§tat£ of (Cmmrrtiritt

PUBLIC DOCUMENT NO. 60

TWELFTH BIENNIAL

REPORT

OF THE

CONNECTICUT STATE PARKS AND FORESTS

For the Fiscal Years July 1, 1934 to June 30, 1936

VISTA ON THE GBEENWOODS ROAD, PEOPLES FOREST §tat£ of Camrerifcixt

PUBLIC DOCUMENT NO. 60

TWELFTH BIENNIAL

REPORT

OF THE STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

TO THE

GOVERNOR

For the Fiscal Term ended June 30, 1936

PRINTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH STATUTE

HARTFORD PUBLISHED BY THE STATE 1936 PUBLICATION APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF FINANCE AND CONTROL

THE PEIPER PRESS, INC. WALLINGFORD, CONN Hartford, Connecticut, December 24, 1936

To His Excellency, WILBUR L. CROSS, Governor of the State of Connecticut.

In accordance with Chapter 114, Revised Statutes of 1930, and on behalf of the Commissioners appointed under such statute, I have the honor to submit for your consideration the biennial report of the State Park and Forest Commission for the two years ended June 30, 1936, including the report of the State Forester for the same period.

LUCIUS F. ROBINSON, Chairman of the Commission. CONNECTICUT STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSIONERS

Appointed by the Governor Lucius F. Robinson, Hartford, Term ends Sept. 1, 1937 Harris Whittemore, Naugatuck Term ends Sept. 1, 1937 Arthur L. Peale, Norwich, Term ends Sept. 1, 1939 Dwight C. Wheeler, Bridgeport, Term ends Sept. 1, 1939 Herman H. Chapman, New Haven, Term ends Sept. 1, 1941 Edward H. Wilkins, Cobalt, Term ends Sept. 1, 1941

Ex-officio Walter 0. Filley, New Haven, Forester, C.A.E. Station

Officers, June 30, 1936 Chairman, Lucius F. Robinson Vice-Chairman, Edward H. Wilkins Treasurer, Walter 0. Filley Secretary, Albert M. Turner Office, 165 Capitol Ave., P. 0. Drawer 1558, Hartford, Conn. CONTENTS

Page Report of the Commissioners 8

State Parks Field Secretary 11 General Superintendent 22 Treasurer 34

Shade Tree Inspector 32

Indian Tribes " 29

Statutes concerning State Parks and the State Park and Forest Commission 41

Report of the State' Forester Introduction and Forests and Economic Conditions 50 Personnel and Educational Work 53 Control and Prevention of Forest Fires 55 Federal Aid to Forestry 61 Acquisition and Survey of State Forests 67 State Forest Improvement 69 Forest Research .79 Forests and Scenic Beauty of Connecticut and Forest Recrea- tion 83 Private Forestry and Forest Taxation 87 Financial Statements 89 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS

To His Excellency, WILBUR L. CROSS, Governor of the State of Connecticut. This is the twelfth biennial report of the Park and Forest Commisson. The period covered adds two more years to an amazing record of state park use. For the calendar year 1929, the record shows 1,091,000 visitors- for 1932, the figure is 2,071,000; and for 1936, it is 2,480,000. This is an increase of over 125 per cent in seven depression years. Can these figures be interpreted otherwise than as indicating popular support for the state park program? We think not. This increased attendance may be partly attributed to the opening up of new parks at Rocky Neck and Sherwood Island in 1932 but in neither case has the Commission been able to provide more than absolutely necessary facilities. In fact, the attendance figures for other parks have continued to grow in spite of inadequate facilities, insufficient maintenance, and general depreciation in buildings and equipment. Frequent criticism and dissatisfaction by the public could only be met with a plain statement of the fact that no funds-were available for further development or more adequate maintenance. During the entire period, funds for recurring expenses have been quite inadequate to meet the needs of increasing park use. In each of the past four fiscal years it has been necessary to request the transfer of sorely needed equipment funds for maintenance use. The General Assembly of 1935 also granted a deficiency appropriation of $23,000 to meet maintenance needs for that current fiscal year, and the Board of Finance and Control added $16,000 for the same purpose in the following fiscal year. For the year ending June 30, 1937, we have made all possible economies, even to laying off regular employees during the winter months and leaving undone much regular maintenance and repair work, but we are now facing an accumulated deficit of $40,000 which must be laid before the General Assembly for action early in its session. Nearly $7,000 of this amount represents the replacement of water mains at Hammonasset Beach which was authorized by the Board of Finance and Control as an emergency measure. Our proposed budget of $283,290 per year for recurring expenses during the fiscal period 1937-1939 is based on, and we believe justified by, an increasing use of the state parks which has not yet reached its peak. As to capital outlay, the state park program has been at a virtual standstill for a period of four years except for such development projects as could be carried on entirely with Federal funds. Many proposed projects were refused Federal aid because state funds were not available for necessary acquisition of land or purchase of materials. Since 1932, the Commission has foregone many opportunities for advantageous purchase of land owing to lack of appropriation for the purpose. 9 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

In view of the evident popularity of the state parks and the possi- bilities for increasing their usefulness by extension and development, the Commission has submitted a capital outlay budget of $490,000 per year for the ensuing fiscal period. This is based on a four year program for the development of existing parks which would require two million dollars to complete. Through this program, the much discussed shore park at Sherwood Island could be established on a scale adequate to meet the needs of Fairfield County and the western part of the state. About one-half of the entire amount would be required for this purpose. However, judging by our past experience in securing appropriations for capital outlay, such a program could not be undertaken and carried to completion unless funds for the entire four year period were assured. We are, therefore, again suggesting a bond issue as the most practical method of providing adequate funds for acquisition and development of state parks. If the State is justified in issuing bonds for any purpose, it surely is when the preservation of recreational areas for the use of future genera- tions is involved. The land is a permanent acquisition, the value of which will become greater as the population of the state increases. It is no more than right, therefore, that the cost should be spread over a period of years. Following is a summary of our budget for 1937-1939 as submitted to the Board of Finance and Control: State Forester $159,440 State Forest Fire Warden 116,000 State Park Maintenance 566,580 State Park Capital Outlay 980,000

Total $1,822,020 The biennial report of the state forester is submitted herewith. It tells an interesting story of accomplishments on the state forests with the aid of the Civilian Conservation Corps. It also sets forth in some detail the desirability of acquiring more land for state forest purposes. Such permanent acquisitions will also benefit future generations and may well be provided for through a bond issue. Much information regarding the park activities of the biennium will be found in the reports of the secretary, general superintendent and shade tree inspector. Especially noteworthy are the recent gifts of land at Sleeping Giant, Lamentation Mountain and Talcott Mountain; also the acquisition of a considerable tract at Dennis Hill, Norfolk, as a legacy from the late Dr. F. S. Dennis. The acceptance of these gifts involves a moral obligation to make them available for public use. In the case of Dennis Hill, a considerable sum for development will be required. The new enclosed shelter at Rocky Neck, built by Federal aid and presented to the State, is another type of gift. The sales service for which it is equipped will eventually reduce the record cost per capita 10 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION of park operation for this unit of the system. It will as a matter of course increase the demand on the revolving fund set up by the General Assembly of 1931 for financing sales and service activities on the State Parks. This amount has been sufficient to carry those already in operation, but should be increased to $50,000 by the present Assembly in view of the expansion in prospect entailed by this building.

It is with sincere regret that we record the resignation of John E. Calhoun as a member of this Commission in January 1935. He was first appointed by Governor Baldwin for a term of two years from September 1, 1913 in accordance with the act creating the State Park Commission, and was reappointed four times for a total continuous service of more than twenty-one years. His active participation in meetings and keen interest in the growth of the state park system has been a source of inspiration to his fellow commissioners throughout the years. As an emeritus member, his advice and counsel will still be available to the cause he has served so long and well. Your Excellency's appointment of Dwight C. Wheeler to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Commissioner Calhoun was approved by the Senate and Commissioner Wheeler met with us for the first time in May, 1935. Bespectfully submitted, LUCIUS F. ROBINSON, Chairman Herman H. Chapman Dwight C. Wheeler Edward H. Wilkins Arthur L. Peale Harris Whittemore Walter O. Filley State Park and Forest Commissioners REPORT OF THE FIELD SECRETARY

To the State Park and Forest Commission, Gentlemen: Your work for the past four years has been almost halted, not only in capital outlay but in reduced allowance for maintenance in proportion to increasing use of the active parks. And yet in spite of these handicaps each year sees a larger number of people enjoying the parks, and this is the best possible guarantee that some way will eventually be found to finance the expansion which now seems to us long overdue. Considering that you are now at least four years in arrears on capital outlay you have submitted requests in your budget for the coming biennial period for a lump sum for each fiscal year without specifying details, but estimated to meet only the most pressing needs. In the present condition of the parks, with the acquisition program delayed by the everpressing demands for development and use, it is economically unsound to lay down a hard and fast two year program in detail. Perhaps it may be said that of the sum total rather more than half should be used in acquisition, and of that part rather more than half is most urgently needed for Sherwood Island, where the situation is acute and unusually difficult. But the precise allocation of any sums available for land purchase at any given time should in the long run be governed by favorable market conditions in the various parks where needs are greatest, rather than by any rigid program whatever, and only by working on that good business principle has it been possible to assemble the present park acreage a t a reasonable average cost. For this reason you have steadily requested that funds should not be tied by special acts to any particular sites, and the experience of twenty-two years abundantly demonstrates the wisdom of such a policy. There are, however, about ten parks well distributed over the State where increasing use and urgently needed development demands some additional lands that are now on the market. While the chances for more Federal aid in development seem uncertain, it should be remembered that a great deal of such aid has been lost in the past four year period because it has been so largely confined to labor alone, and you have been unable to sponsor many desirable projects not only because some additional land was needed, but also because you could not even supply the necessary materials for construction. If Federal aid continues, a larger share of your proposed capital outlay could easily be allocated to land purchase. The conditions at Sherwood Island call for consideration in some detail.

11 12 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

SHERWOOD ISLAND Special Act 473, Assembly of 1935, reads as follows: Sec. 1. The state park and forest commission is authorized to purchase lands on Sherwood Island, now or formerly owned by Sherwood Island Company Inc. and by tlie Sherwood Point Realty Company, for state park purposes. Sec. 2. The sum of one hundred and thirty-five thousand dollars is appropriated to carry out the provisions of this act. This act was passed in the last days of the session, and approved by the Governor on June 17, 1935, but as you then apprehended, has so far proved ineffective, for the following reasons. The land described in the act consists of about thirty-nine acres on the southerly point of the Island, and was all held in 1915 by the three daughters of Arthur Sherwood, who on August 14tli of that year conveyed a nine acre parcel westerly of Island Lane to Otto Gerdau by a warranty deed containing a covenant binding both parties thereto and their successors to use or convey no part of the entire thirty-nine acres for other than residential purposes. In 1924 the Sherwood Point Realty Co., incorporated on August 24th of that year, acquired the Gerdau parcel, and the Sherwood Island Co. incorporated November 7, of the same year, acquired the remaining holdings of the Sherwood property, the thirty acres easterly of Island Lane, bounded on the east by land of the State acquired for park purposes between 1914 and 1918. Both parcels were immediately subdivided and lots sold until there are now some forty separate holdings, upon thirteen of which there are buildings of which only one was standing in 1924. Under the terms of Special Act 473 a purchase of some twenty acres was negotiated with the Sherwood Island Co. and deeds were prepared containing the restriction for residential purposes which the Attorney- General felt unable to approve, so that no conveyance resulted. Under the General Statutes Sec. 2166 the Commission may acquire "land or rights in land" but the wording of the special act was explicit and limited to land, as above. The thirty-nine acres subject to the restriction, with improvements, is now carried on the Grand List of Westport for a total of about $233,000, and while many owners were ready to sell, the sum available was obviously insufficient to cover the whole area and extinguish the restriction. It was equally apparent that an attempt to take any part of the area by condemnation would be contested by the owners of the remaining holdings, with attendant legal delays and the possibility of heavy awards for damages in addition to payment for the land taken. Under these circumstances you have preferred to await action by the next Assembly rather than to exercise your full legal powers. Meanwhile, under the Elwood lease and option, which expires May 1, 1937, the public has enjoyed a very limited use of the shore privileges available on that property, which must plainly terminate with the present lease if the Assembly of 1937 fails to make further provision in due time. 13 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

The Elwood property contains fifty acres of land, with little water front, but all needed in the development of a shore park, and the option price of $60,000 still seems to you favorable to the best interests of the State. While the ultimate acquisition of sufficient land for a State Park on Sherwood Island will undoubtedly involve considerable capital outlay, it can readily be justified by the dense population to be served, and it is now generally admitted that 110 better site can be found along our western shore line.

TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING Up to 1933 only about 25 per cent of the total park area had been surveyed and mapped in three dimensions, and the preparation of projects in development through use of Federal aid was seriously handicapped by the lack of such maps. A mapping project was therefore set up and approved and lias since been carried on continuously under various Federal agencies, employing six to eight field parties and five to eight draftsmen in the Hartford office, all on Federal payrolls under your supervision. Progress has been excellent, with the result that the completed maps now cover 57 per cent of the present park area, forming a collection of permanent records of the greatest potential value. But it is still vitally important to establish and maintain your own staff of engineers, through whose future work alone can this potential value be fully realized. Your maintenance -budget submitted for the coming two. years provides for this essential increase in your staff.

SLEEPING GIANT Through a much-regretted error in my last report, the name of Edward S. Dana slipped in as leader in the final drive of the Sleeping Giant Park Association to acquire the quarry and put an end to its operation, though it was of course his brother, Arnold G. Dana, who as a boy fell off the eastern cliff of the Head and yet lived to tell the tale to such good purpose. It was under his active leadership as President of the Association that litigation was undertaken to enforce performance of the contract lease, and that subsequent negotiations for purchase were successfully carried through, not to forget his personal participation in the large subscription list that was required to meet the payments. The final chapter in this story was written in September, 1935, when the remainder of the Cook property, including the quarry lot and the larger part of the Head, was conveyed to the State as a gift from the Association, bringing its total contribution to this park in land and funds to a sum not less than $105,000. Topographic mapping here has now covered, through Federal aid, more than 550 acres and has directly led to the construction of a new footpath to the third peak, on grades which will permit surfacing for the intensive use that seems likely to develop, as well as affording passage for light service trucks in care and maintenance. 14 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

RECENT ACQUISITIONS Dennis Hill Nearly the whole of the Norfolk property of the late Dr. F. S. Dennis, two hundred and forty acres, with buildings, was in July 1935 confirmed to the State of Connecticut by order of the Probate Court of Norfolk under the terms of the testator's will. Though open to the public since that time it has not been considered safe to admit motor cars upon the old drives, and until a better road with a more suitable entrance can be constructed little use can be expected. The entire area has been mapped (through Federal aid) and studied, and a new road projected on paper, but Federal aid has not so far been available for construction, and no State funds were provided by the last Assembly, either for capital outlay or suitable maintenance. Such apparent lack of public appreciation for a valuable gift does not encourage further donations or bequests. The view from the summit is excep tionally fine, and could be made available to large numbers of people by the opening of the new road, only a mile in length, on easy grades, and leading directly to the top. Lamentation Mountain A parcel of about forty-eight acres, well wooded, lying on the westerly slope of Lamentation Mountain, in the town of Berlin, and fronting for a quarter of a mile on the Berlin Turnpike, was conveyed to the State as a gift for park purposes by Miss Marjorie Moore, of that town, in June, 1935. No conditions were imposed, the desire and purpose of the donor being merely permanent protection of the forestation and wild life, particularly the birds. The parcel extends easterly along the Berlin-Meriden line to the top of the ridge, the odd name of which runs back to the early days of Wethersfield, when Mr. Leonard Chester was lost on the mountain and sought by his friends for two days. Several versions of the story have come down to us, but all agree that the name dates from that time, which was about 1640. The area has been mapped, but is unsuited for any immediate develop- ment. Old wood roads afford easy access for explorers on foot. Taleott Mountain In November, 1935, Mr. Amos Eno of Princeton, N. J., conveyed to the State of Connecticut as a gift for park purposes about nineteen acres of land lying in the towns of Bloomfield and Simsbury, upon which still stood the old wooden tower erected by Matthew H. Bartlett of Avon, in 1889. The property was acquired in 1898 by Mrs. Antoinette Eno Wood of Simsbury who for many years allowed a limited public use of the premises for local parties. At her decease the property was devised to her grand-nephew Amos, who has now generously dedicated it entirely to public use. During the winter of 1935-6 the tract was mapped and various plans for repair of the tower and other improvements were considered, but no funds for care being available, on the night of May 24, 1936, the old tower was destroyed by fire without serious damage to the forestation as a whole, though a few nearby trees were killed. 15 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

The entire area is heavily wooded and slopes steeply down to the highway, and the old carriage road which led to the tower being hopelessly unfit for motor cars, any considerable public use must await further acquisitions of land to provide suitable access and parking of cars near the summit. The site is attractive, directly overlooking Tariffville and the gorge of the Farmington River where it passes through the trap ridge, and the views to the north, west and east from the old tower extended well into Massachusetts and must have been enjoyed by many people in the past, though the tower was small and could accommodate but few at one time. It would seem desirable that future development should include an observation tower bearing the donor's family name, for which you have established precedents on Mt. Tom and the Haystack. The park is located on the extreme northerly end of the long trap ridge extending from Farmington to Tariffville, bearing the name of the well-known Taleott family of colonial Hartford.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY In October 1935 you added the duties of your Secretary to those of the Field Secretary, who had previously been charged with the prelim- inary work relating to the acquisition of park lands, with some engineering work incidental to development. Your biennial reports of 1920 and 1922 contain the reports of Secretary George A. Parker, and that of 1924 contains the report of Secretary Edward H. Wilkins, since when no Secretary's report has appeared. A few brief notes may be in order at this time. Under Chap. 230, Public Acts of 1913, Governor Simeon E. Bladwin appointed Messrs. Edward E. Bradley, John E. Calhoun, Herman H. Chapman, John 0. Fox, Lucius F. Robinson, and Edward H. Wilkins to be members of the State Park Commission, with the State Forester, at that time Walter 0. Filley, serving under the terms of the Act as a member ex officio. Of these seven men five were still serving in February, 1935, and since that time four still remain. The minutes of the first meeting began as follows: "The first meeting of the State Park Commission was held at 11 A. M. Monday, September 29, 1913, in Room'No. 13 of the*New Haven County Court House, pursuant to a call by Edward E. Bradley, the first named of the Commission. There were present Messrs. Bradley, Calhoun, Chapman, Filley, and Wilkins. Mr. Fox arrived at about 12:45. General Bradley called the meeting to order. By acclamation General Bradley was elected Chairman, and E. H. Wilkins the clerk of the meeting." The practice thus begun has continued unbroken, and on October 21, 1936 you held the two hundred and eighty-ninth meeting at Bocky Neck, in East Lyme. Of these meetings one hundred and nine have been held in the field, frequently including visits to several sites in one day. 16 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

If seven Commissioners had attended every meeting, they would collectively have given 2,023 days to the work, but due to the brief periods when there have been but six living, there have really been but 2,009 possible Commissioner days, of which 1,508 have been marked by attendance. That is, the attendance record of these seven unpaid Commissioners over a period of twenty-three years is slightly better than 75 per cent, a sufficient evidence of their interest in the work. For each meeting that you have held you now have forty acres of land in the park system, and sixty-five thousand reported visitors, or about one to each square rod. For each Commissioner day attending meetings there have been twelve thousand eight hundred and fifty reported visitors, and during the twelve months ending with meeting No. 289 there have been forty thousand reported visitors for each Commissioner day. If these figures may not be taken as a full measure of your success, they at least indicate something less than complete failure.

