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Engine Components and Filters: Damage Profiles, Probable Causes and Prevention
ENGINE COMPONENTS AND FILTERS: DAMAGE PROFILES, PROBABLE CAUSES AND PREVENTION Technical Information AFTERMARKET Contents 1 Introduction 5 2 General topics 6 2.1 Engine wear caused by contamination 6 2.2 Fuel flooding 8 2.3 Hydraulic lock 10 2.4 Increased oil consumption 12 3 Top of the piston and piston ring belt 14 3.1 Hole burned through the top of the piston in gasoline and diesel engines 14 3.2 Melting at the top of the piston and the top land of a gasoline engine 16 3.3 Melting at the top of the piston and the top land of a diesel engine 18 3.4 Broken piston ring lands 20 3.5 Valve impacts at the top of the piston and piston hammering at the cylinder head 22 3.6 Cracks in the top of the piston 24 4 Piston skirt 26 4.1 Piston seizure on the thrust and opposite side (piston skirt area only) 26 4.2 Piston seizure on one side of the piston skirt 27 4.3 Diagonal piston seizure next to the pin bore 28 4.4 Asymmetrical wear pattern on the piston skirt 30 4.5 Piston seizure in the lower piston skirt area only 31 4.6 Heavy wear at the piston skirt with a rough, matte surface 32 4.7 Wear marks on one side of the piston skirt 33 5 Support – piston pin bushing 34 5.1 Seizure in the pin bore 34 5.2 Cratered piston wall in the pin boss area 35 6 Piston rings 36 6.1 Piston rings with burn marks and seizure marks on the 36 piston skirt 6.2 Damage to the ring belt due to fractured piston rings 37 6.3 Heavy wear of the piston ring grooves and piston rings 38 6.4 Heavy radial wear of the piston rings 39 7 Cylinder liners 40 7.1 Pitting on the outer -
200 Hp Sentinel Steam Locomotive
200 H.P. SENTINEL STEAM LOCOMOTIVE INSTRUCTION MANUAL Preface In the following pages are set forth a considerable amount of information on the technique of driving and maintaining your Sentinel Locomotive to the best advantage. If the instructions and advice given in this book are carefully followed your Sentinel Locomotive will not fail to give good and faithful service and will no doubt earn the affection of its operators and all those concerned with it, as all good machines should. The object of this book is to help all those connected with the locomotive to give it the best possible treatment so that the locomotive may also give its best in return. In order to give operators full advantage of new developments in the locomotive itself or in repair technique or modifications, we propose to send out Service Bulletins from time to time so that everyone may be fully informed of developments. You are cordially invited to write to us if you experience any difficulties in following any of the instructions given in this book or if you require any additional information on subjects not covered. On receipt of your queries we will fully reply to your questions and if it is of general topical interest we will send out a Service Bulletin on the subject raised. By this method we hope to form a fraternity of Sentinel operators. We have kept the size of this book to reasonable proportions so that it can be carried readily in the pocket. In order to achieve this we have not reproduced detailed drawings for each section as this would increase the size of the book considerably. -
Overview of Materials Used for the Basic Elements of Hydraulic Actuators and Sealing Systems and Their Surfaces Modification Methods
materials Review Overview of Materials Used for the Basic Elements of Hydraulic Actuators and Sealing Systems and Their Surfaces Modification Methods Justyna Skowro ´nska* , Andrzej Kosucki and Łukasz Stawi ´nski Institute of Machine Tools and Production Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (Ł.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The article is an overview of various materials used in power hydraulics for basic hydraulic actuators components such as cylinders, cylinder caps, pistons, piston rods, glands, and sealing systems. The aim of this review is to systematize the state of the art in the field of materials and surface modification methods used in the production of actuators. The paper discusses the requirements for the elements of actuators and analyzes the existing literature in terms of appearing failures and damages. The most frequently applied materials used in power hydraulics are described, and various surface modifications of the discussed elements, which are aimed at improving the operating parameters of actuators, are presented. The most frequently used materials for actuators elements are iron alloys. However, due to rising ecological requirements, there is a tendency to looking for modern replacements to obtain the same or even better mechanical or tribological parameters. Sealing systems are manufactured mainly from thermoplastic or elastomeric polymers, which are characterized by Citation: Skowro´nska,J.; Kosucki, low friction and ensure the best possible interaction of seals with the cooperating element. In the A.; Stawi´nski,Ł. Overview of field of surface modification, among others, the issue of chromium plating of piston rods has been Materials Used for the Basic Elements discussed, which, due, to the toxicity of hexavalent chromium, should be replaced by other methods of Hydraulic Actuators and Sealing of improving surface properties. -
