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The Impact of International Media Training on Radio Professionals in Indonesia

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The Impact of International Media Training on Radio Professionals in Indonesia University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2009 The Impact of International Media Training on Radio Professionals in Indonesia Nurhaya Muchtar University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation Muchtar, Nurhaya, "The Impact of International Media Training on Radio Professionals in Indonesia. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2009. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/75 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Nurhaya Muchtar entitled "The Impact of International Media Training on Radio Professionals in Indonesia." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Communication and Information. Norman Swan, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Kenneth Levine, Catherine Luther, Paul Gellert Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Nurhaya Muchtar entitled ―The Impact of International Media Training on Radio Professionals in Indonesia‖ I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Communication and Information. Norman Swan, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Kenneth Levine Catherine Luther Paul Gellert Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School The Impact of International Media Training on Radio Professionals in Indonesia A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Nurhaya Muchtar August 2009 Copyright © 2009 by Nurhaya Muchtar All rights reserved. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I want to thank my chair, Dr. Sam Swan, for supporting me with this research. His confidence in me certainly made an impact, not only in initiating the study, but also guiding me to produce this study regardless of the limited sources available. My other committee members, Dr. Kenneth Levine, Dr. Catherine Luther and Dr. Paul Gellert, also provided much insight, and I am grateful for their willingness to serve on my dissertation committee. I am also thankful to my parents, who made me believe that we should make a difference in any way we can. I especially want to thank my dad, who believed that being a woman should not be a limit to obtaining a higher education. I also want to thank to two dearest friends who never stopped supporting my research and the writing process: Sisca T. Gurning for her support while conducting data in Indonesia and Allyson DeVito for editing this work. I also greatly appreciate all my friends, colleagues and professors who helped me see the world through an academic perspective and introduced me to a new world of research. Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all radio professionals in Indonesia who participated in this research as well as others who gave me endless support to pursue an education in this field. My deepest gratitude is especially for the late Mr. Zainal Suryohadikusumo, the father of radio in Indonesia, who never stopped trying to develop radio in Indonesia throughout his life. iii ABSTRACT Professional journalism training in developing countries has been one of the most important elements in the U.S. democracy assistance program since the late 1980s. Numerous organizations were involved with these projects focusing on both journalism and management training. This study looked at the impact of the training from the perspective of training participants. Radio professionals were the subjects for this research because they experienced the training and could describe what they thought about training and how they made use of it in their work. Indonesia was selected because it was one of the countries that received a large amount of funding for training. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of international media training on radio professionals in Indonesia. The study examined the effectiveness of training organizations in implementing training programs in Indonesia. Diffusion of innovation theory was used as a theoretical framework based on the premise that training has been one of the most common tools used to diffuse new ideas and knowledge other than the formal education setting. A mixed- methodology by combining focus group discussion and survey was used in order to understand the impact of training for Indonesian radio professionals. Finding suggested that most journalists and managers adopted training and diffused the new knowledge and skills to fellow professionals. Some of them continued to adopt while others stopped due to both internal and external challenges. Journalists said management was the main obstacle to for adoption; while managers blamed the market situation. In addition, other factors that occurred in training also played a role in adoption including participant selection, needs assessment, training materials, trainers and the structure of training. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 1 Media Training in Indonesia ....................................................................................................... 8 Radio in Indonesia .................................................................................................................... 11 Statement of the problem .......................................................................................................... 15 Purpose of study ........................................................................................................................ 17 Significance of the study ........................................................................................................... 18 Organization of chapters ........................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 2 Literature review .......................................................................................................... 20 Diffusion of innovation theory.................................................................................................. 20 Relevant Diffusion Research ................................................................................................ 25 Research on media training ....................................................................................................... 33 Summary of most relevant studies ............................................................................................ 44 Research Questions ................................................................................................................... 46 Chapter 3 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 48 Research Design........................................................................................................................ 48 Focus Group Discussions ...................................................................................................... 49 Survey Methods .................................................................................................................... 61 Data Analysis; Analysis and Evaluative Criteria ...................................................................... 66 Focus group ........................................................................................................................... 66 Survey ................................................................................................................................... 66 Chapter 4 Results .......................................................................................................................... 67 Radio journalists ....................................................................................................................... 69 Focus group discussion result ............................................................................................... 69 Survey results ........................................................................................................................ 90 Summary of key findings from journalists in FGD and survey ............................................ 97 Radio Managers ........................................................................................................................ 98 Focus group discussion result ..............................................................................................
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