Phd. Thesis Extreme Hydrological Phenomena In
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“BABEŞ-BOLYAI” UNIVERSITY OF CLUJ-NAPOCA FACULTY OF GEOGRAPHY PHD. THESIS EXTREME HYDROLOGICAL PHENOMENA IN ROMANIAN PLAIN BETWEEN OLT AND ARGES RIVERS -ABSTRACT - Scientific coordinator: PhD. Professor Victor SOROCOVSCHI PhD. Candidate: Florentina-Mariana Dina (Toma) Cluj-Napoca 2011 Florentina-Mariana Dina (Toma) Teză de doctorat CONTENT ……………….......……………………………………………………….….….2 1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………..……..…………………………….……..5 2. RESEARCH HISTORY ………………….…………………...……………………..…....9 3. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION, DELIMITATION AND TERRITORIAL SUBODINATION ELEMENTS …………………………………………………………………………….…...11 4. METHODS ……………………………….…………………………………………....…14 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF MAIN CLIMATIC ELEMENTS AND OF THE RIVERS DISCHARGE IN ROMANIAN PLAIN BETWEEN OLT AND ARGES RIVERS ..........20 5.1. Sources of data .............................................................................................................20 5.1.1 Data ..........................................................................................................................20 5.1.2 Meteorological and hydrological network in the area.........................................20 5.2. General climatic features.............................................................................................21 5.2.1. Air temperature analysis.......................................................................................21 5.2.2. Precipitations analysis...............................................................................................24 5.2.3. Snow layer analysis ..............................................................................................26 5.3. Hydrological features of rivers in Romanian Plain between Olt and Arges rivers............29 5.3.1. Multi-annual variation of rivers discharge........................................................29 5.3.2. Discharge trends....................................................................................................32 5.3.3. The discharge flows with different exceedence probability ...............................35 5.4. Correlation between multi-annual variation of precipitation amounts and rivers discharges flows .............................................................................................................42 6. EXTREME HYDROLOGICAL PHENOMENA IN ROMANIAN PLAIN BETWEEN OLT AND ARGES RIVERS......................................................................................43 6.1. Floods in the Romanian Plain between Olt and Arges rivers....................................43 6.1.1. Variables of the genesis and evolution of the floods ............................................44 6.1.1.1 Conditioning factors ............................................................................................44 6.1.1.1.1. Importance of the basins and river morphometric elements for the floods dynamics .............44 6.1.1.1.2. The influence of vegetation on floods evolution...........................................52 6.1.1.1.3. The role of soil type in the floods evolution .................................................53 6.1.1.1.4. Human factor.................................................................................................59 6.1.1.2. Triggering factors................................................................................................61 6.1.1.2.1. Exceptionally high precipitation amounts…………….………………….....61 6.1.1.2.2. The increasing of air temperature associated to sudden melting of now cover ................................63 6.1.2. Specific methods .......................................................................................................67 6.1.3. The analysis of floods on rivers from Romanian Plain between Olt and Arges rivers…69 6.1.3.1. Hydrological measurement network in the analyzed area..................................69 6.1.3.2. Floods on the rivers in the analyzed region........................................................73 6.1.3.3. Quantitative analysis of floods............................................................................75 6.1.3.3.1. Total duration of the floods ..........................................................................76 6.1.3.3.2. Increasing time of the floods.........................................................................78 6.1.3.3.3. Decreasing time of the floods.......................................................................80 6.1.3.3.4. Discharge of the flood...................................................................................82 6.1.3.3.5. Maximum discharge of the flood..................................................................84 6.1.3.3.6. Total volume of the flood..............................................................................85 2 Florentina-Mariana Dina (Toma) Teză de doctorat 6.1.3.3.7. Shape coefficient of the flood........................................................................89 6.1.3.4. Floods frequence................................................................................................90 6.1.3.5. Occurence probability of the floods.............................................................. .....96 6.1.4. Negative impact of the floods and the associated risk ..........................................99 6.1.4.1. Definitions methods in the risk analysis..............................................................99 6.1.4.2. Features of the settlements and of the populated exposed to flood risk..........106 6.1.4.3. Types of Impact and damages generated by floods .........................................109 6.1.5.Case studies ............................................................................................................111 6.1.5.1. Winter flood of 1995 .........................................................................................111 6.1.5.2. Summer flood of 2005 ................................................ ......................................121 6.1.6. Prevention and mitigation of the negative effects generated by floods..............140 6.1.6.1. Structural measures...........................................................................................140 6.1.6.1.1. Bed regulation and embankment works ........................................................140 6.1.6.1.2. Permanent and temporarly storage water bodies.........................................141 6.1.6.1.3. Hydrotechnical work and proposal of protection work...............................141 6.1.6.2.Non-Structural measures.....................................................................................141 6.1.6.2.1. Legislation in Romania and European Union ............................................142 6.1.6.2.2. Organizing measures...................................................................................143 6.1.6.2.3. Assisstence of the prone population............................................................144 6.1.6.2.4. The managementul of the hydrological basins and the floods prone areas 145 6.1.7. Perception of population on floods impact...........................................................147 6.2. Drought in the Romanian Plain between Olt and Arges rivers ...............................152 6.2.1. General considerations ..........................................................................................152 6.2.2. Definition of drought...............................................................................................154 6.2.2.1. Genesis of drought.............................................................................................154 6.2.2.2. Drought classification........................................................................................155 6.2.2.2.1. Evolution phase cryterion ...........................................................................155 6.2.2.2.2. Period of the year when drought may occur criterion ................................160 6.2.3. Atmospheric drought..............................................................................................161 6.2.3.1. General considerations.......................................................................................161 6.2.3.2. Data and methods ..............................................................................................163 6.2.3.2.1. Data..............................................................................................................163 6.2.3.2.2. Methods........................................................................................................163 6.2.3.3. Genetic factor of the atmospheric drought……………….…………………....167 6.2.3.3.1. Solar radiation...............................................................................................167 6.2.3.3.2. General air circulation.................................................................................168 6.2.3.3.3. Local natural factors....................................................................................173 6.2.3.3.4. Anthropogenic factors.................................................................................176 6.2.3.4. Quantitative analysis of atmospheric drought..................................................177 6.2.3.4.1. Drought identification using relative deviation...........................................177 6.2.3.4.2. Drought identification using weighted anomaly of standardized precipitation (WASP)...178 6.2.3.4.3.Variation of precipitation amounts using cumulated curve of the using weighted anomaly of standardized precipitation........................................................................189