PACIFIC’ Coupling Rods Fitted to Tornado at Darlington Locomotive Works
60163 Tornado 60163 Tornado 60163 Tornado THE A1 STEAM LOCOMOTIVE TRUST Registered Office, All Enquiries: Darlington Locomotive Works, Hopetown Lane, Darlington DL3 6RQ Hotline Answerphone: 01325 4 60163 E-mail: [email protected] Internet address: www.a1steam.com PRESS INFORMATION – PRESS INFORMATION - PRESS INFORMATION PR04/04 Monday 4 October 2004 MAJOR STEP FORWARD AS NEW STEAM LOCOMOTIVE BECOMES A ‘PACIFIC’ Coupling rods fitted to Tornado at Darlington Locomotive Works The A1 Steam Locomotive Trust, the registered charity that is building the first new mainline steam locomotive in Britain for over 40 years, today announced that No. 60163 Tornado is now a Pacific following the fitting of all four coupling rods to its six 6ft8in driving wheels (the name Pacific refers to the 4-6-2 wheel arrangement under the Whyte Notation of steam locomotive wheel arrangements) which now rotate freely together for the first time. Each of the four 7ft 6in rods weighs around two hundredweight and after forging, extensive machining and heat treatment, the four cost around £22,000 to manufacture. These rods are vital components within the £150,000 valve gear and motion assemblies, which are now the focus of work on Tornado at the Trust’s Darlington Locomotive Works. The Trust has also started work on the fitting of the rest of the outside motion. The bushes for the connecting rods are currently being machined at Ian Howitt Ltd, Wakefield and one side of the locomotive has now been fitted with a mock-up of parts of its valve gear. This is to enable accurate measurements to be taken to set the length of the eccentric rod as the traditional method of heating the rod to stretch/shrink it used when the original Peppercorn A1s were built in 1948/9 is no longer recommended as it can affect the rod’s metallurgical properties. -
Swampʼs Diesel Performance Tips to Help Remove and Install Power
Injectors-Chips-Clutches-Transmissions-Turbos-Engines-Fuel Systems Swampʼs Diesel Performance Competition Parts For Your Diesel 304-A Sand Hill Rd. La Vergne, TN 37086 Tel 615-793-5573 or (866) 595-8724/ Fax 615-793-5572 Email: [email protected] Tips to help remove and install Power Stroke injectors. Removal: After removing the valve covers and the valve cover gaskets, but before removing any injectors, drain the oil rails by removing the drain plugs inside the valve cover. On 94-97 trucks theyʼre just under where the electrical connectors are on the gasket. These plugs are very tight; give them a sharp blow with a hammer and punch to help break them loose, then use a 1/8" Allen wrench. The oil will drain out into the valve train area and from there into the crankcase. Donʼt drop the plugs down the push rod holes! Also remove one of the plugs on top of each oil rail, (beside where the lines from the High Pressure Oil Pump enter) for a vent to allow air to enter so the oil can drain. The plugs are 5/8”. Inspect the plug O-rings and replace if necessary. If the plugs under the covers leak, it will cause a substantial loss of performance. When removing the injectors, oil and fuel from the passages in the cylinder head drains down through the injector bore into the cylinders. If not removed, this can hydro-lock the engine when cranking. There is a ~40cc dish in the center of each piston. Fluid accumulates in it, as well as in the corner on the outside of the piston between the piston top and the cylinder wall, due to the 45* slope of the cylinder bank. -
The Mikado Messenger | Issue No. 66| April 2020 Ian Matthews Sanding the Filler, on the Tender Tank, Before It Is Painted
The Mikado Messenger | Issue No. 66| April 2020 Ian Matthews sanding the filler, on the tender tank, before it is painted - A1SLT Welcome to edition No. 66 of The Mikado Messenger, our monthly eNewsletter which aims to provide a regular progress update on the construction of new Gresley class No. 2007 Prince of Wales. Thanks to our supporters’ continued generosity, over £3.5m has now been donated or pledged – this equates to over 70% of the required £5m. This month see the launch of a brand new club - The Pony (Truck) Club - please see below for more information. Stephenson Engineering Ltd have sent us a fabulous video of the CNC machining programme that will be carried out on the coupling rods - it can be found in the Motion Update section, below. We are following Government guidelines with regards to the coronavirus, and whilst our office-based staff are now working from home, our workshop staff are continuing to work at Darlington Locomotive Works where they are taking all necessary precautions. However, as many of our supporters and volunteers are from vulnerable groups, the Works is currently closed to non-essential staff. In addition, Nene Valley Railway have cancelled all their events until the end of May 2020 so this means we can no longer hold the P2 Roadshow on Saturday 23rd May 2020 and the Supporters’ and Tornado Team day on Sunday 24th May 2020. We are sorry to have to make these changes. We hope you understand that the circumstances are beyond our control and the restrictions are very necessary at this challenging time. -
