of EU Last in Trade levels Trade levels Notes (IUCN Red List status) in suspension opinion trade 2005-2014 2005-2014 trade Pandinus imperator (II) Ghana 16/03/2016; All No opinion: 2013 High (live, W; T) 2013 High (live, W; T) Current EU 4.6(b) (-) exports. Ranched suspension for wild 15/09/2008 2010 Moderate (live, W; T) individuals INSECTA Ornithoptera priamus (II) Solomon 16/03/2016; All No opinion i): 2007 Moderate (bodies, R; T) 2013 High (bodies, R; S) (-) Islands exports. Ranched and - [High (bodies, R; T)] Wild 02/12/2011

Table 2: Taxon/country combinations with a CITES suspension formed by the country itself and either an SRG positive opinion or no decision by the SRG Trade to the EU-28 includes direct and indirect trade, whilst trade to the rest of the world (RoW) includes direct trade only4. If importer- and exporter-reported figures differ, both are given. Importer-reported figures are listed first, and exporter-reported figures are listed below [in grey font and in square brackets]. Indirect trade to the EU is listed beneath direct trade and italicised. Only the main source and purpose for each listed term are provided sequentially in parentheses, except in cases where two sources or purposes are equally traded when both are given. If trade 2005-2014 involves fewer than 500 units5, this is considered to be “Low” trade and details are given. If trade involves 500-1000 units, this is considered to be “Moderate”, and if trade involves more than 1000 units, this is considered to be “High”. If trade is considered to be moderate or high, only the main terms and sources are indicated between brackets.

Date EU Trade (direct and indirect) RoW Trade (direct) and Taxon Date and details of CITES details Last (Appendix) Party Last in Trade levels Trade levels Notes suspension of in (IUCN Red List status) trade 2005-2014 2005-2014 EU trade opinion MAMMALIA Puma concolor (I/II) Argentina 16/01/2006; The export of live Positive 2014 435 trophies (W; H), 9 2014 292 trophies (W; H), 6 Species widely (LC) specimens, as well as of parts and opinion skulls (W; H), 2 bodies skulls (W; H), 4 skins (W; distributed and least derivatives (except for trophies). 29/10/2 (C/W; H) P/T), 1 garment (W; H) concern globally. 001 [435 trophies (W; H), 15 [419 trophies (W; H), 104 specimens (W; S)] specimens (W; S), 2 skins 2007 (W; P), 1 garment (W; H)] 1 skin (W; P) - Catagonus wagneri (I) Argentina 16/01/2006; The export of live - - no trade - no trade (EN) specimens, as well as of parts and derivatives. Canis aureus (III) Egypt 21/12/1992; All exports. Trade ban - - no trade - no trade (LC) applies to the subspecies Canis aureus lupaster only. Cerdocyon thous (II) Argentina 16/01/2006; The export of live - - no trade 2013 - (LC) specimens, as well as of parts and [1 specimen (W; S)] derivatives. Speothos venaticus (I) Argentina 16/01/2006; The export of live - - no trade 2013 - (NT) specimens, as well as of parts and [36 specimens (W; S)] derivatives. Vulpes vulpes (III) Egypt 21/12/1992; All exports. - - no trade - no trade (LC)

4 Therefore EU and RoW trade cannot be totalled, as indirect trade into the EU may include trade previously reported to the RoW. 5 Units refer to any standardised measure of trade, including number of individuals, skins or trophies, weight in kg, and volume in m3 6

Date EU Trade (direct and indirect) RoW Trade (direct) and Taxon Date and details of CITES details Last (Appendix) Party Last in Trade levels Trade levels Notes suspension of in (IUCN Red List status) trade 2005-2014 2005-2014 EU trade opinion Vulpes zerda (II) Egypt 21/12/1992; All exports. - - no trade 2008 4 live (C; Q) (LC) - Leopardus geoffroyi (I) Argentina 16/01/2006; The export of live - 2009 - 2012 27 specimens (W; S), 2 (LC) specimens, as well as of parts and [11 specimens (W; S)] live (W; Z), 1 tail (I; P) derivatives. [107 specimens (W; S), 1 garment (W; T)] Leopardus guigna (II) Argentina 16/01/2006; The export of live - - no trade - no trade (VU) specimens, as well as of parts and derivatives. Leopardus jacobitus (I) Argentina 16/01/2006; The export of live - - no trade - no trade (EN) specimens, as well as of parts and derivatives. Leopardus pardalis (I) Argentina 16/01/2006; The export of live - - no trade 2013 - (LC) specimens, as well as of parts and [106 specimens (W; S)] derivatives. Leopardus tigrinus (I) Argentina 16/01/2006; The export of live - - no trade 2013 - (VU) specimens, as well as of parts and [158 specimens (W; S)] derivatives. Leopardus wiedii (I) Argentina 16/01/2006; The export of live - - no trade 2013 4 small leather products (NT) specimens, as well as of parts and (I; T) derivatives. [1 specimen (W; S)] Panthera onca (I) Argentina 16/01/2006; The export of live - - no trade 2013 7 specimens (W; S), 5 (NT) specimens, as well as of parts and skin pieces (W; S), 1 live derivatives. (C; Z), 2g hair (W; S) [82 specimens (W; S), 1 live (C; Z)] Puma yagouaroundi (I/II) Argentina 16/01/2006; The export of live - - no trade 2013 - (LC) specimens, as well as of parts and [3 specimens (W; S)] derivatives. Proteles cristata (III) Egypt 21/12/1992; All exports. Trade ban - - no trade - no trade (LC) issued under the synonym Proteles cristatus. Hystrix cristata (-) Egypt 21/12/1992; All exports. - - no trade - no trade Listed in Annex A. (LC) Formerly CITES Appendix III but not currently listed in CITES. Dugong dugon (I) Egypt 21/12/1992; All exports. - - no trade 2010 10 specimens (W; S) (VU) - AVES