STATISTICS The cumulative tables of Growth, Cost and Use, introduced in your tenth biennial report, have been extended and brought up to December 31, 1935, thus including the last full calendar year of complete records, which still seems the best form for a summary statement of your work. Respectfully submitted, ALBERT M. TURNER, Field Secretary. November 25, 1936. 17 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

CONNECTICUT STATE PARKS Growth, Cost, and Use—Table I

LAND STATE FUNDS GIFTS To IS umber Estimated Dec. 31 of Parks Acres Cost Acres Cost 1914 2 160 $10,289 1915 3 465 21,034 1916 4 565 26,959 1917 9 795 45,910 1918 16 956 59,397 1,568 $18,400 1919 21 2,637 216,612 1,768 28,900 1920 25 3,100 247,955 2,003 33,700 1921 25 3,101 248,061 2,154 38,800 1922 25 3,106 248,228 2,154 38,800 1923 27 3,396 267,436 2,156 39,300 1924 28 3,494 291,628 2,504 52,400 1925 32 4,451 378,899 2,581 55,000 1926 34 4,590 387,763 2,841 62,400 1927 36 4,878 436,801 3,045 85,315 1928 38 5,203 485,327 3,316 94,578 1929 38 6,136 550,624 3,422 103,120 1930 39 6,467 * 630,336 3,431 106,545 1931 40 7,423 778,398 3,438 106,620 1932 42 7,613 795,037 3,581 131,823 1933 42 7,613 795,037 3.581 131,823 1934 42 7,613 795,037 3,598 132,823

1935 45 7,614 807,079 3,979 253,860 18 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

CONNECTICUT STATE PARKS Growth, Cost, and Use—Table II

CAPITAL ACCOUNT LAND IMPROVEMENTS State Funds and Gifts To Estimated State Dec. 31 Acres Cost Funds Gifts Total 1914 160 $10,289

1915 465 21,034 $1,282 $1,282 1916 565 26,959 2,000 2,000 1917 795 45,910 2,000 2,000 1918 2,524 77,797 2,000 2,000 1919 4,405 245,512 $15,431 2,000 17,431

1920 5,104 281,654 106,837 2,192 109,029 1921 5,256 286,860 133,076 2,392 135,468 1922 5,261 287,027 137,526 2,392 139,918 1923 5,549 306,736 148,986 2,392 151,378 1924 5,999 344,028 171,355 2,392 173,747

1925 7,032 433,899 208,862 2,392 211,254 1926 7,432 450,163 230,340 2,892 233,232 1927 7,925 522,116 286,587 2,892 289,479 1928 8,521 579,904 328,732 4,773 333,505 1929 9,560 653,743 376,704 26,146 402,850

1930 9,897 736,879 477,959 45,606 523,565 1931 10,860 885,016 584,766 45,606 630,372 1932 11,194 926,860 641,358 45,606 686,964 1933 11,194 926,860 657,093 45,606 702,699 1934 11,211 927,860 667,564 45,606 713,170

1935 11,593 1,060,939 672,002 45,606 717,608 19 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

CONNECTICUT STATE PARKS Growth, Cost, and Use—Table III

To Reported Capital Per Net Per Dec. 31 Attendance Outlay Park Day Maintenance Park Day 1914 $10,289 $2,481 1915 21,034 5,731 1916 26.959 7,595 1917 45,910 10,388 1918 77,797 12,761 1919 6,440 262,943 $40,850 17,581 $2,730 1920 110,854 390,683 3.525 21,688 0.196 1921 321.860 422,318 1.325 28,888 .093 1922 600,687 426,945 0.704 41.838 .069 1923 914,558 458,114 .501 64,976 .071 1924 1,509,083 517,775 .343 91,559 .061

1925 2,351,839 645,153 0.274 124,758 0.053 1926 3,111,992 683,395 .219 163,212 .052 1927 3,764,734 811,595 .216 224,774 .057 1928 4,569,600 913,409 .200 274,756 .060 1929 5,760,207 1,056,595 .183 354,135 .061 1930 7,211,506 1,260,444 0.175 452,634 0.063 1931 8,746,135 1,515,388 .173 571,261 .065 1932 10,817,841 1,613,824 .149 705,764 .065 1933 12,720,860 1,629,559 .127 819,688 .064 1934 14,743,863 1,641,030 .111 948,187 .064

1935 16,921,051 1,778,547 0.105 1,082,491 0.064 20 22 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

CONNECTICUT STATE PARKS Area, Cost, and Use

Acreage Acquired Dec. 31, 1933 to Totals First Dec. 31, 1935 Dec. 31, 1935 Total Acq. Park Purchased Donated Purchased Donated Acreage 1914 Sherwood Island 48 48 1915 Hurd Park 548 548 Mt. Tom 41 180 221 1916 Mt. Bushnell 84 84 1917 Selden Neck 122 122 Haystack 287 287 Ivy Mountain 50 50 Mohawk Mountain 5 151 156 Great Hill 41 41 1918 West Peak 181 181 Mashamoquet Brook 35 12 47 Saptree Run 20 4 24 Macedonia Brook 225 1,605 1,830 Bolton Notch 70 70 Dart Island 2 2 Wharton Brook 72 72 1919 Buttonball Brook 135 135 Kent Falls 47 200 247 Hammonasset Beach 954 954 Black Pond 100 100 Devil's Hopyard 860 860 1920 Lake Waramaug 95 95 Wooster Mountain 17 100 227 327 Nathaniel Lyon Memorial 216 216 Humaston Brook 98 4 102

1923 Campbell Falls 100 2 102 Quinebaug Pines 37 37 1924 Sleeping Giant 74 236 716 952 1925 Wolf Den 465 465 Minnie Island 1 1

Fort Shantok 174 174 1926 Trimountain 6 6 Squantz Pond 173 173 Black Rock 181 532 713 1927 Housatonic Meadows 940 940 Above All 28 3 31 1928 Indian Well 189 189 Sunset Rock 18 18 1930 Brainard Homestead 16 9 25 Rocky Neck 1 558 558 1931 Southford Falls 55 55 1932 Beach Pond 28 28 Dennis Hill 240 240 240 1935 Lamentation Mountain 48 48 48 Talcott Mountain 19 19 19 Total 1 398 7,614 3,979 11,593 21 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

CONNECTICUT STATE PARKS Costs to December 31, 1935 State Funds and Gifts Reported Attendance

No. Land Development Total From To 1934 Year 1935 Total 1 $13,515 $5,499 $19,014 1929 422,638 151,450 574,088 2 16,056 13,959 30,015 1923 551,875 47,116 598,991 3 12,407 11,300 23,707 1926 203,171 76,691 279,862 4 4,600 54 4,654 1930 113 113 5 7,003 7,003 6 22,952 57,270 80,222 1930 46,781 46,781 7 1,500 1,500 8 5,571 1,984 7,555 9 1,404 7 1,411 1928 8 8 10 19,731 3,160 22,891 1932 409 6 415 11 13,005 4,799 17,804 1926 66,859 38,015 104,874 12 2,002 173 2,175 1930 129 129 13 21,357 10,521 31,878 1925 78,899 20,914 99,813 14 2,006 431 2,437 15 200 200 i.926 35 35

16 13,466 38,014 51,480 1919 2,042,173 126,744 2,168,917 17 758 1,220 1,978 1927 82,609 23,318 105,927 18 14,431 22,472 36,903 1923 874,713 75,683 950,396 19 257,429 339,812 597,241 1920 7,038,896 712,095 7,750,991 20 1,500 1,500 101 101 21 25,962 27,671 53,633 1923 465,827 99,048 564,875 22 12,501 23,725 36,226 1924 439,232 67,040 506,272 23 31,213 1,453 32,666 24 5,107 492 5,599 1927 1,170 1,170 25 22,603 79 22,682 26 5,003 757 5,760 1923 8,724 8,724 27 6,361 9.989 16,350 1923 34,974 8,174 43,148 28 151,139 12,857 163,996 1924 250,406 55,312 305,718 29 7,873 9,401 17,274 1926 78,446 13,229 91,675 30 500 500 31 20,760 20,778 41,538 1926 197,497 35,030 232,527 32 211 211 33 38,377 7,461 45,838 1928 178,662 77,127 255,792 34 56,014 24,549 80,563 1928 545,904 73,379 619,283 35 41,717 2,525 44,242 1929 105,615 79,076 184,691

36 1,061 3 1,064 37 18,957 9,723 28,680 i930 324,236 183,601 507,837 38 2,304 39 2,073 5 5 39 10,085 10,085 1931 18,275 4,049 22,324 40 117,877 55,431 173,308 1931 685,579 209,725 895,304 41 15,027 15,027 42 821 821 43 31,837 31,837 265 265 44 5,001 5,001 45 2,005 2,005

$1,060,939 $717,608 $1,778,547 14,743,863 2,177,188 16,921,051 REPORT OF THE GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT

State Park and Forest Commission, Gentlemen: I begin this report with a quotation from the previous one of December 7, 1934: "After January 1, 1933, no capital outlay was allowed in the parks from State funds, except those assigned for new equipment." This condition has continued during the period covered by this report and to the present date. Development funds may be cut off and mainte- tance funds may be curtailed, but attendance and use of the State parks goes steadily on increasing. We have tried to keep up the condition of the parks and take care of Connecticut citizens and their friends who use them within the funds allotted for the two fiscal years ending June 30, 1936, but this increased use has required additional allotments each year, and the records of the past five months, July to November, 1936, show that the current year will run true to the same form. To begin with the development side of the report: since federal funds started to flow into State Park channels for improvement projects there have been started: 9 road jobs, on nine parks; none are fully completed and only three are in active operation at the present time. 5 stone-arch bridges, on three parks, with the possibility of one being ready for use next summer. 27 structural projects, on five parks; of these buildings 24 are completed and in use, 1 is nearly finished and will be in commission next summer, 2 are still in progress, with time of completion uncertain. 1 path about a mile long by ten feet wide, which may be in use by another season. 1 car-parking ground for about 300 cars that should be ready this coming summer. 1 pond project, where work on the dam has been at a standstill since October, 1935. 2 campground developments, completed and in use for the last two summers. This summary covers the constructive work carried on under the successive Federal Relief Administrations and by the Federal camp crews. All the work started by crews from the Forestry camps in the summer of 1933 came to a stop in the fall of 1935 on the ground that the standards demanded in Connecticut State Park construction did not permit compli- ance with the rules governing the same type of work under Forestry require- ments. There was also a conflict of authority where crews under Federal Forest organization and orders were employed on work authorized and nominally in control of the Federal Park service, from which both the progress and quality of the work suffered. This action stopped seven road jobs, one of which is being contined as a Federal relief project; also the pond project noted above; and the work of digging a park out of the ruins of the old match factory at Southford Falls. I can say, with 23 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION pleasure, that as far as the camp crews went with whatever they started, their work was worth while and was well done. All the work under Federal authorization, now completed, in progress and projected will not add materially to maintenance costs except possibly the new picnic shelter at Piocky Neck and if this is used as much as is anticipated it should carry operation costs. Net maintenance cost per person has stood at six cents for the last four years, while the total attend- ance has increased more than 120,000 in 1934 above the 1933 record; more than 150,000 in 1935 over the 1934 record; and more than 280,000 above the 1935 record in the forty-eight weeks of 1936 now tabulated. It is this data that we watch with the most interest, as evidence of service rendered, on the part of each individual park; the record for the Park system as a whole is recognized to be a minimum, since only twenty of the units are represented by regular reports, leaving twenty-five out of the record. At least seventeen of the latter show marks of increasing use, but limited funds have allowed no way of even estimating it in numbers. The first State Park attendance report was filed by the caretaker at Wharton Brook, in August, 1919, in connection with his record of sales receipts, and this one park has a continuous record of such daily reports for the eighteen years since that date. The next year Hammonasset Beach began its seventeen-year series of reports. Three other parks have reported for fourteen years; two for thirteen years; one for twelve years; six for eleven years; two for nine years; one each for eight and seven years; and two for five years. This comprises the twenty parks where we have been able to establish custodians and thus obtain regular reports. It gives record for 224 State Park years of use by over 19,400,000 visitors, an average of more than 90,000 per year; but the actual park records vary widely from such averages. For the past year more than 2,400,000 visitors have already been reported from these twenty parks; Hammonasset Beach leading with over 800,000; aud the minimum record for Quinebaug Pines at over 10,000. I am making this report a record of the two years Federal development work on the parks and also of cumulative data on service rendered as shown in these visitors reports. Taking them in groups, by recreation facilities: First the three shore parks where salt water bathing is the great attraction: Hammonasset Beach has seventeen years of service rendered, beginning in July, 1920, and shows more than 8,556,190 visitors and over 810,290 camp days. The work of the Federal camps here was mainly on roads, construction and grading. It began in 1933 and up to October 1935, when they were withdrawn, they accomplished a great deal of useful and usable road work. This was continued and in some parts completed by the WPA men, including the drainage ditch, or canal, running east and west between the short term campgrounds and Tom's Creek, which is crossed by three foot-bridges and by four auto bridges of concrete slab type. They also made a good start toward changing the boardwalk to a gravel path, by filling in under the flooring of the walk in the section extending from the Clamshed past the Office to the east end of the main pavilion. This 24 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Federal work was discontinued, at our request, about June 15th, 1936, because it would have been an obstruction to satisfactory public use of the park during the active summer season, with the expectation that it might be continued after September 15th; but due to difficulties in the WPA set-up for this region it has not been renewed to date. Camping areas and accommodations have been filled to capacity for nearly the entire season. In fact, it was necessary in mid-season to add twenty-five temporary sites, indicating need of expansion in this field. There are now 325 long-term and 606 short-term campsites. When conditions will permit the long-term sites could be increased about fifty per cent; but the short-term section is about as large as can be well admin- istered from the standpoint of policing, sanitation, lighting and suitable area available. Rocky Neck in 1932 sent in its first daily visitors report and in the last five years has a record of more than 1,171,000 visitors. Camping days amount to about 26,600 for the same period. The West, or entrance, road was brought to a usable stage by the Federal camp crews before they were called off in 1935. The WPA workers have completed construction of the picnic pavilion, which was started with CWA funds and help from the Federal camp crews, and carried on under the brief period of Emergency Relief Admin- istration, so that all the Federal organizations have had a hand in its construction. This two-story shelter, a structure enclosed in part, with interior fireplaces, a stone basement and terraces, the curved form of which was especially designed to fit its location, was officially turned over to the State for park purposes by the Federal authorities on October 21, 1936. On the ridge back of this shelter, where a natural planting of oaks gives good but not too heavy shade on the grounds, the Federal workers are now continuing the grading of a parking ground for about three hun- dred cars, which has been in progress during the year 1936. This requires a road as a spur from the park drive, to give access to this picnic and parking area, and work on its construction has been carried on intermittently by the WPA men. Sherwood Island in the spring of 1932 began to send a daily report of use and has accumulated a record of more than 717,370 visitors. The area available for recreation use is so limited here that the average daily attendance of the summer leaves no room for camping reservations. In fact it may be noted and recognized in advance that if and when all the property suitable for park purposes in this location is acquired there will not be space to set aside a section for camping at this shore park. The second group comprises six parks where there are accomodations for fresh-water bathing: Lake Waramaug reports more than 588,880 people using the park and about 65,460 camp days, during the past thirteen years, beginning in 1924. The only Federal development here was noted in my previous report in the field of shore improvement. The rules of Relief Administration cut this area off from further Federal activity, thus depriving the public 25 REPORT oF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION of the benefit of a projected half-mile of park road, replacing the present town road, which now runs through the active area of the park. When this construction can be accomplished the usefulness and attractiveness of the park will be greatly increased. Some readjustments have been accomplished within the limits of the regular maintenance allowance for this park. The rental of bath lockers was not a success here, so they were removed and a large portion of the lower floor of the pavilion was thus opened for picnic use, where bathers could be allowed to lunch without change of clothes. Self-service dressing rooms were substituted for the locker arrangement. Six four- room toilets, of the caustic soda type, were built, replacing the old earth- type buildings. This reduced a sanitation hazard, and also improved the appearance of the park. They were so located as to care for the picnic areas, as well as the campgrounds. Mt. Tom has an attendance record for eleven years of over 379,170 people, and about 3,580 camp days, beginning in 1926. The improvement project here was a road giving access to the park. The Federal camp crews worked on this for the two years they were active on the parks and had it well toward completion when they were withdrawn in 1935. The entrance road was left in unfinished condition; but the exit drive was far enough developed so that it could be used for two-way service. The convenience of this entrance to the park at once increased its service to the public. The current year's record of visitors will run over 99,000, taking it far above the average of its total attendance record. Black Rock nine years ago, in 1928, began to send in attendance reports. They now total to over 732,600 persons, with close to 13,000 camp days. It returns this year to its standing in the class of over 100,000 annual visitors after a lapse to lower service records, due probably to special rules about parking that did not prove suitable in this location. Federal work here was confined to general improvement of the grounds and a map survey project that will lay a good foundation for further development. Squantz Pond belongs also in the nine year class of 1928 and its total visitors record amounts to more than 357,490, with over 40,500 camp days. Its 1936 standing, however, puts it into the over 100,000 annual visitors class. Work of the Federal camp crews on a park drive, which they finished except for some side grading, helped to make this park more serviceable and probably accounts at least in part for the more than doubling of its rate of annual increase in attendance for the last two years. Camping use of this park is increasing far beyond present accommoda- tions. This situation has become acute and points to the necessity of either prohibition of such use, or provision of water supply and toilet equipment to meet the needs of the attending public. Indian Well has a record of over 668,900 visitors for the last seven years, beginning in 1930, and of more than 11,400 camp days. The few conveniences installed here in the last capital outlay program of 1932 were registered at once in a nearly triple increase in attendance 26 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

that year, which has been continued in varying degrees each following year, so that this park stands now annually in the over 150,000 visitors class. This is more than the original equipment was intended to take care of and increase in conveniences must be made, or this unit will be in the same case as Squantz Pond and require prohibition of more than daily use. In the fall of 1935 the WPA workers took up the project of a stone- arch bridge, twenty-four foot span, on which they are still busy, with the the prospect that it may be in use by next summer. This bridge will take the place of an old wooden one on the town road, which is in poor condition and due for retirement. Housatonic Meadows has reported visitors for eight years, starting in 1929 and accumulating a record of more than 293,000 attendance, with over 3,260 camping days. This park has advanced into the over 100,000 annual visitors class in 1936, with little encouragement in the line of equipment for their use. Federal work of the development type here was confined to a map survey as a basis for later improvement projects. The third group covers all the inland parks, where picnicking and camping are the main attractions. Wharton Brook, with its eighteen years record and its year-round sales service operations, naturally stands first in this group. It has reported over 2,311,990 visitors since 1919, with more than 13,000 camping days. The only Federal activity here was in clearing and enlarging fire lines previously established for protection of the State property. Hurd Park has a fourteen years record of use, since "1923, and has reported more than 641,380 visitors and over 9,480 camp days. It has no established campsites. The Federal camp crews were doing an excellent job of road building when they were withdrawn in the fall of 1935. About a mile of the entrance drive had been subgraded and sidegraded and was just about ready for surfacing. WPA men have been working on this project since that time and it is progressing slowly. Another Federal project on this park, which has been finished and was in commission the past season, was the changing of the old hay barn on the quarry lot into a picnic shelter. A stone chimney was built at either end of the structure, with fireplace openings in each one, both inside and on the outer face. The doors were narrowed to four feet, and the side walls cut out all round above the measure of a high wainscot to make an opening about three feet wide, leaving the roof and upper siding for protection from storm. The outside of the building is covered with cedar slab. A yard around was paved and walled, for picnic use in connection with the exterior fireplaces. During the spring and summer of 1936 the WPA workers have been doing a good job remodeling the old Spencer house on this park. This had long been unoccupied and had been adapted to use as storage, shop and garage. When it is once more transformed into a dwelling it will be arranged for use as headquarters for the park and will be occupied by one of the State employees. 27 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Kent Falls record of use shows more than 1,026,300 visitors since 1923 and more than 5,250 camp days for the same fourteen years. The road started by the Federal camp crews in 1933 had to be left at a standstill when they were withdrawn in the fall of 1935, as the WPA can not take over this project, due to certain requirements of their organiza- tion. The road is about three-quarters completed, but not any of it in usable shape. For the purpose of surfacing roads here and at Macedonia Brook, gravel has been taken from a pit, so located that the excavation will serve for the foundation of the projected stone buildings for housing the Rex Brasher paintings of North American birds. The Devil's Hopyard has fourteen years of recorded use, starting in 1923, a total count of more than 669,370 visitors and over 1,900 camp days. Plans for a park road here were accepted by the Commission in 1930 and the line was staked out, ground broken and a small beginning of grading done by park employees before the capital outlay embargo in 1932. In 1933 the Federal camp crews took up this work and they left at retirement in 1935 about a mile and a half of road subgraded, with dry stone retaining walls and a creditable amount of side grading done. Three stone arch bridges are called for on this road. The Federal men under CWA started to build the first of these, but left it unfinished; the Emergency Belief workers took hold of this work as if they would see it through, but this force also faded out; now WPA has come to to the front this fall, and the bridges are still in process of construction. The first bridge is ready to carry the road over when the retaining wall on either side can be completed; the second bridge is built up to the spring line and most of the forms for the arch are in place. Abutments for the third bridge are being put in, with the hope of getting them up to the spring line before weather may compel interruption of the work or Federal funds are withdrawn. The Sleeping Giant has been reporting visitors since 1924 and has a thirteen year record of more than 380,500 visitors, with over 1,500 camp days. Early in the fall of 1935 the WPA men started to build a graded path ten feet wide up the mountain, to terminate at the site of the old stone house on the Third Peak. They are still on the same work, but have advanced far enough so it will probably be in usable condition by next summer. About a year ago the interior of the stone cabin was accidentally burned out. A project to replace this cabin with a stone and concrete outlook tower about thirty feet high has been figured out and accepted for construction by the WPA authorities. Lumber and cement for this work, paid for from Federal funds, are now on the park and there is every prospect that work on this building will be put in commission. Macedonia Brook has a twelve year record of more than 119,700 visitors, with over 6,300 camping days since 1925. This park has attached to it the only State Park Federal camp in Connecticut. No satisfactory location for the camp on the park could 28 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION be agreed upon and a location for it was rented on the east bank of the Housatonic River just south of Kent Falls. This camp has put its full strength on building in the park the three miles of road so long planned and projected. When in use it will take vehicular traffic into and through the park along the eastern slope of the mountain, west of the brook. It will automatically discontinue use of the present town road, which is narrow, crooked, has steep grades, and is located too close to the east bank of the brook. The Federal camp crews have done very good work and a lot of it on this since September, 1935, and if they are allowed to continue the park will in a short time have a much needed road and the Camp can show a piece of work greatly to its credit. Mashamoquet Brook, the Wolf Den and Saptree Run are practically one State Park area. The first two have been reporting use for the last eleven years, starting in 1926; Mashamoquet Brook recording more than 152,850 visitors and the Wolf Den more than 104,830, making a total of 257,680 for the combined units. Camping days amounted to over 1,300 for the two parks. Last spring's flood washed out the mill pond at Mashamoquet Brook, disturbing the remains of the old dry stone dam down the brook. This may not be considered as a disaster for the brook has returned to its natural bed, with the water tumbling over the irregular edges of the ledge. The pond is no loss, for at best the water was only a few inches deep above the silt that filled it and in summer leakage of the dam left it an area of dry mud. Farther down the brook there is a small bathing, or wading, pool formed by a removable dam made of planks, which is taken out at the end of the season. There is no other publicly owned bathing beach or pond in this vicinity, so this little pool is used far beyond its capacity as to size, but due to the fact that the brook even in driest times supplies fast running water for it, the change is rapid enough to keep it always clean and safe. Buttonball Brook with eleven years of use shows more than 136,280 visitors with a small record of over 130 camp days. The work on the dam started by the Federal camp crews in 1933 stopped in the fall of 1935 and the Federal WPA has not to date seen its way clear to take over this project, so the dam stands with about half the material in place, showing a large hole washed out by last spring's flood. Quinebaug Pines is another of the eleven year group of parks, reporting use since 1926, with an accumulated record of more than 53,370 visitors. The last spring flood hit this park very hard and did some damage, mostly by way of leaving a large amount of silt on the grounds. There was a possibility that because the park was so near Putnam some WPA labor would be available to improve this condition; but the rules of their organization would not permit this, so we have to wait for mother nature to work out the repair of damages in her own way. Fort Shantok during the last eleven years has reported over 258,800 visitors and more than 700 camp days. 29 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

The WPA workers have started to build here about a half-mile of twenty-foot road through the park. When completed, this will take the place of a section of town road that now cuts the park in two and interferes with its best use by the public. A stone arch bridge at the north end of this road, with a twelve foot span, is a part of this project and is now in process of construction. Among the parks where no development for public use has been provided are Haystack and the pond section of Moliawk Mountain. They have no continuous record of use but on both the Federal camp crews did an excellent job at park drive construction and were on the way to its satisfactory completion when the withdrawal order of October, 1935, went into effect. This also interrupted the good work they were doing at Southford Falls in reducing the ruins of the old match factory to orderly piles of available building material, and here as well they left a very creditable job as far as they were permitted to carry it. INDIAN TRIBES Schaghticoke Indians No change in personnel resident on the reservation has occurred since the previous report. Record for this tribe rests as follows: Coggsweli, Frank 67 years old Kilson, Robert 49 years old Riley, Bertha 56 years old Riley, Katherine 19 years old Riley, Lois 5 years old Clinton, Julia 23 years old Kilson, Earl 38 years old Kilson, Emma 37 years old Kilson, Gloria 9 years old Kilson, Earl, Jr. 8 years old Kilson, Charles 6 years old Kilson, Russell 4 years old The real estate of the reservation is estimated as follows: 400 acres of land, valued at $3,000 5 houses (insurance $2,000) Pequot Indians These tribes, put in charge of this Commission by act of the 1935 Assembly, are located on two separate reservations, one in the town of Ledyard and the other in North Stonington. The resident members of Indian blood are listed below, with such data as is now available about their land and dwellings. Each tribe has some tribal funds, a statement of which appears in the Treasurer's report. Ledyard Reservation: 179 acres of land 3 houses (insurance $600.) 9 resident Indians Mrs. Eliza Plouffe 41 years Donald W. Clady 15 years Eva B. Clady 13 years Theresa V. Plouffe 8 years Loretta E. Plouffe 6 years Mrs. Martha Ellal 35 years Mrs. Alice Governmont 30 years Regina Governmont 12 years Joseph Governmont 8 years 30 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

A detached parcel of about 5 acres is also a part of this Reservation; its present occupants are not Indians. Lantern Hill Reservation: 220 acres of land 7 houses (insurance $2,700.) 13 resident Indians Mrs. Calvin Williams 71 years Mrs. Sarah Holland 51 years William H. Jackson 65 years Edna A. Jackson 34 years Grace Jackson Grandy 32 years Olive Jackson Spellman 30 years Arlene F. Jackson 27 years Rachael Jackson Crumb 25 years Paul Spellman 29 years Franklin Williams 51 years Helen LeGault 28 years Mrs. Grace G. Boss 60 years Mrs. Catherine Harris 50 years

Respectfully submitted, ARTHUR Y. PARKER, Superintendent, State Parks. December'9,<1936. 31 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Reported Attendance—Two Years December 1, 1934 to November 30, 1936

Visitors Camp Days Hammonasset Beach Rocky Neck 486,173 13,767 Indian Well 345,018 4,754 Sherwood Island 295,612. .. • . . • Wharton Brook 279,771 343 Devil's Hopyard 203,924 477 Housatonic Meadows 187,498 1,647 Blank Rock 187,355 6,333 f^ntzPond.:::::::::::::::::.:.. 179,056 22,703 Ml. Tom 176,002 1,084 Kent Falls 152,250 558 Lake Waramaug 149,655 23.72!! Sleeping Giant HurdPark 90,004 648 Mashamoquet Brook 86,013 492

FortShantok 61,554 103 Buttonball Brook 53,402 59 Macedonia Brook 41,070 2,168 Wolf Den 26,474 . Quinebaug Pines 18,447 4 Brainard Homestead 4,553 . Dennis Hill 2,531 2 Campbell Falls 341 Haystack 2°4 Black Pond 141

West Peak Dec. 1, 1934 to Nov. 30, 1936—Total 4,667,052 273,099 Comparative records—-totals Dec. 1, 1932 to Nov. 30, 1934 3,927,406 209,134 Dec. 1, 1930 to Nov. 30, 1932 3,609,676 216,118 Dec. 1, 1928 to Nov. 30, 1930 2,634,312 129,882 REPORT OF THE SHADE TREE INSPECTOR

To the Connecticut, State Park and Forest Commission: Gentlemen: There appears to be a very slight but gradual improvement in the appointment of persons as tree wardens who are really interested in trees and roadside beauty, but there are still too many who seem to be appointed as a mere gesture and there are still a few who are evidently given to understand that they are not expected to be active. In general those towns have the best tree wardens where public sentiment is strong for roadside beauty and undoubtedly individuals and organizations can do much to improve conditions by impressing upon the minds of the selectmen that interested tree wardens are desired. They can also help the tree warden if they will keep him informed of any acts which appear to be violations of either the letter or the spirit of our shade tree laws. He is usually a busy man, not paid for his shade tree work, and violations occur unknown to him. The apparent setback in the conservation of our public shade trees, noted in my last report, was continued to a still greater extent in 1935 when only about one fifth of the towns which come under our shade tree laws reported specific appropriations for the care of trees. The total amount appropriated was less than half of the amount reported for 1933 and slightly more than half of the amount for 1934. It seems, however, that the low point has been passed and with the generally more promising financial conditions a little more care is being given to our trees. Reports for 1936 show one third of the towns making appropriations for the care of trees and the total amount, although less than for 1932 or even for 1933, was nearly twice as much as for 1935. In addition to the money spent by the towns, more than fifty tree wardens report work done on the trees and roadsides with federal funds, although less than half of these projects were under the supervision of the tree warden. In most cases this work has been the removal of trees and smaller growth rather than preserving or replacing. In general these projects have been well conducted and are assets to the towns. There appears to have been considerable unnecessary removal and too little replacement, although specimen trees have usually been saved. During the past two years considerable work has been done throughout the state in what might be called elm tree sanitation, removing dead wood and weak trees as a deterrent to the Dutch Elm disease. Most of this work has been done as a state or federal project without town funds, to remove breeding places of the elm bark beetle which is known to spread this disease. It would be well if more attention were paid by the towns to spraying and feeding the elms as a help toward keeping them strong and healthy and so better able to resist attacks of both the beetle and the disease. This is particularly true for the towns in Fairfield County and those near the shores where there seems to be more immediate danger from this dread disease. The abutting property owner continues to be a major enemy to our roadside trees, especially along the back roads where wood and timber 33 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION are being cut. Public utility corporations have increased their respect for trees considerably in the past few years, evidently realizing that the public is interested in roadside beauty as well as in service given by the corporation. There are still instances, however, where less cutting would be necessary if more careful study had been given to location of lines and poles and it is hoped that these companies will give this matter their consideration. Respectfully submitted, ALLEN B. COOK, Shade Tree Inspector. 34 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Report of the Treasurer CONNECTICUT STATE PARKS Summary of Receipts and Expenditures Covering Fiscal Years October 1, 1913, to June 30, 1936

Receipts State Appropriations: acquisition, development and maintenance $2,946,401.76 supplies for resale (1929-1931) 75'°!!!M1!! sales and service fund (1931, revolving) 30,000.00 for aid of Schaghticoke Indians (1925-1937) for care and repair of public monuments (1929-1937) 3,000.00 $3,068,958.47 Cash revenue: from service operations and sales (1919-1936) 1,269,205.58 from rents, products and repayments 38,198.40 ——•— 1,307,403.98 by interest on Schaghticoke mortgage note 675.00 Cash gifts: including endowments and interest 89,565.81 Schaghticoke Trust fund with interest 354.95 Pequot Indian Trust funds with interest and revenue 5,500.00 5,854.95

Total receipts $4,472,458.21

Expenditures Capital outlay: acquisition of land $847,895.67 development of parks 721,095.93 $1,568,991.60 Recurring expenses: distributed on parks, care and replacement 961,308.68 service operations and sales 1,179,264.04 general in administration and exhibition 226,980.35 office and publication 98,283.84 Commissioners' expenses 7,460.73 2,473,^97.64 $2,473,297.64 revenue, as above 1,307,403.98 net maintenance $1,165,893.66 Special accounts: Schaghticoke Indians (State aid

Reverted to Treasury from appropriations 1913-1935. . . 29,854.79 $4,472,458.21 35 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Statement of Appropriations and Balances July 1, 1934 to June 30, 1935, Second Year

Expended Expended Expended APPROPRIATIONS OF 1933 Acquisition Development Maintenance Acquisition and development—Rocky Neck Unexpended balance carried forward 7-1-34 $5,000.72 Added by Board of Finance and Control.. 7,000.00 Funds available 12,000.72 Expended 12,000.72 $12,000.72 New Equipment $10,500.00 Transfer to Contractual services 2,000.00 Funds available 8,500.00 Expended 8,500.00 8,500.00 Maintenance—-State Parks Personal services $87,570.00 Deficiency appropriation 12,000.00 Funds available 99,570.00 Expended 99,569.30 $99,569.30

Balance reverting to Treasury $0.70 Contractual services $14,305.00 Deficiency appropriation 6,000.00 Transfer from Equipment 2,000.00 Cash repayments added 62.03 $22,367.03 Transfer to Supplies and materials .... 350.00 Funds available 22,017.03 Expended 21,850.15 21,850.15 Balance reverting to Treasury $166.88 Supplies and materials $10,420.00 Deficiency appropriation : 5,000.00 Transfer from Contractual services.. . . 350.00 Cash repayments added 95.83 Funds available 15,865.83 Expended 15,790.03 15,790.03 Balance reverting to Treasury $75.80 Sales and Service Fund Balance brought forward 7-1-34 $16,958.86 Cash receipts added 82,049.14 Funds available 99,008.00 Expended 83,383.59 $83,383.59 Balance carried forward 7-1-35 $15,624.41 Care and Maintenance of Public Monu- ments $500.00 Expended 30.00 30.00 Balance reverting to Treasury $470.00 Total $12,000.72 $8,500.00 $220,623.07 36 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Distribution of Expenditures Julv 1, 1934 to June 30, 1935, Second Year

Expended Expended Expended Expended STATE PARKS Total Acquisition Development Maintenance Above All $344.04 $344.04 Black Pond 259.09 259.09 Black Rock 7.828.29 $232.74 7,595.55 Bolton Notch 156.46 ] 56.46 Brainard Homestead 198.70 198.70 Buttonball Brook 2,095.48 70.82 2,024.66 Campbell Falls 123.44 123.44 Dennis Hill 201.10 201.10 Devil's Hopyard 4,455.04 27.51 4,427.53 Fort Shantok 2,808.26 7.78 2,800.48 Hammonasset Beach 79,747.40 553.52 79,193.88 Haystack 850.66 850.66 Housatonic Meadows 3,620.27 653.98 2,966.29 Humaston Brook 729.00 729.00 2,987.91 Hurd Park 2,996.96 9.05 3,104.67 58.80 3,045.87 Indian Well 5,966.06 Kent Falls 6.036.30 70.24 4,851.60 11.27 4,840.33 Lake Waramaug 2,755.89 Macedonia Brook 2,761.89 6.00 2,535.72 23.14 2,512.58 Mashamoquet Brook 406.61 406.61 Mohawk Mountain 39.59 39.59 Mt. Bushnell 2,657.60 2,657.60 Mt. Tom 26.76 26.76 Nathaniel 1 .von Memorial. 815.35 815.35 Quinebaug Pines 24,881.68 40,232.47 Rocky Neck $12,000.72 3,350.07 78.11 78.11 Saptree Run 10,494.68 10,678.92 Sherwood Island 184.24 5,602.85 6,406.42 Sleeping Giant 803.57 233.02 233.02 Southford Falls 2,462.73 2,465.79 Squantz Pond 4.50 4.50 3.06 236.92 Sunset Rock 236.92 14,745.26 West Peak 14,745.96 1,115.98 Wharton Brook 1,115.98 '.70 132.59 Wolf Den 132.59 Wooster Mountain

General Expense Commissioners' expenses 366.56 366.56 Field Work, Salaries and expenses.. . . :,517 50 12,517.50 Cars, upkeep and pin-chase :,882.33 1,754.40 1,127.93 Exhibits, publication, etc 307.48 19.20 288.28 195.56 Tools and equipment 204.46 8.90 8,817.91 Office: clerks and supplies 1,139.13 321.22 2.71 6,227.44 Storehouse _ 1,230.15 327.08 2,390.81 Undistributed: stock and equipment. !.717.89 Special Accounts Shade Trees 434.26 434.26 State Monuments 58.95 58.95 State Service 264.92 264.92 Schaghticoke Indians 19.20 19.20 $241,123.79 $12,000.72 1,500.00 $220,623.07 37 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Statement of Appropriations and Balances July 1, 1935 to June 30, 1936, First Year

Expended Expended Expended APPROPRIATIONS OF 1935 (continuing) Acquisition Development Maintenance Acquisition—Sherwood Island $135,000.00 Expended Unexpended balance forward 7-1-36 135,000.00 APPROPRIATIONS OF 1935 (annual) New Equipment $10,150.00 Transfer to Supplies and materials 3,250.00 Funds available 6,900.00 Expended 6,870.15 $6,870.45 Ralance reverting to Treasury $29.55 Maintenance—State Parks Personal services $87,470.'00 Deficiency allotment... . $16,130.00 Added for cut return. . . 2,746.44 18,876.44 Funds available 106,346.44 Expended 106,346.44 $106,346.44

Contractual services $19,930.00 Transfer to Supplies and materials. . .. 880.00 19,050.00 Cash repayments added 651.35 Funds available 19,701.35 Expended 19,608.05 19,608.05 Ralance reverting to Treasury 93.30 Supplies and materials $11,448.00 Transfers from: Equipment $3,250.00 Contractual services.. . 880.00 4,130.00 Cash repayments added 1,134.67 Funds available 16,712.67 Expended 16,683.09 16,683.09 Balance reverting to Treasury $29.58 Sales and Service Fund Balance brought forward 7-1-35 $15,624.41 Cash receipts added 83,474.58 Funds available 99,098.99 Expended 87,345.91 87,345.94

Balance carried forward 7-1-36 $11,753.05 Care and Maintenance of Public Monuments $250.00 Expended 83.85 $83.85 Balance reverting to Treasury $166.15 Total $6,870.45 $230,067.37 38 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Distribution of Expenditures July 1, 1935 to June 30, 1936, First Year

Expended Expended Expended Expended STATE PARKS Total Acquisition Development Maintenance $76.73 $76.73 Above All 22.58 Black Pond 22.58 Black Rock 6,185.44 6.78 6,478.66 Brainard Homestead 178.18 178.18 1,151.85 11.51 1,140.34 Buttonball Brook 14.00 Dart Island 14.00 1,746.66 300.00 1,446.66 Dennis Hill 4.72 3,633.92 Devil's Hopyard 3,638.64 2,873.49 19.37 2,854.12 Fort Shantok 6.00 Great Hill 6.00 84,045.89 1,254.14 82,791.75 Hammonasset Beach 388.13 Haystack 388.13 Housatonic Meadows 2,432.17 72.16 2,360.01 Humaston Brook 763.26 763.26 4,663.43 875.00 3,788.13 Hurd Park 228.13 3,313.39 Indian Well 3,541.82 5,167.36 15.80 5,151.56 Kent Falls 779.63 5,239.05 Lake Waramaug 6,018.68 Lamentation Mountain 22.62 22.62 Macedonia Brook 2,945.07 18.28 2,926.79 Mashamoquet Brook 2,398.89 14.25 2,384.64 Mohawk Mountain 304.86 .... 304.86 42.73 42.73 Mt. Bushnell 80.86 2,379.84 Mt. Tom ...... 2,460.70 37.46 37.46 Nathaniel Lyon Memorial 660.38 Quinebaug Pines 660.38 26,603.14 791.18 25,808.96 Rocky Neck 7.95 Saptree Run V.... . 7.95 11,977.02 5.85 11,971.17 Sherwood Island 8.33 5,907.01 Sleeping Giant 5,915.34 Southford Falls 14.45 . . . . 14.45 2,427.06 6.06 2,421.00 Squantz Pond 4.20 Sunset Rock 4.20 22.27 . . 22.27 Talcott Mountain 66.10 West Peak 66.40 13,421.61 45.52 13,376.09 Wharton Brook 3.80 893.37 Wolf Den 897.17 General Expense 287.12 287.12 Commissioners' expenses. .. . 15,732.71 Field Work, Salaries and exp< 15,732.71 1,795.21 872.85 922.36 Cars, upkeep and purchase. . 117.98 Exhibits, publication, etc... . 117.98 1,353.28 1,326.10 26.88 Tools and equipment 9,580.16 9,639.99 59.83 Office: clerks and supplies. . 66.70 9,716.18 Storehouse 9,783.18 2,238.43 Undistributed stock 2,238.43 Special Accounts 1,062.75 1,062.75 Shade Trees 94.44 State Monuments 94.44 1,022.11 1,022.11 State Service 66.99 Schaghticoke Indians 66.99 $236,937.82 $6,870.45 $230,067.37 39 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Gifts Account July 1, 1934 to June 30, 1936

Burnham Endowment: ($500) income only available (for Mt. Bushnell) Interest received $71.78 Previously reported 408.65 $180.43 Dart Endowment: ($200) income only available (for Dart Island) Unexpended balance brought forward July 1, 1934 $108.61 Interest received 20.74 $129.35 Hawley Bequest: Unexpended balance brought forward July 1, 1934 $176.05 Interest received 5.50 $181.55 Expended for publication costs 108.10 Unexpended balance $73.45

WhitUnexpendee Memoriad balancl Foundatione brough: t forward July 1, 1934 $209.16 Interest received 6.16 $215.32 Expended for publication costs—'State Parks 108.10 Expended for acquisition expenses—-State Parks 29.28 137.38 Unexpended balance $77.94

State Parks Service Operations Second Fiscal Year: July 1, 1934 to June 30, 1935

Receipts: from sales of commodities $45,613.69 from fees for special privileges bathing $14,451.59 camping 11,520.44 parking 10,463.42 36,435.45 $82,049.14 Expenditures: for labor $47,599.62 for supplies 35,783.97 83,383.59 overdraft $1,334.45 First Fiscal^Year: July 1, 1935 to June 30, 1936

Receipts: from sales of commodities $46,130.10 from fees for special privileges bathing $13,897.78 camping 13,030.83 parking 10,415.87 37,344.48 $83,474.58 Expenditures: for labor $49,467.48 for supplies 37,878.46 87,345.94 overdraft $3,871.36 40 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Schaghticoke Indian Reservation Fund

SECOND YEAR, Appropriations of 1933 July 1, 1934 to June 30, 1935 Allotment for 1934-1935 $1,705.00 Interest on Conkrite mortgage note 67.50 $1,772.50 Expenditures Medical attendance $197.25 Household supplies, food, fuel, etc 1,192.79 Maintenance, buildings and grounds 45.39 Overseer's salary (one year) 75.00 1,510.43 Unexpended balance reverting to Treasury $262.07

FIRST YEAR, Appropriations of 1935 July 1, 1935 to June 30, 1936 Allotment for 1935-1936 $1,700.00 Interest on Conkrite mortgage note 67.50 $1,767.50 Expenditures Medical attendance $402.28 Household supplies, food, fuel, etc 1,274.41 Maintenance, buildings and grounds 5.30 Overseer's salary (one year) 75.00 1,756.99 Unexpended balance reverting to Treasury $10.51

Schaghticoke Trust Fund July 1, 1934 to June 30, 1936

Funds carried forward July 1, 1934 $333.98 Bank interest received—2 years 20.97 $354.95

Pequot Indian Reservation Funds November 1, 1935 to June 30, 1936

Ledyard Tribe of Pequots Funds deposited with the Commission, November 1, 1935 $4,633.78 Interest on bank account 67.98 $4,701.76 Expenditures Medical attendance $39.00 Household supplies . . 291.40 Maintenance of buildings 125.00 Overseer's salary (six months) * 30.00 485.40 Balance carried forward July 1, 1936 $4,216.36 Eastern Tribe of Pequots Funds deposited with the Commission, November 1, 1935 $749.39 Received: from rents $30.00 from bank interest and dividends 18.85 48.85 $798.24 Expenditures Household supplies $68.90 Overseer's salary (six months) 20.00 88.69 Balance carried forward July I, 1936 $709.55 STATUTES CONCERNING STATE PARKS AND THE STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

General Statutes, Revision of 1930

Section 2158. Appointment of commission. The state park and forest commission shall continue to consist of six appointive members and the forester of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, ex-officio. The governor shall, during each regular session of the general assembly, with the advice and consent of the senate, appoint two members of said commission to hold office for the term of six years beginning September first in the year of their appointment and shall in like manner appoint a commissioner for the unexpired portion of any term in which a vacancy shall have occurred. The members of said commission shall serve without compensation. Section 2159. Powers and duties. Reports. Said commission shall annually choose one of its members to be chairman and may from time to time appoint a clerk and such other employees, including engineers, architects and custodians, as it may deem necessary to carry out the purposes of this chapter. Said commission shall maintain a suitable office where its maps, plans, documents, records and accounts shall be kept, subject to public inspection at reasonable times. On or before the t hirty-first day of December preceding each regular session of the general assembly, said commission shall make a report of its proceedings to the governor, with a statement of its receipts and disbursements. Section 2160. Supervision of tree wardens. Said commission shall have supervision of tree wardens and shall instruct them in regard to their duties and to effective methods of caring for trees. Upon the request of said commission, tree wardens shall render reports of their activities in this capacity and the commission shall include a summary of such reports in its biennial report to the governor. Section 2161. Rules and regulations. Said commission shall have power, with the approval of the governor, to make and alter rules and regulations for the maintenance of order, safety and sanitation upon the lands in its control and for the protection of trees and other property and the preservation of the natural beauty thereof, and to fix penalties not exceeding a fine of twenty dollars for violation of such rules and regulations. Such rules and regulations shall be posted in conspicuous places upon such lands. Section 2162. Public reservations; supervision. Said commission shall have charge and supervision of all lands acquired by the state, as public reservations, for the purposes of public recreation or the preservation of natural beauty or historic association, except such lands as may be placed by law in the charge and under the supervision of other commissions or officials. 42 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Section 2163. Maintenance of state park and forest lands adjoin- ing other states. Said commission is authorized to co-operate with any official or agency having similar authority in any adjoining state for the care and maintenance of state park and forest lands lying along the boundary of this and such adjoining state, and may enter into an agreement with any such official or agency for the joint care and maintenance of such lands, upon such terms and for such periods as may be mutually agreed upon. Section 2164. Memorials in State Parks and Reservations. Care of monuments. Said commission, with the approval of the governor, is authorized to erect upon any state park, ground or reservation, or permit to be erected upon any such park, ground or reservation, any suitable monument, memorial or memorial tablet in commemoration of the services of any soldier, sailor or marine, or any organization of soldiers, sailors or marines who participated in any war or engagement in which any of the forces of the United States were engaged. Said commission is authorized to assume the care and maintenance of any public monument which may be offered to it, or any public monument which is not under the care of any commission or department of the state, if it shall deem such action advisable, and the expense of such care and maintenance shall be paid by the state. Section 2165. Expense of care of public monuments. The comp- troller shall draw no order for the purpose of building, rebuilding, caring for or maintaining any public monument which is not under the jurisdiction of the commission of sculpture, a state department or an organized board of trustees, without the approval of the state park and forest commission. Section 2166. Open spaces for recreation. The state park and forest commission shall have power, acting by itself or with local authorities, to acquire, maintain and make available to the public, open spaces for recreation. Said commission may take, in the name of the state and for the benefit of the public, by purchase, gift or devise, lands and rights in land for public open spaces, or take bonds for the conveyance thereof, or may lease the same for a period not to exceed five years, with an option to buy, and may preserve and care for such public reservations, and, in the discretion of the commission and upon such terms as it may approve, such other open spaces within this state as may be intrusted, given or devised to the state by the United States or by cities, towns, corporations or individuals for the purposes of public recreation, or for the preservation of natural beauty or historic association, provided said commission shall not take or contract to take by purchase or lease any land or other property for an amount or amounts beyond such sum or sums as shall have been appropriated or contributed therefor. Section 2167. Condemnation proceedings. The commission is authorized to take by condemnation land for the public purposes for which it is authorized to acquire land under the provisions of section 2166, and, if it cannot agree with the owner or owners of any land which it shall decide the interests of the state require for such purposes, as to the compensation to be paid therefor, the amount of damages for such taking shall be determined by three appraisers to be appointed by the 43 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION superior court for the county in which such land is situated, or any judge thereof, on application of said county commission after reasonable notice of such application shall have been given to such owner or owners. All the owners of different tracts of land which are contiguous or which are to be included in the same park or recreation space may be joined in one application, if convenient, and the court or judge may appoint a single board of appraisers to determine and award the compensation to be paid to the owners of each tract in the same report of its findings. Such appraisers shall notify all parties in interest of the time and place of hearing, and shall make return in writing of their appraisal and award to the clerk of the superior court, who shall record the same; and the amount of such award shall be paid upon order of the comptroller within sixty days after the filing of such award, or, in case of an appeal, after the final award, out of any appropriated funds available therefor, to the person or persons entitled thereto, or held on deposit to the order of such person or persons by the treasurer of the state. Either party may, within sixty days, appeal to the superior court, or to any judge thereof, to set aside such award and to order a new hearing because of any irregularity or improper conduct connected with such hearing or appraisal. The fees of the appraisers shall be paid from the funds afore- said; and the lands embraced in the application shall not be occupied by said commission or taken for such public purposes until the compensation therefor as finally awarded shall have been paid to the person or persons entitled thereto or deposited to his or their order. Section 2168. Transfer of control of open spaces. Any town or other municipality is authorized to transfer the care and control of any open spaces owned or controlled by it to the commission upon such terms and for such periods as may be mutually agreed upon, or to enter into any agreement with said commission for the joint care or preservation of open spaces within or adjacent to such town or municipality, and said commission may, in like manner transfer the care and control of any open spaces controlled by it to any local public authorities upon such terms and for such periods as may be agreed upon. Section 2169. Animals for public parks. The commissioners or custodians of any state, county or municipal park may accept, either by purchase or gift, for free exhibition purposes only, any fish, crustacean, bird or animal. Section 2170. Lease of camp sites. The state park and forest commission may execute leases of camping sites and buildings on the state parks for limited periods and use the proceeds from such leases and any other income resulting from the use of state parks for the care, maintenance and improvement of the same, and shall render to the board of finance and control annually an account of all such transactions. Section 2171. Trust funds. The comptroller is authorized, with the approval of said commission, to receive and hold in trust for the state, exempt from taxation, any grant or devise of land or rights in land and any gift or bequest of money or other personal property made for the purposes of this chapter, and shall preserve and invest any funds so received in such securities as trustees are permitted to invest in. Such 44 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

invested funds shall be known as the state park fund, and shall be used and expended under the direction of said commission and subject to its orders. Section 2172. State park police. The governor may, upon appli- cation of said commission, appoint, during his pleasure, one or more persons employed upon the public reservations in charge of said commission and designated by it, who having been sworn, may arrest any person in such reservation for any offense committed therein and take such person before some competent authority. Each such policeman shall, when on duty, wear in plain view a shield bearing the words "State Park Police". Section 2173. Appointment of state forester. Said commission shall appoint a technically trained forester, who shall have had not less than two years' experience in professional forestry work and who shall hold office as state forester during the pleasure of the commission. He shall have an office with said commission, may attend all its meetings and shall be responsible to it for the performance of his duties. Refore entering upon the duties of his office, he shall execute a bond, with surety, to the state in the sum of five thousand dollars, conditioned for the faithful performance of his duties. Section 2174. Powers and duties of state forester. The state forester shall administer the statutes relating to forestry and the protection of forests. He may hire such fieldand office assistants as in the judgment of said commission may be necessary for the execution of his duties. He may, from time to time, with the advice and consent of said commission, publish the forestry laws of the state and other literature of general interest and practical value pertaining to forestry, and shall render an annual report of his activities, including a detailed statement of all receipts and expenditures incident to the administration of his office, which report shall be printed as part of the biennial report of said commission. He may enter into co-operation with departments of the federal government for the promotion of forestry work within the state. He may, upon requests from state departments, state institutions and municipalities, co-operate in the preparation of plans for the protection and management of publicly owned woodlots or timber tracts, the establishment of forest plantations and the marketing of forest products. He is authorized to make thinnings in the woodland of the state forest, and to take such other measures as he shall deem necessary to bring about a profitable growth of timber thereon, and may sell wood and timber from the state forest whenever he shall deem such sale desirable, the proceeds of which sales shall be used by him for the maintenance and care of the forest as specified in this section and in section 2175.

Section 2175. Purchase and sale of land by slate forester. The state forester,.with the advice and consent of the commission, may buy land in the state suitable for the growth of timber, at a price not exceeding eight dollars per acre, which land shall be deeded to the state and shall be called a state forest, and he may accept deeds and devises of such land which may be offered to the state without cost. He may, with the consent of the commission and the approval of the board of finance and control, sell or exchange any land acquired for state forests, and, may, 45 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION in the name of the state, execute deeds for such purposes. No provision of this section shall be construed to set aside any terms or conditions under which gifts or bequests of land have been or shall be accepted for state forests. Section 5058. Overseer of Indians in Litchfield County. The state park and forest commission is authorized to act as overseer of any tribe of Indians residing in Litchfield county, and said commission shall annually settle its account of the affairs of such tribe with the comptroller, and its biennial report to the governor shall state the amount and condition of the fund of such tribe, an estimate of the value of the lands of such Indians, the income annually received and appropriated and expended by it for their benefit, specifying the items furnished and received, and also the number and condition of such tribe. The state park and forest commission, as such overseer, shall have the care and management of the lands and money of such Indians and cause the same to be used for their best interests, and the rents, profits and income thereof applied to their benefit; and is authorized to sell- or exchange any real or personal property belonging to any member of any such tribe of Indians. Section 5069. Damages to be determined by state referee. The determination of the amount of damages in any case brought by the state to condemn land or any interest therein shall be referred to a state referee. Public Acts of 1925 Chapter 217. (Minnie Island State Park). Minnie Island, situated in Gardner Lake in the county of New London, is declared to be the property of the state, and shall be under the care and management of the state park and forest commission as a state park. Public Acts of 1931 Chapter 114. (Service and sales' fund). The sum of thirty thousand dollars is appropriated to establish a service and sales fund for the state park and forest commission. The commission may use said fund as a revolving fund for the purchase of supplies for resale and for labor or equipment required for service and sales operations in the state parks; provided no single article of equipment shall be purchased from this fund at a cost of more than one thousand dollars without the approval of the board of finance and control. Rills contracted by the state park and forest commission for the purposes specified in this section shall be paid by order of the comptroller against such fund in the manner provided by law for the payment of all claims against the state. The proceeds of all sales of material and equipment purchased from said'fund, together with all receipts from service operations in the state parks, shall be paid into the state treasury once a month or oftener and credited to said fund. At the end of each calendar year any balance of said fund in excess of thirty thousand dollars, as shown by inventory of salable supplies, bills receivable and cash balance on hand, shall revert to the state treasury. Effective May 25, 1931. 46 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Public Acts of 1935 Superseding Sections 5057, 5058, 5059, 5063 General Statutes

Chapter 272 Aliens and Indians Section 1587. Overseer of Indians. The state park and forest commission is authorized to act as overseer of all tribes of Indians residing in the state, and said commission shall annually settle its account of the affairs of each tribe with the comptroller, and its biennial report to the governor shall furnish, with respect to each tribe, a statement of the amount and condition of its fund, an estimate of the value of its lands and the income annually received and appropriated and expended by said commission for the benefit of such Indians, specifying the items furnished and received, and also the number and condition of such tribes. Said commission, as such overseer, shall have the care and management of the lands and money of such Indians and cause the same to be used for their best interest, and the rents, profits and income thereof to be applied to their benefit; and is authorized to sell or exchange any real or personal property belonging to any member of any such tribe of Indians.

Special Acts of 1935 No. 1 An Act making appropriations to supply deficiencies in appropriations for the two years ending June 30, 1935. State Park and Forest Commission

Personal services $12,000 Contractual services.. . 6,000 Supplies and materials 5,000

$23,000

No. 524 State Park and Forest Commission State Park Division

Ordinary recurring expenses Personal services $87,470 $87,470 Contractual services.. . 19,930 19,930 Supplies and materials. 11,448 11,448 Capital outlay General plant equipment 1,531 1,531 Motor vehicles 4,129 4,129 Office equipment 159 159 Heavy construction and engineering tools 3,570 3,570 Boats, water and water equipment 761 761

$128,998 $128,998 47 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Schaghticoke Indians State aid for care of Schaghticoke Indians $1,700 $1,700

Care of Monuments Care and repair of state monuments $250 $250

No. 473 An Act making an appropriation for the purchase of a state park at Sherwood Island. Section 1. The State Park and Forest Commission is authorized to purchase lands on Sherwood Island, now or formerly owned by Sherwood Island Company, Incorporated, and by the Sherwood Point Realty Company, for state park purposes. Section 2. The sum of one hundred and thirty-five thousand dollars is appropriated to carry out the provisions of this act. Approved June 17, 1935. •

• §tatr of Cnnttpcticwt

REPORT

OF THE

STATE FORESTER

FOR THE BIENNIUM ENDED

JUNE 30, 1936 REPORT OF THE STATE FORESTER Austin F. Hawes, M. F. for the biennium ended June 30, 1936

(1) INTRODUCTION The General Assembly of 1933 made serious reductions in the appropriation for forestry purposes and these were still further reduced by the Assembly of 1935. The burden of handling the increased Federal work with the small staff allowed by the State can scarcely be appreciated.

Biennium Biennium Biennium • beginning beginning beginning July 1, 1931 July 1,1933 July 1, 1935 Administration and Development of State Forests. $133,520 $72,836 $74,290 Administration of Forest Fire Service 104,200 101,362 82,868 Maintenance of Trained Fire Crews 10,000 Acquisition of State Forests 84,470 $332,190 $174,198 $157,158

(2) FORESTS AND THE ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE STATE

Political leaders of the state have not yet fully realized the importance of land management and especially of forestry in a state like Connecticut to the economic welfare of the state. Industrial prosperity cannot be permanently assured upon a basis of imported raw materials. It is safe to say that had the propaganda for better forest management been taken more seriously in the early part of this century the economic prospect for eastern Connecticut would be much less gloomy than it is today. For several years the industrial conditions in that section largely dependent upon the textile industry have been growing worse. Since the depression an increasing number of people have been thrown upon public relief and our institutions of correction and for the care of mental defectives have required ever increasing appropriations. In June 1936 there were over 9,000 people on relief in the three eastern counties in addition to 2,990 people working on W. P. A. projects. This makes a total of 6 per cent of the population. The forest has a well recognized relationship to the economic situation as a producer of raw material for industry and employment; and a relation- ship to the health of the people through its recreational opportunities. Retween 1909 and 1932 the lumber production of Connecticut decreased from 168 to million board feet of lumber.1 In the latter year the lumber produced amounted to only 5.8 per cent of the 96,187,000 board feet of lumber used within the state. Connecticut people imported 94 per cent of their lumber, paying freight from the far west on 47 per cent and from the southern states on 32 per cent.

(1. Lumber Distribution and Consumption 1932 U. S. Dept. of Agr. 1934 51 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Table No. 1—Lumber Consumed and Produced in Connecticut in 1932

Consumed in Produced in Per Cent Conn. Bd. Ft Conn. Bd. Ft. Production to Consumpton Softwood lumber 81,198,000 2,366,000 2.9 Hardwood lumber 14,989,000 3,247,000 21.6

Total 96,187,000 5,613,000 5.8 The amount of lumber standing in the state would perhaps take care of our requirements for twenty years if it were of the kind required, but unfortunately our needs are mostly for softwoods while our forests produce chiefly hardwoods. Furthermore most of our standing timber is at present too small to satisfy our demands.

Table No. 2—Distribution of Forest Types in Connecticut

Area Acres Hardwood forest 1,305,970 Forest containing softwoods 214,680 Land reverting to forest 268,350 Total 1,789,000 Every effort should be made through planting and releasing of natural softwood seedlings to increase the percentage of softwood species in our forests. We may conservatively estimate that the annual growth of our softwood forests will amount to 250 board feet an acre under good management. An area of 215,000 acres should, therefore, produce annually under good management at least 50 million board feet or about 60 per cent of our present needs. That would take care of our needs for small dimension softwood lumber; leaving the 40 per cent of the larger sized construction timber to be imported from the west and south. Our hardwood forests with the exception of the shallow-soiled hilltops will grow 200 board feet an acre annually. An annual yield of 200 million board feet may, therefore, be expected. This is thirteen times our present requirements for hardwood lumber. At present we are producing a little over one-fifth of our requirements. Since there are now 143,000 acres covered with forest of timber size, it would not be surprising to see the production of hardwood lumber jump up to equal our requirements within ten years. Within fifteen or twenty years our present state forests of 67,000 acres should produce as much hardwood lumber as the whole state produced in 1932. Reports from some sections of the country indicate that the lowest point in lumber production was reached in 1932 and that there has already been considerable increase in the succeeding years. The length of time required to obtain the yields indicated above depends naturally upon the present age of our forests and the way they are managed. In addition to the 143,000 acres of timber forest we have approximately 450,000 acres in the polewood stage, forest which will require perhaps fifteen years to reach lumber size. If this total area of nearly 600,000 acres is properly managed for sustained yield we should 52 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

be able to cut more than 100 million feet of lumber a year beginning about 1950. As the remaining 1,189,000 acres of forest reaches timber size (60 years of age) the annual yield would increase gradually to the estimates mentioned above; namely, 200 million feet of hardwood and 50 million feet of softwood. This figure should be reached about 1985.

There is, of course, a large "IF" in all these computations. They hinge upon the continued protection of the forests from fire, insects and disease, and upon improved methods of management comparable to those which are practiced upon the state forests. The best way to assure such results is through state ownership. The state forest system should be expanded to at least 300,000 acres with careful distribution of areas in the eastern part of the state to serve all communities. At least 100,000 acres should be acquired at once in Windham, Tolland and New London counties as a relief measure. This would be only one-sixth of the total forest area of these counties. " It is obvious that if these estimates are at all correct Connecticut will have a surplus of hardwood lumber over and above its present needs by 1950. The question naturally arises as to the best uses that can be made of it. Some of it may be exported to other states, but most eastern states have enough forest lands to take care of their needs, if they practice forestry. Rhode Island's importations of hardwood lumber can in time be taken care of from the Pachaug state forest alone. The best use that can be made of our surplus hardwood lumber is to manufacture wooden products such as baskets, boats, dowels, furniture, farm tools, sporting goods, wood turnings, vehicles and vehicle parts, not to mention products which are yet to be invented. Our hardwood forests are rich in oak, maple, birch, hickory and ash and other species. Our softwood forests have hemlock and white pine mixed with these hardwoods. The reputation of Connecticut lumber has suffered in the past because our small second growth trees were compared with the large virgin hardwoods of the southern Appalachians, and because our portable sawmills were not equipped for high grade manufacture. As the old growth in the south is cut off our timber will be as good as any and the manufacturing methods can be improved. The State Forestry Department has several buildings finished with excellent hardwood floors made from state forest timber. Already some of our red pine plantations 25 years old are producing 2 x 4s from thinnings. What we need is a lot of little plants located in villages near the forests, furnishing work to local residents as in old times. Other men would be employed in road building, forest improvement work and remov- ing the products. In New Hampshire, which was recently faced with the loss of its largest industry, it is said 1 that "the industries using the forests of the state as sources for their raw material may be considered the backbone of industrial prosperity." There are 262 of these plants in New Hampshire. About one-third have fewer than three employees other than seasonally. Another third have between three and nine persons, while only nine plants employed over 100 persons each.

(l. Forest Industries of N. H. and Their Trend of Development by C. P. Cronk 53 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

If there were well distributed state forests in eastern Connecticut each family could be supplied with fuel wood which the members would cut themselves under proper supervision from the state forests. During winter months, fuel amounts to 10 per cent of the relief burden. Such wood-using industries and woods work combined with home gardens can do much to make the people of many of our rural towns self-supporting. Recreational areas will also furnish employment. Such a plan cannot be made effective at once, but the longer forest acquisition is postponed, the longer relief rolls will be necessary. Our excellent road facilities, together with the opportunities to use electric power, make Connecticut admirably adapted for such an industrial development. The depression has already resulted in a marked movement back to the land. The U. S. Census of Agriculture'for 1935 shows that this movement was more pronounced in Connecticut than in any other state; our number of farms having increased 87 per cent between 1930 and 1935. Of course, this was brought about by dividing up many farms. The average area per farm decreased in the same period from 87 to 65 acres. Public ownership of forests has many advantages over private ownership which do not pertain to other forms of property. Foremost among these, of course, is the time element so important in timber raising. Private ownership naturally stimulates cutting too soon for the best results and with little consideration of the public needs such as protection of watersheds; preservation of scenery and conservation of wild life. The idea of public ownership of forests is gaining strength. More land has been purchased for the national forests in the past three years than in the twenty years following the passage of the Weeks Act in 1911. The General Court of Massachusetts has established a policy to acquire 500,000 acres of additional state forests by 1956. The Resettlement Administration is acquiring about 10,000 acres of sub-marginal farm land and woodland in eastern Connecticut, which will probably be turned over to the State for forestry and recreational purposes. The so-called Fulmer Act passed by Congress August 29, 1935 authorizes the Federal Government to buy forest land to be turned over to the various states for management as state forests. The states are expected to reimburse the Government over a period of years with money received from the sale of forest products. No appropriation has been made available to carry out the purposes of this act.

(3) PERSONNEL AND EDUCATIONAL WORK The personnel of the Forestry Department has remained the same as the previous two years. With the additional work imposed by the C. C. C. and other governmental aid, all members have been overworked. There is great need of additional permanent employees, especially rangers. Exhibits have been displayed annually at the Danbury Fair. In the fall of 1934 the National Grange met in Hartford and an exhibition was held in the State Armory for the benefit of the visitors. The State 54 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Forestry Department with the help of F. E. R. A. labor showed a 40-foot model of the Peoples Forest which created much interest. The roads and trails of the forest were shown and an attempt was made to indicate a few of the forestry operations. Diminutive buildings represented the ranger's house, the C. C. C. camp and the Nature Museum. In the winter of 1934-'35, Mrs. Robert M. Ross was employed as special lecturer of the Department. She visited 126 schools and addressed approximately 22,800 pupils. During the past winter, Supervisor of Wardens E. M. C. Eddy has given a great many talks illustrated by moving pictures. Other members of the staff have given occasional talks. In the spring of 1935 a series of broadcasts on the work of the C. C. C. was given over W. T. I. C. by members of the Forestry Department and the C. C. C. supervisory force. This series was later published. The Nature Museum in the Peoples Forest is proving a most valuable agency for educational work under the direction of Mr. Russell F. Lund. He has brought together here some very interesting exhibits: the various woods of Connecticut; examples of tree diseases; unusual products made from wood; geological and bird collections. In connection with the nature trail this museum attracts a great many people. (The number of visitors during the past year was 8,300). A local science club holds monthly meetings in the museum which are remarkably well attended. Public Gatherings on State Forests. On June 4, 1934 the Fernow bridge constructed by the C. C. C. men of Camp Fernow was dedicated. Among the speakers were Governor Wilbur L. Cross, Rrigadier General Harry E. Knight, Col. William H. Wilson, Mr. Charles H. Taylor, Assistant Director of the Emergency Conservation Work, and State Forester Hawes. The bridge is built entirely of rock and timber from the forest. It is 74 feet long and was built under the supervision of the master mason, August Casciani. The bridge is a fitting memorial to a great forester, Dr. Bernard E. Fernow, the first technical forester in the United States. Dr. Fernow was largely responsible for the establish- ment of the first national forests under the administration of President Cleveland. He died in 1923. On August 23, 1934 the State Board of Finance and Control inspected the work of the C. C. C. in the Peoples, American Legion and Tunxis state forests. Mr. R. M. Evans, Regional Forester of the U. S. Forest Service was also present. On May 3, 1935 exercises were held dedicating the Nature Museum built in the Peoples Forest by the C. C. C. of Camp White. Governor Wilbur L. Cross, Hon. Robert Fechner, Director of the Emergency Con- servation Work, and Col. William H. Wilson were the chief speakers. Much praise was given to the boys for the excellency of their work and to Messrs. Robert Linehard, August Casciani and Robert Loughlin, the architect, head mason and carpenter in charge of the work.

On May 18, 1935 a trail in the American Legion state forest was dedicated to the memory of the late Henry Ruck in the presence of a large group of his friends. Mr. Buck was a prominent civil and sanitary 55 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

engineer in Hartford and was associated with the Connecticut C. C. C. °as chief engineer from the time of its inception until his untimely death by automobile accident on August 11, 1934. The trail was one which had been located by him and leads from the River road in the Legion forest up to the old cheese box mill and on to the top of the "Tremendous Cliff" overlooking Camp White. On June 15, 1935 the Connecticut Forest and Park Association dedicated the Toumey road in the Mohawk state forest. Dean Henry S. Graves of the Yale School of Forestry read an interesting paper on the life and work of the late Prof. James W. Toumey of Yale for whom the road is named. Prof. Toumey was associated with the Yale school from its foundation until his death in 1932. This road leads from the state highway at the summit of Runker Hill through the forest to the Mohawk lookout tower. Vistas along the road and at the summit afford splendid views of the Taconic and Catskill Mountain ranges to the west. On September 2, 1935 the New England Section of the Society of American Foresters met at the call of its chairman, Mr. Robert M. Ross, in Connecticut. The group, consisting of eighty foresters, camped in tents in the Peoples forest and inspected the forestry operations made by the C. C. C. in the forest as well as the Tunxis, Legion and Paugnut forests. On June 1, 1936 the National Conference on State Parks held its annual meeting in Connecticut. On its field inspection trips the visitors passed through the Cockaponset and Peoples state forests and expressed general approval of the recreational developments. On June 13, 1936 the Connecticut Forest and Park Association arranged an inspection trip through the Dennis Hill state park and the Peoples forest to enjoy the laurel, but the weather was unfavorable.

(4) CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF FOREST FIRES The year 1934 was unusually fortunate from the fire standpoint as indicated by the small number of fires (757) and the small area burned, 3,517 acres. In 1935 the spring fire season was prolonged through May with the result that there were twice as many fires as the previous year (1,500). The total area burned was also double. However, it will be noted that the average area per fire in 1934 was 4.65 acres and in 1935 was 5 acres. Connecticut still leads all other states in the smallness of its fires. This record of 1935 was in spite of the fact that there was a bad fall season with 234 fires in October alone. The situation by the end of October was so serious Governor Cross issued the following proclamation: "WHEREAS, less than one inch of rain has fallen since the ninth of September, and a condition of extreme drought exists throughout the state and there is great danger of forest fires, under authority vested in me I hereby proclaim all sections of woodland and brushland within the state closed to all persons except the owners or tenants of such land, or their agents or employees. 56 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

"I further proclaim a closed season during which angling in inland waters or hunting within the state shall be suspended, and all provisions' relating to closed season shall be in force. "This order is to take effect at noon, Tuesday, October 29, 1935, and shall remain in force until by proclamation I declare the period of said emergency is terminated." The Governor's proclamation placed into effect for the first time the provisions of Section 874C of the General Statutes calling for the closing down of forests by the Governor during periods of drought. This proclamation remained in effect until November 1, at which time it was revoked by-the Governor.

Table No. 3—Number of Fires by Area 1934

Under Yi to 10 to 101 to County Acre 10 Acres 100 Acres 500 Acres Total Litchfield 17 112 8 137 Hartford 7 100 17 124 Tolland 5 23 6 34 Windham 9 46 5 53 Fairfield 7 84 22 113 New Haven 3 141 27 171 Middlesex 1 17 11 29 New London 5 70 21 96 Total 47 593 117 757

Table No. 4—Number of Fires by Area 1935

1Inder Vi to 10 to 101 to County 10 Acres 100 Acres 500 Acres Total ^•/i Acre Litchfield 34 138 18 1 191 Hartford 42 154 22 218 Tolland 13 54 8 75 Windham 19 75 12 i 107 Fairfield 27 ' 235 35 297 New Haven 22 305 43 l 371 Middlesex 7 45 10 62 New London 30 125 22 2 179 Total 194 1,131 170 5 1,500

Table No. 5—Number of Fires by Cause, Area and Damage 1934

Area Average Number Burned Area Per Damage Cause Fires Per Cent Acres Fire Acres Reported Lightning • • • Railroad. 39 5 158 4 250 Camp Fires 22 3 65 3 256 Smokers 349 46 1,802 5 6,810 Debris Burning 159 21 705 4 1,527 Incendiary 21 3 173 8 290 Miscellaneous Ill 15 352 3 1,068 Unknown 56 7 262 _5 ^426

Total 757 100 3,517 4.65 $10,627 57 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Table No. 6—Number of Fires by Cause, Area and Damage 1935 Area Average Number Burned Area Per Damage Cause of Fires Per Cent Acres Fire Acres Reported Lightning 1 1 1 1 Railroads 49 3 280 6 675 Camp Fires 36 2 134 4 334 Smokers 657 44 3,179 5 7,737 Debris Burning 295 19 1,271 4 2,482 Incendiary 52 3 210 4 1,314 Lumbering 1 1 - 10 10 90 Miscellaneous 236 16 723 3 7,121 Unknown 173 11 1,513 9 4,416

Total 1,500 100 7,321 5 $24,169 The worst fire since 1930 occurred in Ledyard on April 28, 1935. This burned 526 acres of land much of which had been burned a few year previously. The fire was undoubtedly larger than necessary owing to poor judgment in back-firing. One of the measures which has been of educational value was the series of broadcasts given over W. T. I. C. The forecasts of fire hazard based upon the use of a hygro-tliermograph and reports of the local Weather Rureau Station proved to be very accurate. The eighteen fire lookout stations are of increasing assistance in locating fires and deserve considerable credit for the smallness of our fires. Table No. 7—The Six Largest Fires for Two Years Compared 1934 1935 April 10 Lisbon 70 acres April 28 Lantern Hill 540 acres May 2 Bloomfield 64 acres May 16 Salisbury 130 acres April 30 Southbury 57 acres April 27 Killingly 127 acres April 19 Westchester 50 acres April 25 East Haven 118 acres May 7 Redding 41 acres April 29 Preston 103 acres May 8 Wolcott 40 acres March 27 Waterbury 80 acres Table No. 8—Summary of Work of Lookout Towers 1934 Fires Days on Seen or No. of Location Duty Located Visitors Beacon Falls 56 27 120 Burlington 61 186 280 East Haddam 24* 5 103 Groton 68 108 108 Guilford 67 51 144 Hartland 15* 11 30 Mohawk 133 87 1,681 Norfolk 58 73 18 Norwich 75 106 159 Oxford 67 84 221 Pomfret 18* 4 19 Roxbury 19* 93 67 Somers 34* 174 256 Sterling" 53 60 122 Storrs • 49 131 270 Travelers 14* 52 Union 53 41 137 Yale Engineering Camp 28 19 30 Yale Forest 29 19 12 Total 921 1,331 3,777 * Fall Only, f Spring Only. 58 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Table No. 9—Summary of Work of Lookout Towers 1935 Fires Days on Seen or No. of Location Duty Located Visitors Beacon Falls 93 114 201 Burlington 102 261 561 East Haddam 90 102 422 Groton 90 81 91 Guilford 86 108 235 Hartland 68 159 187 Mohawk. . v 88 126 2,907 Norfolk 90 146 20 Norwich 100 220 336 Oxford 91 311 578 Pomfret 78 141 200 Roxbury 87 175 473 Somers 81 335 3,552 Sterling 80 165 307 Stores.'. 78 280 625 Travelers 5* 23 .... Union 83 109 303 Yale Engineering Camp '44* 33 103 Total 1,434 2,892 11,101 *Spring only Note: Several towers may see the same smoke and assist in its location. The value of the seven forest protective associations cannot be over- emphasized. R extends beyond the borders covered by the associations. In 80,850 acres covered only 15.3 acres were burned in two years. This is nine thousandths of one per cent a year. Table No. 10—Summary of Work of Protective Associations During the Biennial Period