Effective 10/21/2016
Association of American Railroads SAFETY AND OPERATIONS MANUAL OF STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES SECTION A, PART I TABLES OF CONTENT Compiled under the direction of the Committees responsible for the subjects shown herein. EFFECTIVE 10/21/2016 Published by The Association of American Railroads 425 Third Street, SW., Washington, D.C. 20024 © Copyright Association of American Railroads Printed in U.S.A. EFFECTIVE 10/21/2016 EFFECTIVE Copyright © 2016 by the Association of American Railroads (AAR) Safety and Operations 425 Third Street SW Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20024 All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book in any form. It is the AAR’s intention that this publication be used to promote the objectives of the AAR and its members for the safe, efficient, and uniform interchange of rail equipment in North America. To this end, only excerpts of a rule or specification may be reproduced by the purchaser for their own use in promoting this objective. No portion of this publication may be displayed or otherwise made available to multiple users through any electronic distribution media including but not limited to a local area network or the Internet. No portion may be sold or used for advertisement or gain by any entity other than the AAR and its authorized distributor(s) without written permission from the AAR. AAR Manual of Standards and Recommended Practices Tables of Content ORDERING INFORMATION Copies of the various sections of this manual can be obtained as follows: ORDERS FOR Publications Department PUBLICATIONS Transportation Technology Center, Inc. P.O. Box 11130 55500 DOT Road Pueblo, CO 81001 Email: [email protected] Phone: Toll-free 877-999-8824, Direct 719-584-0538 Fax: 719-584-7157 TTCI Web page: http://www.aar.com Online ordering: http://www.aarpublications.com/ CIRCULAR Subscriptions to Circular Letters of the AAR Safety and Operations’ Technical Services are available in LETTER hardcopy or electronic format (online access via AAR’s Web page at http://aarcirculars.aar.org. -
The Aviation Consumer April 2010
April 2010 Volume XL Number 4 The consumer resource for pilots and aircraft owners Legend Amphib Respectable performance, good build quality and just crazy fun … page 22 Plastic trumps paper … page 4 JPI’s new monitors… page 8 Actually, it’s even worse than it looks… page 18 4 TABLET EFBs 11 KNEEBOARD ROUNDUP 18 AUTOPILOT NIGHTMARE It’s a tough call to pick a true For a place to write and keep a In case you haven’t noticed, winner, but ChartCase is it pen, we like Sporty’s Classic. the AP market is just a mess 8 JPI’S NEW 730/830 14 BARGAIN RETRACTS 24 USED AIRCRAFT GUIDE: Sophisticated new monitors That’s all of them these days. Practicality and durability are are ideal for tight panels The Arrow is a top pick why the Piper Archer endures FIRST WORD EDITOR Paul Bertorelli Blue Screen of Death in the Cockpit Maybe I emit some kind of weird electromagnetic field, but it seems if there’s MANAGING EDITOR a way to get a computer to crash, I’ll find it. Back in my dot.com, tech-writer Jeff Van West days people loved to have me beta test software because I’d break it within five minutes. I’ve even found bugs in MFDs weeks before certification. CONTRIBUTING EDITORS This knack held right into our EFB trials that you’ll see on page four. We Jeb Burnside had started up the engine and I was having trouble getting the device to Jonathan Doolittle respond correctly. Simple solution: reboot. -
Development of Predictive Gasoline Direct Fuel Injector Model for Improved
Development of Predictive Gasoline Direct Fuel Injector Model for Improved In-cylinder Combustion Characterization Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Mohit Atul Mandokhot Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering The Ohio State University 2018 Thesis Committee Prof. Shawn Midlam-Mohler, Advisor Prof. Giorgio Rizzoni 1 Copyrighted by Mohit Atul Mandokhot 2018 2 Abstract Gasoline direct fuel injection systems have gained importance due to the increasing level of emissions regulation on SI combustion systems. Direct fuel injection delivery to cylinder provides better atomization and fuel mixing performance, enabling homogenous mixture and better in-cylinder combustion. Increasing focus over the last few decades has been on better characterization of such gasoline direct fuel injection systems. Solenoid powered injectors act as actuators and enable accurate fuel delivery into the cylinder for a combustion event. Characterization of injector’s fuel delivery performance is an important aspect of achieving improved in-cylinder combustion performance. The objective of the current thesis is to develop a numerical physics based fuel injector model that provides a reliable prediction of flow rate and needle lift, in order to be used to improve in-cylinder combustion performance using 3D CFD model methodology. The developed model provides a reliable estimate of flow rate of developed injector, which is experimentally verified against instantaneous flow rate data provided by typical suppliers. In cases where inadequate prediction performance was noted, the errors arise out of lack of high fidelity electromagnetic modeling data, damping characteristics inside model and lack of geometry data to capture performance of highest accuracy. -
