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Adolescent Girls, Cornerstone of Society: Building Evidence and Policies for Inclusive Societies

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Adolescent Girls, Cornerstone of Society: Building Evidence and Policies for Inclusive Societies Adolescent Girls, Cornerstone of Society: Building Evidence and Policies for Inclusive Societies Mima Perisic Marina Komarecki Alberto Minujin Editors with the support of UNICEF 66 West 12th Street New York, NY 10011 This book is sponsored by New School University and is published with the support of UNICEF Adolescent Girls, Cornerstone of Society: Building Evidence and Policies for Inclusive Societies © New School University and UNICEF 2012 This edition Published by New School University Web: http://www.newschool.edu Telephone: 212 206 3524 Design: Kerstin Vogdes Diehn Printed in the United States of America by Town Crier Media ISBN: 978-0-615-59028-8 Permission is granted for the total or partial reproduction of this book, its storage in computerized systems and its transmission through electronic, mechanical, photocopying or other means, with the prior authorization of the editors. Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 5 FOREWORD 7 Mary Robinson INTRODUCTION 9 Mima Perisic, Marina Komarecki and Alberto Minujin PART I: RIGHTS AND ADOLESCENT GIRLS Chapter 1 19 The Human Rights of Adolescent Girls Maria Regina Tavares da Silva Chapter 2 39 The Adolescent Girl: Issues from the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child Marta Maurás PART II: EMPOWERING ADOLESCENT GIRLS Chapter 3 49 Transcript from UNICEF-GPIA 5th Annual Conference “Adolescent Girls – Cornerstone of Society: Building Evidence and Policies for Inclusive Societies,” Session 1 – Girls Empowered, Strengthening Healthy Resistance and Courage in Girls Carol Gilligan Chapter 4 53 Where the Boys Are: Engaging Young Adolescent Boys in Support of Girls’ Leadership Stephanie Baric and Peter Cronin Chapter 5 71 Strengthening the Cornerstone: Building on the Foundation of Positive Asset Development of Adolescent Girls in Yemen Sabah Badri Bakeer, Sita Conklin, Larry Dershem, Lucienne Maas and Linda Sabarini 1 PART III: EMERGING TRENDS Chapter 6 89 When the Global Downturn Hits the Youth Bulge: Challenges and Opportunities for Female Youth Employment and Social Advancement Marina Komarecki, Ronald U. Mendoza and Sheila Murthy Chapter 7 109 Adolescent Girls and Technology: Supporting Participatory Engagement Christopher Hoadley and Christopher Fabian Chapter 8 119 Girls in Cyberspace: Dangers and Opportunities Keshet Bachan, Sarah Stevenson and Nikki van der Gaag Chapter 9 139 Adolescent Female Sex Workers in Ukraine, Discriminated Against and Excluded: Evidence-based Service Provision and Empowerment Anja Teltschik, Olena Sakovych, Riitta Poutiainen and Olga Balakireva Chapter 10 155 Youth, Gender and Climate Change: Moving from Impacts to Agency Thomas Tanner PART IV: EVIDENCE AND POLICIES Chapter 11 165 Refocusing the Lens: Recognizing and Enhancing Agency around HIV Risk Avoidance with Adolescent Girls in Eastern and Southern Africa Rick Olson Chapter 12 181 Utilizing Participatory and Quantitative Methods for Effective Menstrual Hygiene Management Related Policy and Planning Marni Sommer 2 Chapter 13 203 The Role of Social Research in Improving Targeting Marginalised Sects of Young People: A Case of the Malawi Coverage Exercise Emmily Kamwendo Chapter 14 211 Unlocking the Indian Enigma: Breaking the Inter-Generational Cycle of Undernutrition through a Focus on Adolescent Girls Mohamed Ag Ayoya, Jai Ghanekar and Victor M. Aguayo 3 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book is the result of a long-standing collaboration between the New School’s Graduate Program in International Affairs (GPIA) and UNICEF. The contents of this book present selected papers from the jointly organized international conference “Adolescent Girls – Cornerstone of Society: Building Evidence and Policies for Inclusive Societies” held in New York in April 2010. The Conference as well as this book would not have been possible without the contribution of a large number of individuals. First of all, we would like to thank Elizabeth Gibbons, a former Deputy Director of the Division of Policy and Practice (UNICEF), and Michael Cohen, the Director of the GPIA (New School), for their active encouragement and extraordinary commitment in getting the conference off the ground. Special recognition and thanks goes to Louise Moreira Daniels and Christine Doumet for smooth and efficient conference coordination and follow-up. We would like to thank all the authors for their presentations at the Conference, some of whom have traveled from very far to share their experiences. Their research offers valuable evidence and insights from a vast number of countries across the globe with different stages of economic and social development. Special thanks go to Judith Bruce (Population Council) and Tamara Kerinin for their extensive comments and suggestions in preparing the conference proceedings. We are deeply grateful to Carol Gilligan (New York University), Marta Maurás (the Convention on the Rights of the Child Committee), and Regina Tavares da Silva (formerly of Committee on the Elimination and Discrimination of Women) for their stimulating words in setting the tone of the conference. Caren Grown (American University), Christopher Hoadley (New York University), Tracy Raczek (UNIFEM), and Thomas Tanner (Institute of Development Studies) deserve special thanks for their creative input in framing four key thematic elements of the conference. Thanks are also due to Nicholas Kristof of the New York Times for his inspirational and moving presentation. We also express our gratitude to several others who made significant contributions as conference participants: Gary Barker (the International Center for Research on Women), Mayra Buvinic (the World Bank), Sakiko Fukuda-Parr (New School), Christopher Fabian (UNICEF), Christine Norton (UNICEF), Nadine Perrault (UNICEF), Kathy Bushkin Calvin (UN Foundation), Elizabeth Scharpf (Sustainable Health Enterprises), Santhosh Ramdoss (BRAC USA), Gabriella Morris 5 (Prudential Foundation), Sharon D’Agostino (Johnson&Johnson), Christelle Boulanger (Barcelona Football Club Foundation), and Astrid Helle Ajamay (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway). We would like to recognize the institutional support of the New School. Logistical and administrative support was provided by unfailing team led by Phil Akre, Assistant Director of the International Affairs Program. This book was produced with the coordination of Christine Doumet, the editorial guidance of Hena Khan and Brigitte Stark-Merklein and the graphic design of Kerstin Vogdes Diehn. The Editors New York, March 2012 6 FOREWORD Mary Robinson1 Girls should be the cornerstone of their societies. They have enormous potential, although it often goes unrealized and untapped. They can become leaders, household decision-makers, businesswomen, and important agents of social transformation. We know that investments in the development of adolescent girls translate into significant long-term benefits for society as a whole. But girls in developing countries remain particularly disadvantaged and underserved. While recent years have seen a growing interest and recognition of adolescent girls, we only need to reflect for a moment on some facts to know there are great challenges ahead of us. Child marriage victimizes girls vastly more than boys, even in countries where prevalence is relatively low. Child marriage undermines the dignity and rights of the adolescent girl, and puts her at high risk if she becomes pregnant. According to UNAIDS, in Southern Africa, HIV prevalence among young women aged 15-24 is on average about three times higher than among young men of the same age. This must cause us to pause and think. While girls’ comprehensive knowledge about HIV is increasing, it remains difficult for them to translate that knowledge into power and to protect themselves. This is due to factors such as sexual violence, an inability to share their HIV status without fear, and the challenges in negotiating safe sex within and outside marriage. In other words, it is about power relationships. That has to change. Labour force participation rates for young women are lower than for young men, with the greatest disparities in South Asia, North Africa and the Middle East. As the International Labour Organisation and others have noted, gender discrimination, cultural traditions, and the lower value placed on women’s economic contributions leave young women with higher rates of unemployment. Moreover, the work of girls, like the work of women, regularly goes unpaid and unrecognized when it is within, or for, the household. Poverty also compounds gender discrimination. In regions as different as South Asia, North Africa, and West and Central Africa, gender gaps in school completion to grade six are considerably wider in the poorest compared to the richest households. This is yet 1 Former President of Ireland, former UN Commissioner for Human Rights and now President of the Mary Robinson Foundation – Climate Justice (MRFCJ). 7 another reminder that we must look beyond the aggregate numbers in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. These findings, taken together, help to sum up the challenges before us, and remind us of how vigilant we must be to ensure that progress on the Millennium Development Goals is progress for girls as well. When it comes to girls, let us remember Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. The concepts of dignity and rights are intrinsically linked, and perhaps more so for adolescent girls than for any other group. Ensuring the dignity and rights of girls is the key to
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