South- Talcott Central Housa- Ridge- Black western _ ^ Year Mountain Litchfield Fairfield tonic field Ledge Connecticut Total No. of Members 1935 186 24 36 67 104 11 81 509 g HV Days of Patrol 1935 277 41 93 174 107 68 64 824 . Q 1934 178 57 49 33 87 40 40 484 ^ v r/J H No. of Miles Patrolled 1935 16,389 3,015 6,619 13,664 5,667 2,991 4,129 52,474 % 1934 12,306 3,915 3,410 1,979 4,883 1,636 2,721 30,850 H > No. of Warnings Issued 1935 39 35 41 8 9 132 » 1934 54 5 14 20 5 11 109 > 2 No. of Arrests Made 1935 1 1 1934 1 1 g H55 CO No. of Fires Discovered by Patrolmen.. 1935 626 12 141 228 26 36 132 1,201 H 1934 36 72 15 37 3 5 168 O

No. of Fires Put Out by Patrolmen Alone 1935 9 9 5 1 2 26 CO 1934 4 11 4 6 2 3 30 o 2 No. of Acres of Association Lands Burned 1935 6 1 -4J4 3 14l/i 1934 H H .1 1.1

Area in Acres January 1, 1935 27,565 6,650 10,107 14,342 9,315 5,398 7,473 80,850 • v© * 60 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Table No. 11—Summary of Work of Power Pumps 1934

Fires Fires Hours Location Called On Pumped On Pumped Cheshire 3 3 6 Hartford 11 1 1 Lebanon 12 2 3 Middletown 8 2 4 Southbury 11 7 15 Torrington 5 2 5 Willington 4 4 26

Total 54 . 21 60 NOTE: Pumps operated in the spring only, ft* Table No. 12—Summary of Work of Power Pumps 1935

Fires Fires Hours Location Called on Pumped On Pumped Barkhamsted 12 9 73 Chaplin 16 9 31 Cheshire (Spring) 8 3 13 Hartford 22 7 80 Lebanon 44 22 87 Middletown 11 6 39 Redding 22 17 135 Willington 18 9 26

Total 153 82 484

Law Enforcement July 1, 1934-June 30, 1936

Section of General Statutes No. of Revision of 1935 Subject Arrests 2192 (872c) Permits required 15 2195 Operating portable steam boiler not equipped with effective spark arrester 1 5993 Trespass to land without color of right 1 6128 Kindling fires without owners' permission 3 6130 (1694c) Fires kindled by cigars or burning substance, etc 1 6131 Wilful injury to structures, trees, etc 1 6132 (1695c) Taking and transportation of evergreen trees, etc 2 Total 24 »

The small number of arrests compared to the number of warnings issued by patrolmen indicates that there are relatively few serious infringe- ments of the forest laws. Of the 24 arrests 17 were made by patrolmen and 7 by wardens.

It is, however, discouraging to note that in only six cases were fines imposed and that the total amount of these fines was only $37. One man was sentenced to jail. In three other cases fines were imposed but remitted; and in three cases fines were nolled on payment of costs. The other cases were either discharged or suspended. Nine cases were tried by Judges (4 fines) and fifteen cases by Justices (2 fines).

LOCAL TEAMSTERS ARE EMPLOYED IN REMOVING WOOD CUT BY C. C. C.

SEVEN THOUSAND ACRES IN THE STATE FORESTS HAVE BEEN PLANTED WITH EVERGREENS NATURE MUSEUM IN PEOPLES FOREST BUILT BY C. C. C.

GREENWOODS ROAD IN PEOPLES FOREST BUILT BY C. C. G.

61 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

(5) FEDERAL AID TO FORESTRY (a) The C. C. C. in Connecticut—A report prepared by the Connecticut Emergency Relief Commission indicates that 16,234 men have been enrolled in the State for the C. C. C. from its inception up to July 15, 1936, and that the present enrollment is 4,172. The present annual income to dependents of these enrollees is $1,251,600. This report shows that only ten towns in the state have failed to take advantage of this method of helping young men and their families. Naturally the large cities have benefited most. Hartford has supplied 1,583 enrollees; New Britain 1,548; New Haven 1,294; Bridgeport 1,216; and Waterbury 1,197. A mistake was made from the standpoint of the work when the age limit was reduced to 17 years. According to the latest figures 26 per cent of enrollees are 17 years or younger and 26 per cent 18 years. Because of the limited area of public land in Connecticut only 71 per cent of the 4,172 enrollees are employed in Connecticut camps. The remainder are distributed about 21 per cent in other New England camps and 8 per cent in Oregon camps. Of the 21 camps which have been established in the state, 20 have been under the direction of this department and one under the State Parks Department. Table No. 13 gives a list of the Forestry camps.

Table No. 13—Connecticut C. C. C. Forestry Camps as of June 30, 1936

Name Number Established Closed Superintendent Camp Cross S-51 6-23-33 T. C. Hood Camp Toumey S-52 6-25-33 A. J. Brooks Camp Robinson S-53 6-13-33 O. H. Schroeter Camp Walcott P-54 5-28-33 R. E. Dexter Camp Graves S-55 5-27-33 4-22-36 Camp Fernow S-56 6-29-33 E. If. Walker Camp Jenkins P-57 6-14-33 1-7-36 Camp Lonergan S-58 6- 6-33 J. P. Roche Camp Roberts S-59 5-30-33 E. R. Hawkes Camp Roosevelt S-60 5-23-33 E. H. Humphrey Camp Chapman S-61 6- 1-33 10-30-35 Camp Hook S-62 5-24-33 10-30-35 Camp White S-63 12-28-33 H. C. Neal Camp Filley S-64 12- 9-33 R. F. Coughlin Camp Hadley S-65 9- 5-35 E. L. Eliot . Camp Britton P-66 9-12-35 A. W. Jack Camp Buck S-67 9-13-35 L. C. Blair Camp Conner S-68 9- 5-35 J. O. Maher Camp Fechner P-69 9-12-35 A. R. Olson Camp Stuart S-70 7- 8-35 S. Niven In its function of directing the work projects of these camps the State Forestry Department has directed the expenditure of $1,768,316.96 of government funds or an average of $589,438.98 a year for the three year period. This does not include the money spent by the Army for building and maintaining the camps or for food, clothing, officers' salaries, etc., nor does it include the money paid to the enrollees and their dependents. 62 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

During the two year period ended June 30, 1936, the expenditures supervised by this department have been as follows: Salaries of supervising and facilitating personnel $717,222.97 Travel and per diem of supervising personnel 6,186.24 Purchase of heavy equipment 118,599.16 Other equipment, supplies and materials 265,050.38 Team hire for hauling forest products 22,331.23 Transportation of things, freight, etc 8,319.98 Utilities 4,244.16 Miscellaneous 3,506.33

Total $1,145,460.45 Table No. 14 lists the heavy equipment in active use in the Connecticut Forestry Camps at the end of the period. Naturally some equipment has been worn out and condemned.

Table No. 14—Summarization of C. C. C. Equipment in Active Use in Connecticut as of June 30, 1936 Trucks Pickup (V2 ton) 24 Dump (\y2 ton) 107 Hack {\y2 ton) 65 Tractor Trailer (15 ton) 1 Tractors (assorted) - 14 Graders H Tractor trailbuilders (assorted gasoline and Diesel) 12 Compressors 15 Jackhammers 24 Pumps, diaphragm 3 Cement mixers 2 Welding outfits 5 Motion picture outfits 4 Rock bit grinder Transits 2 Scrapers (rotary) 1 Snowplows 7 Table No. 15 shows the mileage records of the trucks in use over a six months period, showing an average total mileage per month of all trucks to be 124,705 miles.

Table No. 15—Summarization of Connecticut C. C. C. Trucks for Period February 1, 1936 to June 30, 1936 Showing number of miles travelled, gasoline used and miles per gallon Average Miles Type of Truck Mileage Gas Consumption per Gal. Pickup 194,929 14,701 gals. 13.25 Dump 277,288 48,157 gals. 5.75 Rack 276,017 34,135 gals. 8.08

Total 748,234 96,993 gals. 7.71 Table No. 16 gives the distribution of man days of work for the three years from the founding of the camps until June 30, 1936. This shows a total of 1,639,922 man days on work projects and indicates that 63 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION approximately 35 per cent of the labor has been expended on forest roads and trails; 20 per cent on forest improvement; 18 per cent on the control of forest insects and disease and the remainder distributed between fire control, recreational developments, administrative structures, surveys, maintenance and miscellaneous projects.

Table No. 16—Summarization of Enrollee Man-Days on Project from July 1, 1933 to June 30, 1936

No. Man-Day Per Cent Man-Days Sub-totals of Total 1. (Truck Trails 505,669 (Truck Trails (Maintenance) 59,855 (Foot Trails 16,073 (Foot Trails (Maintenance) 2,126 Roads and Trails total 583,723 35.6 (Improvement Cuttings 261,702 (Planting 34,243 2. (Transportation and Manufacture 33,577 (Experimental Plots 7,103 (Nursery 824 Stand Improvement total 337,449 20.5 (Gipsy Moth.. 194,965 (Pine Shoot Moth 23,748 3. (Pine Weevil 4,737 (Blister Rust 45,493 (Dutch Elm 18,996 Insect and Disease Control total 287,939 17.6 4. Recreational 119,931 7.3 5. Surveys and Maps 71,916 4.4 (Fire Lines 36,067 6. (Water Holes 13,193 (Fire Fighting 4,035 (Fire Prevention (General) 80,886 Fire Control total 134,181 8.2 7. Administrative Structures 20,867 8.2 8. Miscellaneous 30,307 1.8 9. Maintenance (other than roads and trails). . 53,609 3.3 Grand Total 1,639,922 100.

INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL Gipsy Moth—Of the 287,939 man days spent in protecting our forests from these enemies, 67 per cent was devoted to the control of the Gipsy Moth, our worst forest menace at the present time. This insect has been increasing rapidly in Northern Connecticut during the past few years. The Federal Government maintains a Barrier Zone the whole length of western New England and eastern New York including Litchfield and Fairfield counties in Connecticut in an effort to keep the insect from spreading westward. Before the establishment of the C. C. C. the govern- ment efforts were concentrated on eliminating the pest from this zone and the State Entomologist used his meager resources in controlling the worst infestations in the remainder of the state. Under the direction of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, we have used the C. C. C. in an effort to control the insect in the belt between the Connecticut river and the Barrier Zone. Some work has also been done east of the 64 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION river. Three methods of control can be used: Scouting and creosoting egg masses from September to June; burlapping trees and crushing caterpillars, June to August; spraying in June and July. The latter is much the most efficient and economical method, but as no spray outfits have been available, it has not been used in the C. C. C. project. In scouting the men go through the woods in parallel lines about thirty feet apart. When they find an egg mass a careful search is made in the vicinity for others. All egg masses are covered with creosote which kills the eggs. Scouting is done at the rate of 5 to 10 acres per man day. In the total of 1,036,868 acres scouted egg masses were found at the rate of one for every tenth acre. While this indicates a light infestation in general certain sections are much more heavily infested as Barkhamsted, Hartland, Granby, Burlington, New Hartford, Canton and Simsbury west of the River and Stafford, Union and Eastford east of the river. In the early summer the caterpillars are crawling up and down trees. When a burlap band is placed around the trees, they will rest under this to avoid the heat of the day. Men go over the area on alternate days and crush the caterpillars. This requires from 5 to 7 man days per acre. As it is only done in known infestations the number of caterpillars destroyed varies from 50 to 300 per acre. Considerable time has been spent in cleaning 1,756 acres of infested woodland in order to make eradication more complete. This is very time consuming requiring about 30 man days per acre and therefore cannot be applied over large areas. Unless spray machines are made available it seems very doubtful whether the insect can be eliminated even from the western part of the state. It is, therefore, advisable that we begin to make our forests more resistant to the insect by removing fav- ored food trees such as gray birch, poplar, alder and apple and by reducing the percentage of oak. This can be done with 15 to 20 man days 1 per acre and the products removed will partially repay for the work. Dutch Elm Disease—The first elm in Connecticut known to have this imported disease was found in 1933. Since then the disease has been identified in 235 trees mostly in the southwest corner of the state, but with a few in Old Lyme. At present the disease is much worse in New York and especially in New Jersey. Camp Fechner was established in Danbury in 1935 for the purpose of assisting the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station in eliminating the disease from that area. Up to June 30th, 17,319 man days had been put in by this camp and 1,677 man days by Camp Chapman in East Lyme in the control of this disease. The disease is carried by minute beetles which winter in dead and dying elms. Consequently the method of control is to reduce the beetle popula- tion by cutting and burning all elms which are dead or half dead. The men of Camp Fechner destroyed 62,273 elms on 47,107 acres or at the rate of 1.3 trees per acre. In some swamps as many as 40 trees per acre were destroyed but these are mostly small trees. From the trees cut 2,392 specimens of wood were sent to the laboratory for identification, but only one tree was found to have the disease. This was in Ridgefield near the state line and about five miles from the nearest known diseased tree in New York.

(1 This refers to a C. C. G. man day of 6 hours' work 65 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

European Pine Shoot Moth -At the time the C. C. C. was organized there was general alarm about the threatened damage to thousands of acres of plantations of red and Scotch pine throughout the state. This insect, which works in the buds aud deforms trees very badly, often beyond use, had been found in most sections of the state. Since the camps were established 23,748 man days have been devoted to combatting the pest. Nearly 12,000 acres of plantations have been thoroughly covered not only once but much of it two or three times. Thousands of infested tips have been destroyed. Fortunately the severe temperature of the past two winters has also greatly reduced the number of insects, with the result that the outlook today for raising red and Scotch pine is much more encouraging than it was three years ago. If the insect can be controlled during the first ten years of the life of a plantation the damage probably will not be very great.

White Pine Weevil—Work in the control of this insect, native in our white pine, has been largely confined to the state forests. Infested leaders are cut off and burned, so far as they can be reached from the ground. Blister Rust Disease of White Pine—Next to the Gipsy Moth this work has utilized the greatest amount of labor of any of our pests. Over 45,000 man days have been devoted to pulling currant and gooseberry bushes throughout the white pine sections of the state. This is a form of pest control which is well worth while because it will take many years for the bushes to return and they probably will never be common again if proper precautions are taken. C. C. C. and the Great Flood of 1936—Owing to the continued cold weather in January and February the snow accumulated throughout New England. When the warm rains fell in March the ground was satu- rated and freshets resulted. On Wednesday, March 18, the Greenwoods dam above New Hartford went out, resulting in tremendous damage to that village and destroying a covered bridge and a steel bridge. This dam was nearly one hundred years old. The Connecticut and the Housatonic rivers had been in flood the previous Sunday and had begun to subside. Fortunately most of the ice had gone down in this early flood which had carried out one of the covered bridges in Cornwall and done other damage. On Wednesday, the Connecticut began to rise again. On Thursday, the depth of the water exceeded that of the 1927 flood and that night the river swept over the Colt dike in Hartford and inundated one-fifth of Hartford. It continued to rise until Saturday when its height far exceeded that of the 1854 flood which was the greatest ever recorded. Great damage was done throughout the Connecticut valley from Holyoke to Middletown. The river was choked up by the narrows below Middletown. Acting under authority of the United States Forest Service, the writer offered the services of the C. C. C. to Governor Cross for relief work on Sunday, March 22nd, and in conformity with the wishes of the Governor's Emergency Committee, organized the work under Superin- tendent Otto Schroeter, who cooperated with the State Board of Health in cleaning up after the flood subsided. As early as the 19th the men 66 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION of Camp Filley, under Superintendent Coughlin, had gone to the relief of Middletown; those of Camp White under Superintendent Neal had done splendid service in New Hartford, and those of Camp Britton under Superintendent Jack had worked in Windsor and Wilson. By March 26th, Superintendent Scliroeter had a maximum of 1,636 men on flood relief work in twenty-four towns and communities. They cleaned out buildings which had been flooded and sprayed them with chloride of lime. Many carcasses of animals ranging from cows to cats were buried. More than 25,000 cases of canned goods were handled in Hartford alone. Altogether the C. C. C. furnished 26,047 man days to flood relief work in Connecticut and cleaned 2,950 dwellings as well as 868 other structures such as schools, churches, barns, garages, etc. The men worked with excellent spirit under the direction of 130 superin- tendents and foremen. Many letters have been received from all parts of the state commending most highly the work which the men did in this serious emergency. On Wednesday, April 29th, Mayor Spellacy entertained at dinner in the Foot Guard Armory 1,200 of the boys who worked in the Hartford area. Speeches of praise were made by Governor Cross and Mayor Spellacy and each boy was presented with a wrist watch as a token of appreciation for the work he had done.

(b) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Work — The F. E. B. A. succeeded the C. W. A. as an agency for providing employment. In the Peoples Forest a large amount of work was done on the Greenwoods road in widening curves, paving ditches, sloping gravel pits and cutting a vista. In the Simsbury Forest a two way road was made to Massacoe Pond, a foot bridge was built across the dam and an attractive pavilion. The pond was deepened and bath houses made. In the Natchaug Forest improvement cuttings were made on 22 acres and 12 acres were clear cut for planting. The town pf Danielson received 120 cords as a result. In the Pacbaug Forest improvement cuttings were made on 12 acres, and 3 acres were prepared for planting. The City of Norwich received 240 cords as a result of the work. In addition a survey crew located a five mile road to Green Falls pond. Projects were prosecuted in coopera- tion with the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station for the control of Blister Rust, Pine Slioot Moth and the Dutch Elm Disease. The office work involving preparation of pay rolls and numerous reports was handled by Mr. James Hickok. (c) Transient Camps—As mentioned in the previous report, transient Camps were established by the Connecticut Emergency Relief Commission with the approval of the State Park and Forest Commission in the Nepaug and Nehantic state forests with the understanding that the camps would be the property of the State Forestry Department when they are no longer needed. These camps were completed in May 1934. Although they were occupied by from 200 to 300 men at various times, the number of men working on forest projects seldom exceeded forty during the first year. These men worked under a foreman employed at each camp by this department. As F. E. R. A. funds for operating the camps were withdrawn in November 1935, the camps were turned over to the Works Progress Administration under the direction of Mr. E. A. Currier, Jr. 67 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Several foremen were employed in each camp at $85.00 a month from January 15 to June 30, 1936 and a large number of men were employed on forest projects. Wood was sold to the camps at a stumpage price of 30 cents a cord. Nepaug Camp—During the two year period this camp improved 170 acres by removing dead trees; clear cut for planting 39 acres; thinned 20 acres; planted 35,000 trees; and weeded 54 acres of plantations. In these operations 1,446 cords were removed. The forest boundaries were cut out; 4 miles of fire lines harrowed; and one mile of road built. Men were sent to eight fires. Nehantic Camp—A good entrance road was made to the camp and a main forest road one mile long made south from the camp to a town road. The Cabin road has also been graded for one-half a mile. Improve- ment cuttings were made on about 300 acres; 31 acres were cut clear and planted to evergreens. In these operations 1,611 cords of wood; 6,400 board feet of logs and 450 fence posts were removed. Men from the camp worked on three fires, two of which were in the northern part of the forest. One of these in the spring of 1936 resulted from the careless- ness of the men in burning brush during the period when no burning should be allowed. • (6) ACQUISITION AND SURVEY OF THE STATE FORESTS Although the General Assembly made no appropriation to the Com- mission of Forests and Wild Life for forest acquisition, the area of the state forests was increased in various ways during the biennium by 1,648.4 acres. The largest area, 542.6 acres, was purchased for $3,486.93, an average of $6.43 an acre, from money received for the sale of forest products from the state forests. This includes 93 acres in American Legion Forest; 160.6 acres in Cockaponset; 40 acres in Housatonic; 53 acres in Mohawk; 6 acres in Natchaug; 41 acres in Naugatuck; 41 acres in Pachaug; 108 acres in Shenipsit. An almost equal area, 540.4 acres, was acquired by the State Roard of Fisheries and Game for fishing purposes, thus creating the Salmon River State Forest. In the Pachaug Forest 298 acres were acquired in exchange for timber. Gifts of land were received, comprising 217.4 acres. These were as follows: In the Housatonic Forest 22 acres from William H. Coons of Bristol; 150 acres from Edward C. Childs of Norfolk; and 9 acres from William B. Knop and William M. May. In the Naugatuck Forest 15 acres were received from the Harris Whittemore estate, and in the Peoples Forest 21.4 acres were received from the Connecticut Forest and Park Association. In addition 50 acres including Camp Concord were added to the American Legion State Forest by condemnation under a special act of 1933. The General Assembly of 1935 by Special Act No. 51 confirmed title to Ellen A. Horwitt and Albert W. Krouse of two small pieces of 68 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

land in Canaan. These had never been considered a part of the Housatonic State Forest although there was a shadow of title from an old deed. Surveys and Type Maps—Through the help of the C. C. C. good progress has been made in surveying the forests, marking boundaries, dividing into compartments and estimating the timber. Of the present area of state forests 99.4 per cent has been surveyed and classified. Although in certain cases the surveyed area departed considerably from the area called for in the deeds, these errors compensated to such a remarkable degree that the entire surveyed area is within 1/20 of 1 per cent of the area given in the deeds. This is all the more surprising when it is realized that 679 separate lots were required to make the total. Table No. 17—Status of Boundary Survey and Type Mapping of the State Forests June 30, 1936 Total Surveyed Unsurveyed Typed Untyped Area Area Area Area Area Forest Acres Acres Acres Acres Acres American Lesion 713.50 713.50 713.50 Cockaponset. . . . 9,290.81 9,290.81 9,290.81 Housatonic 6,846.70 6,846.70 6,846.70 Mattatuck 2,582.99 2,582.99 2,582.99 Meshomasic. . . . 5,492.69 5,492.69 5,492.69 Mohawk 3,419.36 3,419.36 3,419.36 Natchaug . 6,091.22 6,091.22 6,091.22 Naugatuck 2,023.00 1,975.00 48.00 1,919.00 104.00 Nehantic 1,379.70 1,379.70 1,379.70 Nepaug 1,944.00 1,884.00 60.00 1,884.00 ' 60.00 Nipmuck 2,755.14 2,755.14 2,755.14 Nye-Holman.. . . 186.00 186.00 186.00 Pachaug 9,943.41 9,710.66 232.75 9,710.66 232.75 Paugnut 1,457.05 1,457.05 1,457.05 Peoples 2,213.60 2,213.60 2,213.60 Pootatuck 969.07 969.07 969.07 Salmon River. . . 540.40 490.40 50.00 540.00 Shenipsit 3,344.65 3,344.65 3,344.65 Simsbury 130.10 130.10 130.10 Tunxis 5,638.81 5,638.81 5,638.81 Total 66,962.20 66,571.45 390.75 66,565.45 396.75 Per Cent of Total July 1, 1936 99.4? 0.58 99.41 0.59 All figures in this table are based on the deed acreage. Table No. 18—Classification of State Forests by Types 1 June 30, 1936 Area Per Cent Type Acres of Total Water 325.7 .5 Open Land 716.4 1.1 Brush Land 564.2 .9 Old Field 4,402.1 6.6 Hardwood Swamp 3,045.4 4.6 Oak Ridge 2,631.8 4.0 Mixed Hardwoods 43,386.6 65.5 Softwoods-Hardwoods 5,358.1 8.1 Softwoods 482.8 .7 Plantation 5,093.6 7.7 Cedar Swamp 182.8 .3

Total. 66,189.5 100. (1 A small portion of the total area had not been completed 69 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Table No. 19—Classification of State Forests by Age Classes June 30, 1936

Area Per Cent Age in Years Acres of Total None 1,606.3 2.4 1 to 20 17,658.6 26.7 21 to 40 14,393.5 21.7 41 to 60 5,789.9 8.8 61 to 80 1,384.6 2.1 81 to 100 49.9 .1 All Ages 25,306.7 38.2 Total 66,189.5 100.0

(7) STATE FOREST IMPROVEMENT (a) Roads or Truck Trails—In order not to confuse the forest roads built by the C. C. C. with public highways the U. S. Forest Service adopted the term "truck trails" for these roads. A system of roads is fundamental to the practice of forestry not only to furnish adequate protection, but to make possible the periodic removal of trees as they become mature or need to be removed to help others. All countries which have developed their forests for permanent yield have a complete system of forest roads. The greatest contribution of the C. C. C. to the state forests of Connecticut is undoubtedly the road system now comprising 119 miles. It is doubtful whether such a net-work of roads could have been secured in twenty-five years under state appropriations. Their proper maintenance must now be a State responsibility. Experiments have been made in the use of calcium chloride which indicate that one treatment a season is sufficient in shade while two treatments are required in sunny stretches. The cost of the chemical is about $50. a mile for each treatment. The more important roads summarized in Table 20 are the following:

State Forest Names of Roads American Legion Road on west side of Farmington River Cockaponset Chatfield Hollow, Buck, Filley and Beaver Meadow Housatonic Cream Hill, Yelping Hill, Sharon Mountain Mattatuck Gravestone, Bacon Farm Meshomasic Mulford and Reeves Mohawk Toumey and Eli Bunker Natchaug Kingsbury and Fernow Naugatuck Whittemore and Shepardson Nipmuck Stickney Hill, Morey Pond, Snow Hill Pachaug. . : Trails Nos. 1 and 2, and Green Falls Pond Road Peoples Greenwoods, Beaver Brook, Pack Grove Salmon River Day Pond Shenipsit Soapstone Mountain Tunxis Pell, Bragg Pond, Morrison Hill

In addition to the roads which can be traveled by automobile, there are now 500 miles of fire lines and 60 miles of foot trails most of which are available for horseback riding as well as hiking. 70 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Table No. 20—Number of Miles of Roads and Trails in State Forests June 30, 1936 Auto Vehicle Wood Foot Forest Roads Bridges Roads Trails American Legion 3.3 .. 5.0 5.0 Cockaponset 17.1 8 63.7 6.1 Housatonic 8.9 1 58.0 1.0 Mattatuck 4,2 .. 37.0 3.0 Meshomasic 12.5 .. 52.5 3.9 Mohawk 4.5 .. 20.0 6.0 Natchaug 5.9 1 25.2 1.8 Naugatuck 4.1 4 43.0 3.0 Nehantic 2.3 .. 13.4 Nepaug 10.7 .. 17.0 Nipmuck 1.9 .. 11.0 .8 Nye-Holman 1.1 ...... Pachaug 11.2 1 43.8 .2 Paugnut 4.1 1 7.0 8.0 Peoples 11.3 I 17.0 9.0 Pootatuck 3.0 2 14.0 4.0 Salmon River .2 . . 3.5 Shenipsit 5.4 . . 13.8 Simsburv 3.0 5.0 Tunxis..' 4.8 2 55.0 9.0

Total 119.5 21 504.9 60.8 (b) Forest Stand Improvement—About one-fifth of all C. C. C. labor has been devoted to forest stand improvement. Nearly three- quarters of this large number of man days has been spent in making improvement cuttings in our natural stands. The purpose of these cuttings is to reduce the number of poorer varieties so that the forest will be composed so far as possible of good trees. The stands worked are usually between 20 and 50 years old and the amount of wood removed varies from one to six cords per acre. All stands in which such cuttings are to be made are marked by a technical forester. Other cutting operations include the preparation of land for planting through the cutting and burning of brush and weeding of young stands. The latter is usually done with a machete. A careful analysis of the labor involved in these operations was made in the three months, December 1935 and January and February 1936. The results are incorporated in the following tables. These show that it requires about 30 man days per acre to prepare land for planting; 16 days for improvement cuttings and 4 days for weeding. It should, of course, be remembered that the C. C. C. working day is only six hours and that many of the men have never handled woods tools prior to enrollment in the camps. Table No. 21—Analysis of Cost per Acre in Man Days of Stand Improvement, Connecticut C. C. C. Camps Three Months Chopping and Sawing Brush Disposal Total Man- Man- Acres Total Man-Days Total Days Days Operation Treated Man-Days Per Acre Man-Days Per Acre Per Acre Improvement cutting 1,277 20,083 15.8 1,139 .6 16.4 Weeding young stands. . . . 603 1,900 4.3 4.3 Preparation for planting... 334 5,133 15. 5,454 15.6 30.6 Total—all operations.. 2,214 27,116 12.2 6,593 3. 15.2 Overhead, man-days 3,956 1.8 961 .4 2.2

Total, including over- head 31,072 14.0 7,554 3.4 17.4 71 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION Table No. 22—Analysis of Cost per Cord in C. C. C. Man-Days of Stand Improvement—Three Months Chopping Brush Removal of and Sawing Disposal Products Cords Cords Man-Days Man-Days Man-Days Operation Produced Per Acre Per Cord Per Cord Per Cord Total Improvement cutting 5,411.5 4.2 3.7 .2 1. 4.9 Weeding young stands.. 206.7 .3 6.4 ...... 6.4 Preparation for planting 1,347. 4.0 3.8 3.9 .5 8.2 Total 7,065.2 3.2 3.8 .9 .9 5.6 Overhead,man days. .6 .1 .2 .9 Total, including overhead 4.4 1.0 1.1 6.5 Table No. 23 gives the total amount cut from the state forests by State and Federal agencies during the biennium by forests. Most of this was cut by C. C. C. men. The total amount cut in this way was 643,000 board feet of logs, 39,710 cords of woods, 55,951 fence posts and 34,915 poles used mostly for tobacco tents. It will be noted that the heaviest cut of lumber was in the Peoples, Pachaug and Natchaug Forests and that the Pachaug Forest also produced the most wood. Table No. 24 shows the amount of this material which was used in connection with the operation of the C. C. C. The camps themselves consumed a total of 16,323 cords for heating purposes. The lumber, posts and poles were used in connection with construction projects: 475,000 board feet as lumber and 27,000 board feet in logs in the stream improvement work. The use of such a large amount of material from our own forests represents a real saving to the Government. Part of this lumber was made by our own mills and part was custom sawed. Table No. 25 shows the amount of cut material which was sold and Table No. 26 shows that 1,194 cords have been given to 15 towns for distribution to the needy during the two years. For the past ten years it has been the policy of the Department to sell permits at $1.00 apiece to cut 10 cords on the forests under the direction of our rangers. During the past two years only 88 permits were issued and 779 cords of wood were cut by permittees as shown in Table No. 27. This table also shows stumpage sales of 458,491 board feet of logs, 941 cords, 1,683 posts and 1,566 poles. Table No. 23—Products Cut from State Forests by State and Federal Agencies During Biennial Period Ended June 30, 1936 Logs Fuel Wood Forest Bd. Ft. Cords Posts Poles American Legion. . 7,635 313 Cockaponset 54,201 3,874 7,067 1,930 Housatonic 11,365 3,161 2,223 Mattatuck 15,619 1,331 182 Meshomasic 50,267 2,887 14,042 26,237 Mohawk 72,701 3,350 9,467 26 Natchaug 81,205 2,737 2,087 Naugatuck 2,566 212 33 Nehantic 15,251 2,155 3,943 5,484 Nepaug 2,275 1,103 1,225 Nipmuck 23,833 3,570 1,555 366 Nye-Holman Pachaug 87,040 5,416 6,802 654 Paugnut 6,505 798 524 6 Peoples 93,471 2,223 1,257 74 Pootatuck 13,472 1,834 3,081 69 Salmon River 30,674 985 141 56 Shenipsit 5,205 764 128 Simsbury 670 73 Tunxis 69,044 3,237 1,881 13 Total 642,999 39,710 55,951 34,915 72 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Table No. 24—Forest Products Used in Connection with C. C. C. Work During Biennial Period Ended June 30, 1936

Logst Fuel Wood Forest Bd. Ft. Cords Posts Poles American Legion 4,771 6 90 Cockaponset 47,204 1,957 991 J,770 Housatonic 7,349 1,682* 719 69 Mattatuck 7,084 619 20 Meshomasic 38,382 1,442 1,093 290 Mohawk 62,775 1,172 1,232 11 Natchaug 121,264 1,188 394 106 Naugatuck 1,615 10 Nehantic 9,910 872 1,344 1,115 Nepaug 319 150 Nipmuck 8,557 1,264 1,497 366 Nye-Holman 5,330 41 Pachaug 41,699 1,218 410 19 Paugnut 9.921 621 16 Peoples 52,105 1,120 199 64 Pootatuck 11,803 855 25 Salmon River 44,445 585 10 46 ;Shenipsit 2,699 466 119 Simsbury 4,604 90 Tunxis 29,471 1,115 184 146 Total 511,307f 16,323 8,452 4,043

* Includes wood to C C C Park Camp at Kent i" 475,000 bd ft. used in form of lumber, on C. C. C. construction work. 27,000 bd. ft. used in stream improvement for fishing. Balance used on various construction projects.

Table No. 25—Sale of Forest Products Cut by State and Federal Agencies During the Biennial Period Ended June 30, 1936

Logs Fuel Wood Posts and Poles Forest lid. Ft. Cords Number American Legion Cockaponset 903 9,280 Housatonic 613 9,205 Mattatuck 187 665 Meshomasic 518 22,635 Mohawk 985 12,765 Natchaug 1,499 600 Naugatuck 144 890 Nehantic 566 3,910 Nepaug 13 100 Nipmuck 1,526 2,228 Nye-Holman 12 Pachaug 2,490 4,645 Paugnut 207 1,336 Peoples 24,490 1,290 2,454 Pootatuck 3,420 532 5,778 Salmon River 35 5 Shenipsit 64 Simsbury Tunxis 6,115 1,758 14,949

Total 34,025 13,342 91,445 73 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Table No. 26--Amount of Wood in Cords Given to Towns for Distribution to Poor During the Biennial Period Ending June 30 , 1936

Name of Town 1935 1936 Total 40 40 Canaan 30 30 Cornwall 18 18 East Lyme . . 25 83 108 Glastonbury 41 41 10 105 115 Killingly . . 120 120 Naugatuck 25 25 New Hartford 25 25 Norwich .. 255 255 Portland 37 25 62 Stafford .. 115 80 195 Union 40 20 60 Waterbury . . 35 35 Winchester 65 65 Total .. 752 442 1,194

Table No. 27—Stumpage Given or Sold from State Forests During Biennial Period Ended June 30, 1936

Fuel Wood Wood Products Sold on Stump No. of Cut Under Permits Permits Fuel Wood Logs Posts Pole Forest Issued Cords Cords Bd. Ft. No No. American Legion Cockaponset Housatonic 3 25 Mattatuck 3 25 is Meshomasic 14 174 19 690 Mohawk 11 103 Natchaug 14 38 100 Naugatuck 15 93 Nehantic 2 30 Nepaug 3 132 344 Nipmuck 3 24 Nye-Holman 239 993 Pachaug ii iis 221 458,491* 1,566 Paugnut l 5 Peoples Pootatuck Salmon River.. . . Shenipsit i io Simsbury Tunxis i 5 Total 88 779 941 458,491* 1,683 1,566 * Stumpage given in exchange for land.

When the amount sold on the stump is added to that cut by govern- mental agencies the total amount cut during the biennium is 1,101,491 board feet of logs, 41,430 cords, 57,634 posts and 36,481 poles. Table No. 28 shows that altogether 22,000 acres or about one-third of the state forest area has been improved by some kind of cuttings. 74 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Table No. 28—Summary of Silvicultural Work on State Forests to June 30, 1936, Natural Stands

Total Plantations Improvement Reproduction Weeded Cuttings Cuttings for Treated Forest Acres Acres Acres Planting Acres American Legion.... 3 353 356 Cockaponset 561 1,684 65 447 2,757 Housatonic 55 1,257 7 135 1,454 Mattatuck 116 1,506 93 1,715 Meshomasic 509 1,322 80 168 2,079 Mohawk 473 730 20 180 1,403 Natchaug 354 786 50 254 1,444 Naugatuck 541 408 18 967 Nehantic 51 455 8 514 Nepaug 35 192 19 93 339 Nipmuck 25 699 14 23 761 Nye-Holman 43 26 69 Pachaug 650 2,314 8 298 3,270 Paugnut 138 643 4 18 803 Peoples 11 879 1 30 921 Pootatuck 37 526 50 15 628 Salmon River 114 29 143 Shenipsit 67 145 179 391 Simsbury 64 54 10 128 Tunxis 352 1,115 3 154 1,624

Total . . . 4,085 15,208 321 2,152 21,766 Saw Mills—The beginning of stand improvement work in the fall of 1933 by the C. C. C. and the consequent production of a quantity of logs which could be sawed into lumber for use in C. C. C. projects, made a saw mill very desirable. A used mill and steam boiler with engine was purchased with Emergency Conservation Work funds for the small amount of $250. The most central point for its permanent location in the eastern state forests was at Camp Fernow on the Natchaug Forest. Here it was set up on concrete foundations. Later an adequate shed was built over the mill and boiler and a sawdust storage house erected adjoining it. Sawing was commenced in January and by July 1, 1934, 117,500 feet of lumber were produced as the logs were delivered. The following year 98,700 feet were sawed into lumber and during 1935-36, 55,900 feet more; the total to July 1, 1936 was 272,000 feet. These logs came chiefly from the Natchaug and Nipmuck Forests, but some were brought from the Nehantic, Pachaug and Mexhomasic Forests though the hauls from the last two are too great to continue this practice. The operation of the mill is under the direction of a C. C. C. foreman who is an experienced Sawyer; the crew consists of six C. C. C. enrollees. # This mill was of such great convenience in getting out lumber and special timbers for various building projects, that the gift of a mill in the fall of 1935 from Mr. Curtis Veeder was readily accepted. This was set up near the ranger's headquarters on the Mohawk Forest on permanent foundations. A shed 60 feet by 24 feet was built and a sawdust storage house will soon be erected. Sawing was commenced in November 1935 with a production of 93,200 feet of lumber to June 30,1936. The oper- ation of this mill is also in charge of a competent sawyer, but the crew is limited to three enrollees. The power is a gasoline engine, but too small 75 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION for efficient sawing. Because of this and the small crew, the average daily output has not been as large as that of the Natchaug mill. In addition to their value for producing lumber, these mills have given C. C. C. enrollees experience in mill work. Shingle Mill—The presence of Southern White Cedar in the swamps of the Pachaug Forest suggested making shingles for roofing state forestry buildings. A second-hand shingle mill of a standard make was purchased for $100.00 and set up in the basement of the barn at ranger's headquarters. A Fordson tractor of no further value for road grading was used for power during the spring of 1934. The following year a discarded grader engine with more power was obtained. After two seasons of operation the barn basement was demonstrated inadequate, so during the fall of 1935 a suitable shed was erected and the shingle machine, bolter and engine were installed. During the two periods of operation 1,358 bundles of shingles were made from 146 cords of cedar, a sufficient quantity to cover 27,000 square feet of roof. These shingles have a 5/8 inch butt, as compared with the 3/8 inch of commercial shingles, and indications are that they will prove very satisfactory. The utilization of the cedar for shingles gives the best return of any product into which the trees of the quality available can be made. The mill has been set up and operated under the direction of the ranger in charge of the forest, assisted by a crew of three C. C. C. men.