Lima 2-8-0 “Consolidation”, Developed for TS2013, by Smokebox
Union Pacific 4000 Class 4884-1 "Big Boy" circa 1948-49 Developed by Smokebox TM for Dovetail Games' Train Simulator © Smokebox 2021, all rights reserved Issue 1 Union Pacific 4000 Class 4884-1 "Big Boy" Steam Locomotive Page 2 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 32- and 64-bit TS ................................................................................................................................................ 7 Expert or Simple Controls mode, HUD and Automatic Fireman ....................................................................... 7 "All-in-one" .................................................................................................................................................... 7 Standard TS Automatic Fireman .................................................................................................................... 8 F4 HUD ........................................................................................................................................................... 8 High Detail (HD) and Standard Detail (SD) ........................................................................................................ 8 Recommended Settings ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Cab Layout ...................................................................................................................................................... -
Lean's Engine Reporter and the Development of The
Trans. Newcomen Soc., 77 (2007), 167–189 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Papers in Economics Lean’s Engine Reporter and the Development of the Cornish Engine: A Reappraisal by Alessandro NUVOLARI and Bart VERSPAGEN THE ORIGINS OF LEAN’S ENGINE REPORTER A Boulton and Watt engine was first installed in Cornwall in 1776 and, from that year, Cornwall progressively became one of the British counties making the most intensive use of steam power.1 In Cornwall, steam engines were mostly employed for draining water from copper and tin mines (smaller engines, called ‘whim engines’ were also employed to draw ore to the surface). In comparison with other counties, Cornwall was characterized by a relative high price for coal which was imported from Wales by sea.2 It is not surprising then that, due to their superior fuel efficiency, Watt engines were immediately regarded as a particularly attractive proposition by Cornish mining entrepreneurs (commonly termed ‘adventurers’ in the local parlance).3 Under a typical agreement between Boulton and Watt and the Cornish mining entre- preneurs, the two partners would provide the drawings and supervise the works of erection of the engine; they would also supply some particularly important components of the engine (such as some of the valves). These expenditures would have been charged to the mine adventurers at cost (i.e. not including any profit for Boulton and Watt). In addition, the mine adventurer had to buy the other components of the engine not directly supplied by the Published by & (c) The Newcomen Society two partners and to build the engine house. -
Interstate Commerce Commission Washington
INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION WASHINGTON REPORT NO. 3483 wTRAL OF GSOLTIA RAILWAY COMPANY IN RE ACCJ DENT AT MCINTIRE , OA.f ON ATJVAJS: 29, 1952 Report No. 3483 SUMMARY Date: August 29, 1952 Rail road: Central of Georgia Location: Mcli-tyre, G&. Kino oi' accident: Boiler explosion Train Number: Gordon svnitch local Locomotive number: g 00 Conn 1st: Ltjht, at time of accident Speed: Standing Operation: Local si\ri telling Track: On house track Tire : 1:20 p. m, g, nidl!-|c3: 2 Injured Cause : Overheated crown sheet result ing from low water INTERSTATE CONNERCE COMMISSION REPORT NO. 3483 IN THE NATTER OP MAKING ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION UNDER THE LOCOMOTIVE INSPECTION ACT OF FEBRUARY 17, 1911, AS AMENDED CENTRAL OF GEORGIA RAILWAY November 10, 1952 Acoident (boiler explosion) at Hclntyre, Ga,, on August 29, 1952, caused, by overheated, crown sheet due to low water. REPORT OF THE COMMISSION1 PATTERSON, Commissioner: On August ?9, 1952, about 1:10 p.m., at Mclntyre, Ga., the boiler of Central of Georgia Railway locomotive 6?S exploded while the locomotive was standing on the house track. The engi neer and. fireman were seriously injured. lUnder authority of sect: on 17 (2) of the Interstate Commerce Act the above-entitled proceeding was referred by the Commission to Commissioner Patterson for consideration and disposition. - 3 - DESCRIPTION OF ACCIDENT Central of Georgia Railway locomotive 629 wan placed in service at Gordon, Ga,, at 7:30 a.m., August 29, 1952, on the Gordon switch local which regularly performs switching service at four kaolin mines at and between Gordon ana Mclntyre, Ga,, a station 8.9 miles ca?t of Gordon, After switching at two mines the train proceeded, without any known unusual incident, one mile to Nolntyre where the train, consisting of 3 loaded ana 4 empty cars, was placed-on a siding and the locomotive moved to the house track.