Date EU Trade (direct and indirect) RoW Trade (direct) and Taxon Date and details of CITES details Last (Appendix) Party Last in Trade levels Trade levels Notes suspension of in (IUCN Red List status) trade 2005-2014 2005-2014 EU trade opinion Agapornis personatus (II) Tanzania 15/03/1984; All exports. Trade ban - - no trade - no trade (LC) issued under the synonym Agapornis personata. Cyanopsitta spixii (I) Brazil 10/08/2001; All trade without - 2014 2 live (F/W; B), 2 2012 1 derivative (C; S) (CR) consulting the Brazilian Management specimens (C; S) [6 specimens (F; S)] Authority. Species is endemic to [121 specimens (C; S), 4 Brazil and not seen in the wild since live (F; B)] 2000. REPTILIA Caiman latirostris (I/II) Argentina 16/01/2006; The export of live - 2014 High (mainly live and 2014 High (mainly skins and (LR/lc) specimens, as well as of parts and small leather products, R; small leather products, R; derivatives (except for specimens T) T, and skins, W; T) from ranching operations). 46 skins (R; T), 24 small leather products (R; T) 2013 [47 small leather products (R; T)] Uromastyx ornata (II) Egypt 16/01/1992; All exports. Trade ban - - no trade - no trade (LC) issued under the synonym Uromastyx ornatus. Chamaeleo africanus (II) Egypt 16/01/1992; All exports. - - no trade - no trade (LC) Chamaeleo chamaeleon Egypt 16/01/1992; All exports. - - no trade - no trade (II) (LC) Varanus griseus (I) Egypt 16/01/1992; All exports. - - no trade 2005 1 small leather product (-) (C; T) Eryx jaculus (II) Egypt 16/01/1992; All exports. - - no trade - no trade (-) Gongylophis colubrinus Egypt 16/01/1992; All exports. Trade ban - - no trade - no trade (II) issued under the synonym Eryx (-) colubrinus. Chelonia mydas (I) Egypt 16/01/1992; All exports. - - no trade - no trade (EN) Eretmochelys imbricata (I) Egypt 16/01/1992; All exports. - - no trade - no trade (CR) Testudo graeca (II) Egypt 16/01/1992; All exports. - 2011 3 live (I; unspecified) 2011 100 live (C; T) (VU) [2 live (C; P)] [121 live (C; unspecified)] Testudo kleinmanni (I) Egypt 16/01/1992; All exports. - - no trade 2006 18 live (W; I) (CR) - FLORA

Date EU Trade (direct and indirect) RoW Trade (direct) and Taxon Date and details of CITES details Last (Appendix) Party Last in Trade levels Trade levels Notes suspension of in (IUCN Red List status) trade 2005-2014 2005-2014 EU trade opinion Fitzroya cupressoides (I) Chile 10/01/2014; The Management - 2013 High (mainly seeds, W; 2010 - (EN) Authority of Chile requests Parties not G/S) [158 carvings (O; T), 1 to accept any export permits issued derivative (O; T)] for pre-Convention wood of Fitzroya cupressoides except permits issued to Sociedad Agrícola y Forestal Esmeralda Sur Limitada.

Appendix Table 1: Purpose of trade Code Description T Commercial Z Zoo G Botanical garden Q Circus or travelling exhibition S Scientific H Hunting trophy P Personal M Medical (including biomedical research) E Educational N Reintroduction or introduction into the wild B Breeding in captivity or artificial propagation L Law enforcement / judicial / forensic

Table 2: Source of specimens Code Description W Specimens taken from the wild R Ranched specimens: specimens of animals reared in a controlled environment, taken as eggs or juveniles from the wild, where they would otherwise have had a very low probability of surviving to adulthood D Appendix-I animals bred in captivity for commercial purposes in operations included in the Secretariat's Register, in accordance with Resolution Conf. 12.10 (Rev. CoP15), and Appendix-I plants artificially propagated for commercial purposes, as well as parts and derivatives thereof, exported under the provisions of Article VII, paragraph 4, of the Convention A Plants that are artificially propagated in accordance with Resolution Conf. 11.11 (Rev. CoP15), as well as parts and derivatives thereof, exported under the provisions of Article VII, paragraph 5 (specimens of species included in Appendix I that have been propagated artificially for non-commercial purposes and specimens of species included in Appendices II and III) C Animals bred in captivity in accordance with Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.), as well as parts and derivatives thereof, exported under the provisions of Article VII, paragraph 5 F Animals born in captivity (F1 or subsequent generations) that do not fulfil the definition of ‘bred in captivity’ in Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.), as well as parts and derivatives thereof U Source unknown (must be justified) I Confiscated or seized specimens (may be used with another code) O Pre-Convention specimens

Table 3: Country name abbreviations

Abbreviation Country Bolivia Plurinational State of Bolivia Dem. People's Rep. of Korea Democratic People's Republic of Korea Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Lao PDR Lao People's Democratic Republic Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia Rep. of Korea Republic of Korea Rep. of Moldova Republic of Moldova Syrian Arab Rep. Syrian Arab Republic Taiwan, POC Taiwan, Province of China Tanzania United Republic of Tanzania United States United States of America Venezuela Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela