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The Biosystematics of Carex Section Scirpinae (Cyperaceae) Debra Ann Dunlop University of New Hampshire, Durham

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The Biosystematics of Carex Section Scirpinae (Cyperaceae) Debra Ann Dunlop University of New Hampshire, Durham University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 1990 The biosystematics of Carex section Scirpinae (Cyperaceae) Debra Ann Dunlop University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Dunlop, Debra Ann, "The biosystematics of Carex section Scirpinae (Cyperaceae)" (1990). Doctoral Dissertations. 1609. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/1609 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information C om pany 300 North Z e eb Road Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313,761-4700 800 521-0600 Order Number 9027428 The biosystematics ofCarex section Seirpinae (Cyperaceae) Dunlop, Debra Ann, Ph.D. University of New Hampshire, 1990 Copyright ©1990 by Dunlop, Debra Ann. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 THE BIOSYSTEMATICS OF CAREX SECTION SCIRPINAE (CYPERACEAE) BY DEBRA A. DUNLOP B.A. New England College, 1976 H.S. University of New Hampshire, 1983 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Biology May, 1990 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED C 1990 Debra A. Dunlop This dissertation has been examined and approved. .. ------------------ Dissertation director, Garrett E. Crow fsociate Professor of Botany L 4 ' I /■'________________ A. Linn Bogle, Pi&fessor of Botany Thomas D.Lee, Associate Professor of Plant Biology '-■]/{_( L T ^ k t <— .. "A. ' " z / ______________ Yun-Tzir^Kiang, Professdr of Plant Biology and Genetics Jafjfret R.Sullivan,AdjunctAssistant Professor of Plant Biology &t Lisa A.Standley,/Externalm examiner TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ........................................ viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................... x ABSTRACT ............................................. xii SECTION PAGE INTRODUCTION ........................................... 1 I. MACROMORPHOLOGY .............................. 8 Introduction ........................... 8 Methods ................................. 9 Results and Discussion ................. 10 Conclusions ............................ 28 II. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ........................... 42 Introduction ........................... 42 Methods ................................. 42 Results and Discussion ................. 43 Conclusions ............................ 46 III. ACHENE AND PERIGYNIA MICROMORPHOLOGY......... 52 Introduction ........................... 52 Methods ................................. 54 Results and Discussion ................. 56 Conclusions ............................ 60 IV. FOLIAR ANATOMY AND SURFACE STRUCTURE ........ 76 Introduction ........................... 76 Methods ................................. 77 iv Results and Discussion ................. 78 Conclusions ............................ 82 V. CHROMOSOME NUMBERS ...................... 91 Introduction ........................... 91 Methods ................ 91 Results and Discussion ................. 96 VI. BREEDING SYSTEMS ....................... 106 Introduction ........................... 106 Methods ................................ 108 Results and Discussion ................. Ill Conclusions ............................ 117 VII. EDAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ................... 127 VIII. TAXONOMIC TREATMENT ..................... 134 Carex section Sciroinae ................ 134 Key to Section Sciroinae ............... 136 Carex scirooidea ssp. g<?irpQi<teq ....... 138 Carex scirooidea ssp. oseudoscirooidea . 150 Carex scirooidea ssp. convolute ........ 156 Carex scirooidea ssp.stepochlagna ..... 162 Carex curatorum ........................ 168 IX.......... EXCLUDED TAXA ........................ 174 LIST OF REFERENCES...................................... 184 APPENDIX................................................ 193 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my gratitude to Garrett E. Crow, my advisor, for his advise and guidance in all phases of this research. I would also like to thank the members of my committee: A. Linn Bogle, Thomas Lee, Yun-Tzu Kiang, Lisa Standley and Janet Sullivan for their continued interest, guidance and advise. Although all decisions were ultimately my own, all phases of the research have benefited and been improved by discussions and comments from each committee member. I am especially grateful for the advise and expertise on the genus Carex. so willingly provide by Lisa Standley. The use of her microscope for chromosome counts was especially appreciated. Deborah Katz and Merton Franklin are thanked for their help in field work in Michigan and Utah respectively. Thanks go to John Burger for his willingness to listen and his help in translating the label data from Russian specimens. Special thanks go to Nancy Cherim for her assistance and expertise in use of the scanning electron microscope. I thank David H. Wagner for providing information from W. Cusick's notebooks. This study was made possible by herbarium loans from forty-eight institutions and it is to these curators that I am very grateful. To V. Apsit, F. Brackley, F. Caldwell, M. Fairweather, S. Freeda and J. Weaver, for their friendship and encouragement over the past few years, I extend my gratitude. To Gabriele Orlando, for his expertise in sedge hunting, unending support, encouragement and assistance in "keeping life balanced" throughout my graduate career, I extend my deepest gratitude. This research was initiated in 1984 with partial support from an Andrew Mellon Fellowship to the Naturalist- Ecologist Training Program at the University of Michigan Biological Station. Additional support for field work and a SEM study was provided by awards from the Central University Research Fund at the University of New Hampshire. Field work in New England was made possible by the New England Botanical Club graduate student travel award. Additional support was provided in part from a Grant-in-aid of Research from Sigma Xi. Support was also provided by a Hatch Grant to Garrett E. Crow. LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Taxonomic history of the section Sciroinae ... 6 Table 2. Taxa described for the section Sciroinae..... 7 Table 3. Morphological characters analyzed............ 30 Table 4. Characters distinguishing Carex scirpoidea ssp. scirooidea and Carex scirooidea ssp. pseudoscirooidea.............................. 38 Table 5. Summary of morphological features in the section Sciroinae and two excluded taxa...... 39 Table 6. Morphological characters used in the numerical analysis............................ 47 Table 7. Achene micromorphology in the section Sciroinae and two excluded taxa............... 61 Table 8. Perigynia characters using scanning electron microscopy..................................... 62 Table 9. Fifteen species of Carex examined in a survey of taxa with pubescent perigynia.............. 63 Table 10. Foliar anatomy from transverse sections...... 83 Table 11. Foliar anatomy from epidermal peels.......... 84 Table 12. Foliar anatomy of leaf surface features...... 85 Table 13. Published reports of chromosome number in the section Sciroinae............................. 99 Table 14. New chromosome counts in the section Sciroinae...................................... 100 Table 15. Chromosome counts for Carex giaas and Carex scabriuscula.................................. 101 Table 16. Summary of percent fertility of taxa in the section Sciroinae and excluded taxa.......... 118 Table 17. Pairwise comparison of percent fertility between reciprocal crosses.................... 119 Table 18. Summary of crossing data for Carex scirpoiaea ssp. scirooidea (pistillate parent).......... 120 viii Table 19. Geographic trends in percent fertility between eastern populations
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