Creosote Plant—The rapidly decreasing quality of the chestnut posts available for highway fences used along Connecticut roads required a substitution which resulted in the selection of creosoted local hardwoods of the following species: all oaks, black and yellow birch, red maple, pitch pine and black locust, the last to be used untreated. To meet the need for butt treating these posts, the erection of an open tank plant was authorized as a C. C. C. project. A site was selected on sloping ground on the Meshomasic Forest near the Portland Reservoir, this situation being in the central part of the state and reached by a hard surface road. Construction was commenced in the fall of 1933 and the plant was completed sufficiently for the operation by the middle of the following July. It consists of two steel lined wooden treating tanks, two drain platforms, three iron storage tanks, a steam boiler and necessary piping for heating the creosote and conveying it to the tanks. The posts are handled in and out of the tanks in cages which are moved with a chain hoist suspended from a trolley on an I beam track. A receiving yard of 10,000 post capacity was graded above the tanks and a yard for storing creosoted posts was made below them. The cash outlay for materials and equipment which was not obtained from the forest was $1,670. The treatment consists of immersion of the posts in creosote at 220°F. to four feet from the butt for a period of not less than four hours. This proved adequate with seasoned material.

During the period of operation by the State, 47,700 posts were received, 36,500 were treated, and 27,000 sold. In addition, 34,000 board feet of bridge planking and timbers were received, creosoted and returned to C. C. C. camps for use on forestry projects. Approximately 33,000 gallons of creosote were used in these treatments. During operation 76 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

of the plant experiments were carried on under the direction of Mr. Henry Hicock, Assistant Forester, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, which resulted in the selection of the method of treatment already described. The operation of the creosote plant, the first of its type for treating posts in large quantities, has demonstrated the possibility of utilizing native hardwoods for fence posts. Since its operation by the Forestry Department as a commercial enterprise is not desirable, the plant was leased to the principal highway fence contractors of the state, who took over control in April 1936.

(C) FOREST PLANTING Forest planting continues to be one of our major activities although most of the open land in the state forests has already been planted. With the C. C. C. camps available it has been possible to clean up and plant large areas of brush land which could not otherwise have been planted. During the past two years a total of 1,068,818 trees were planted as shown in Table No. 29. As will be noted, the species chiefly used are red, white and Scotch pine of the Riga variety although more spruce would have been planted if it had been available. Over 50,000 acorns have been planted with satisfactory results. Table No. 30 shows that up to date 7,000 acres have been planted with forest trees. In connection with forest planting we plant a great deal of berry bearing shrubbery to improve the food conditions for birds and other wild life. All large evergreen plantations are broken up by leaving open fire lines. The shrubbery listed in Table No. 31 is planted in these fire lines, along stone walls and other small openings. Table No. 32 gives a summary of all the previous information. It shows that 7,000 acres have been improved by planting and 22,000 acres by cuttings and that altogether over 90,000 cords of wood have been cut from the state forests since they were purchased. The present growing stock is estimated at 52,000,000 board feet and 351,673 cords in addition. Table No. 29—Tabulation of Planting by Forests and Species for Biennial Period Ending June 30, 1936

Riga Euro- Red White Scotch Norway White Hem- pean Douglas White Miscel- Forest Pine Pine Pine Spruce Spruce lock Larch Fir Oak Tulip Ash laneous Total American Legion Cockaponset. . .. 27,122 16,450 5,550 4,050 5,000 3,325 1,000 32,150 1,750 500 1,129 98,026 Housatonic 26,000 26,500 1,000 1,000 8,000 1,000 64.000 Mattatuck 9, ISO 18,000 5,400 5,100 7,250 2,250 2,215 1,400 700 300 350 52,115 Meshomasic 43,200 9,000 15,000 1,860 4,000 500 2,000 10,000 85,560 Mohawk 81,600 13,000 1,500 4,500 2,500 4,000 5,200 2,700 1,500 116,500 Natchaug 56,274 15,190 15,100 4,285 5,499 310 6,650 4,637 2,262 1,828 112,035 Naugatuck 6,600 2,000 1,750 2,500 5,685 18,535 Nehantic 10,350 3,000 6,000 1,000 3,000 f6,025 29,375 Nepaug 28,070 13,370 15,560 57,000 Nipmuck 14,000 4,000 500 1,000 1,000 20,500 Nye-Hllman Pachaug 113,450 6,750 23,200 14,250 8,100 850 4,000 2,000 172,600 Paugnut 1,600 1,000 2,100 200 4,900 Peoples 9,250 1,000 12,950 800 400 1,150 400 3,000 28,950 Pootatuck Salmon River. . . 13,500 4,000 3,500 550 21,550 Shenipsit 47,000 9,000 12,650 5,000 73,650 Simsbury 5,000 1,000 1,000 3,000 10,000 Tunxis 68,300 5,500 3,000 5,050 11,072 1,000 8,000 100 1,500 103,522

Total 560,466 105,260 147,510 38,995 68,971 12,235 39,800 20,937 51,550 7,412 5,128 10,554 1,068,818

^Southern White Cedar 5,900 Black Spruce 125 t Blue Spruce 78 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION Table No. 30—Summary of Areas Planted in State Forests Estimated Area Total Area Covered with Planted Previous Plantations to June 30, 1936 8 Years and State Forest _ Acres Over, Acres American Legion 3 Cockaponset 817 Housatonic 268 Mattatuck 285 69 Meshomasic 652 355 Mohawk 648 348 Natchaug 752 214 Naugatuck 461 150 Nehantic 103 Nepaug 166 Nipmuck 271 Nye-Holman 54 Pachaug 1,177 Paugnut 166 100 Peoples 107 33 Pootatuck 37 Salmon River 23 Shenipsit 314 Simsbury 93 59 Tunxis 625 183

Total 7,022 1,599 Table No. 31—Number of Fruit Bearing Shrubs Planted on State Forests and State Game Sanctuaries in Cooperation with State Board of Fisheries and Game During Biennial Period Ended June 30, 1936 Western Eastern Southern Species District District District Total Japanese Barberry 4,592 4,929 1,500 11,021 Honeysuckle 808 815 700 2,323 Boston Ivy 172 600 600 1,372 Black Walnut 422 350 300 1,072 Mulberry 293 350 300 943 Elderberry 96 150 200 446 Russian Olive 50 50 Black Haw 220 470 690 Virginia Rose 99 241 200 540 Japanese Rose 1,100 1,200 300 2,600 Memorial Rose 42 200 100 342 Snowberrv 1,196 1,350 500 3,046 Chokeberry 654 773 500 1,927 Buckthorn' 449- 500 100 1,049 Bittersweet 347 300 200 847 Hawthorn 613 500 1,113 Ibota Privet 2,250 2,250 4,500 Yibernum 2,950 175 3,125 Meadow Rose 450 450 900 Wild Prairie Rose 400 400 800 Highbush Cranberry 2,800 2,800 800 Indigo Rush 400 400 Withe Rod (Viburnum) 250 300 100 650 450 875 Blackhaw (Viburnum) 250 175 500 Mountain Ash 250 250 277 Bed Osier Dogwood 127 150 500 Nannv Berry (Viburnum) 250 250 100 Hawthorn thicket 100 300 522 Silverberry (Saimbucus Canedancus) .... 222 150 Mahonia aqui folia 50 100

Total 18,730 20,700 6,450 45,880 79 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Table No. 32—Summary of Work Done and Present Condition of State Forests

Total Cut Since Total Stand Area Improved Acquisition Additional Forest By Planting By Cutting Cords MBM Cords American Legion. . 3 356 230 757.8 2,654 Cockaponset 817 2,757 9,426 5,013.1 47,527 Housatonic 268 1,454 4,868 5,423.9 41,079 Mattatuck 285 1,715 4,356 1,242.9 8,798 Meshomasic 652 2,079 11,994 3,564.2 32,834 Mohawk 648 1,403 5,726 3,950.1 22,950 Natchaug 752 1,444 10,020 6,208.2 43,409 Naugatuck 461 967 1,621 877.1 6,121 Nehantic 103 514 2,984 642.9* 11,573* Nepaug 166 339 2,194 655.7 5.440 Nipmuck 271 761 5,143 1,624. 18,059 Nye-Holman 54 69 104 166.7 876 Pachaug 1,177 3,270 12,351 6,493.8 38,961 Paugnut 166 803 2,619 1,050.8 2,847 Peoples 107 921 6,188 5.930.1 18,575 Pootatuck 37 628 3,123 873. 7,586 Salmon River 23 143 1,050 338.5 1,116 Shenipsit 314 391 1,208 503.4 8,959 Simsbury 93 128 278 24.3 78 Tunxis 625 1,623 5,477 7,907.3 32,231

Total 7,022 21,766 90,960 52,347.8 351,673 * Nehantic stand figures brought up to date from survey of 1931. The trees for forest planting are raised in three small state nurseries which had the following inventories on June 30, 1936: Peoples Forest Nursery: Three year transplants. $630,000 Two year seedlings 880,000 One year seedlings 840,000 Larger ornamentals 5,000

$2,355,000 Chaplin Nursery: Three to four year transplants. 130,000 Nye-Holman Nursery: Two to four year transplants. . • 23,000

$2,508,000 Of the trees available for planting in 1937 the largest number are of red pine, Norway and white spruce.

(8) FOREST RESEARCH One of the results of the C. C. C. in Connecticut which will be of increasing significance is the foundation laid for more accurate forest information through research under the direction of Dr. Raymond Kienholz in cooperation with the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station and the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Phenological Observations—Previous to this no accurate records have been kept as to the time of flowering or seeding of our trees or as to the amount of seed produced. The following table shows that 1934 was a good seed year for most species, while 1935 was poor except for white 80 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION asli and 1936 promises to be poor for all species. Such records kept over a series of years are valuable in showing the frequency of seed years.

Table No. 33—< of Seed Crop

Species 1934. 1935 1936 Species 1934. 1935 1936 Maple, red .. G G F Pine, white ... G P P Maple, sugar . . G P I' Aspen, Lt ... G P F Birch, black ... G F F Aspen, trembling...... G F F Birch, yellow . . G P P Cherry, black ... G P P Birch, paper . . G F P Oak, white ... F P P Birch, gray .. G G P (>ak, red ... G P P Beech .. G P P Oak, scarlet . . . F P P Ash, white . . F G P Oak, chestnut P P Hickory, bitternut.. . P P Oak, black ... F P P Hickory, globra .. F P P Basswood P F Hickory, shagbark.. . P P Hemlock ... G P F Butternut .. F t' P Elm, white . . . F F Cedar, red P F Tulip, yellow ... G P P Average PP G-Good F-Fair P-Poor Weather conditions have an important bearing upon forest growth. Since little is known about the local variations in Connecticut weather the measurements made at the C. C. C. camps are of real value. The temperature readings given in Table No. 34 show that the average tem- peratures for a month seldom vary by more than five degrees for different sections of the state. Similarly maximum temperatures in this period did not vary more than 6 degrees with the highest at Camps Hook and White, but minimum temperatures varied by 13 degrees with the coldest at Camp Roberts. In general it appears that Camp Toumey in Mohawk Forest is the coldest camp and Camp Hook in New Fairfield the hottest.

Extreme cold is an important factor in the control of insects. The pine shoot moth, the most serious enemy of the red pine, may be killed at a temperature of 4 degrees below zero and all shoot moths in an area will be killed if the temperature drops to 18 degrees below zero. In the same way some Gipsy Moth egg masses are killed at 5 degrees below and all are killed at 25 degrees below zero. Of course, egg masses covered with deep snow are not affected. From this it appears that all pine shoot moths near Camps White and Roberts should have been killed last winter and that most shoot moths and the exposed Gipsy Moth egg masess should have been killed in other sections of the state. However, the deep snow protected many of the Gipsy Moth egg masses. Table No. 34—Mean Monthly Air Temperature

1935 1936 Highest Lowest Camp County May June July Aug. Sept. Oc\ Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Max. Mm. Tourney Litchfield 52 63 71 67 57 51 40 22 21 17 38 40 58 64 90 -8 Roberts Litchfield 55 64 70 68 . . 50 43 25 25 19 41 42 58 65 90 -20 White Litchfield 56 66 72 68 58 50 44 26 24 18 40 45 59 66 95 -18 Robinson Hartford 53 64 71 68 58 51 38 24 22 17 .. 43 60 64 90 -14 Graves Tolland 55 63 72 68 58 51 43 23 23 18 41 41 .. .. 91 -13 Fernow Windham 54 64 71 67 59 50 44 44 58 65 90 -10 Hook Fairfield 64 73 71 61 . . 44 26 27 21 42 44 61 66 95 -7 Roosevelt Middlesex 53 66 72 70 60 50 40 26 26 20 41 42 59 65 92 -12 Stuart Middlesex 45 25 25 19 43 45 58 65 . . -15 Jenkins Middlesex 57 64 71 68 .. 52 45 26 23 20 42 45 61 63 89 -9 Chapman New London 55 65 72 69 62 53 ...... , . 90

Variation 5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 82 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

There is 110 such uniformity in rainfall. Table No. 35 shows that the rainfall may not only be twice as much one month as another, but may be twice as much in one camp as in another in the same month. Thus the average rainfall in March 1936 was 8.38 inches as compared to 2.96 inches in February. In January the rainfall at Camp Filley was 8.28 inches, compared to 4.86 inches at Camp Roosevelt about 8 miles distant.

Table No. 35—Monthly Precipitation 1936

Station County January February March April May June 8 Roosevelt Middlesex 4.86 5.40 6.73 4.43 1.61 7.27 7 Hook Fairfield 5.96 2.29 7.14 3.82 2.30 5.56 10 Buck Middlesex 3.15 6.25 5.72 11 Filley Middlesex 8.28 2.90 8.43 5.62 2.33 9.49 9 Stuart Middlesex 6.79 3.40 8.70 2.69 5.41 2 Roberts Litchfield 6.55 2.69 8.28 3.58 3.17 4.16 6 Fernow Windham 4.89 2.70 9.19 3.00 3.75 3.17 3 White Litchfield 5.65 2.32 8.56 2.98 3.01 5.90 1 Toumey Litchfield 6.29 2.40 7.01 3.89 4.21 4.36 4 Robinson Hartford 3.32 2.24 3.90 5 Graves Tolland 5.28 2.55 11.52 5.00

Averages 6.06 2.96 8.38 3,88 3.16 5.35

Plantation Damage Study—This study of damage to forest plantations showed that in some cases (Housatonic Forest) as much as 43 % of the trees planted were damaged while in the Peoples Forest the damage was only 3 per cent. Deer were listed as the cause of the damage in 78 per cent of the cases observed, ants in 8 per cent, squirrels in 5 per cent, mice 4 per cent, mechanical causes 3 per cent, rabbits and birds each 1 per cent.

Hardwoods Disease Survey—Nearly 1,500 tenth acre plots on 15,000 acres of State Forest land were examined for diseases and defects of hard- woods, particularly Nectria and Strumella cankers. The field work required was 1.2 man days per plot. The average per cent of the trees having Nectria cankers, our most serious hardwood disease, was as follows: Tunxis Forest, 7 %; Meshomasic Forest, 6 %; and Cockaponset Forest, 3%. Certain weed species such as mountain maple, sumac, stripped maple, black gum and dogwood were found to be very susceptible and may serve as a means of spreading the disease. The birches are all highly susceptible with black birch leading the list. They are sometimes killed by the disease whereas the maples seem capable of outgrowing the canker. Of 2,200 cankers examined, 11 % were fruiting abundantly, 5 % sparsely and 84 % were not fruiting at all.

STARTING DOWN SKI TRAIL IN TUNXIS FOREST THIS RED PINE PLANTATION 25 YEARS OLD IS GROWING AT THE RATE OF 2% CORDS AN ACRE A YEAR

83 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Table No. 36—Species Arranged According to Susceptibility to Nectria Disease Per Cent No of Trees Having Species Examined Nectria Mountain Maple , 19 63.3 Sumac 6 50. Stripped Maple 505 34. Black Gum 83 26.5 Dogwood 29 17.3 Black Birch 3,581 16.7 Grey Birch 1,378 15.2 Yellow Birch 2,321 13.7 White Birch 1,679 8.9 Sassafras 443 8.8 Sugar Maple 2,459 7.9 Black Oak 549 7.8 Red Maple 10,399 7.5 Aspen 484 7.2 Alder 115 7. Basswood 298 6.4 Scarlet Oak 514 4.7 Black Cherry 774 3.5 Shadbush 123 3.3 Red Oak 3,060 2.8 Hickory 1,508 2.8 Pin Cherry 92 2. Tulip.....' 207 1. White Oak 2,389 .6 Chestnut Oak 1,222 .6 Beech " 2,484 .5 Blue Beech 197 .5 Hop Hornbeam 770 .5 White Ash 1,623 .3 Elm 69 -0 Butternut 35 .0 Scrub Oak 19 .0 Witch Hazel 1 .0 Black Walnut .' 2 .0 A New Disease of Oaks—A study was made of a rot of oaks found on the Nehantic Forest. The rot is caused by Polyporus hispidus but is not prevalent enough to be of much importance. Decay of Sprout Hardwoods—Plots examined for the amount and avenue of entrance of decay into sprout oak stands in Connecticut indicated a rather small per cent showing heart rot. In most cases the decay came from the old stump.

(9) Forests and Scenic Beauty of Connecticut and Forest Recreation Few can have failed to notice the ever increasing enthusiasm for the beauty of our state. In its old tree lined villages and its parked high- ways Connecticut has features which are unique. It is true that certain sections of the state are being ruined and greatly depreciated from a real estate standpoint by undesirable developments. Among the factors which have tended to offset these undesirable tendencies is the steadily improving quality of our forests. Twenty years ago when our hillsides were covered with dead chestnut, they gave a forlorn aspect to the country- side. Similarly great annual burns of twenty to forty thousand acres 84 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION scattered about the state kept many sections in a barren condition. Now that the burns have been held down for a series of years to about a quarter of one per cent of the wooded area, our hillsides are everywhere green and beautiful. In time these forests will again be ripe for cutting. Provision should be made for protecting our scenic roads from forest devastation. This can be done either by the extension of the state forest system along more of these roads, or by a more general adoption of the zoning principles. Probably both should be used. An effort is made to have the state forests contribute to the beauty of the State not only by producing larger trees and more evergreens than in our private forests, but by applying landscape principles to our state forest roads of which more than one hundred miles are open for auto traffic. Under the direction of Mr. George Cromie the C. C. C. boys have done a great deal to beautify these roads. Instead of planting along these road sides Mr. Cromie has adopted the principle of encouraging the native shrubs. Wherever there are promising shrubs of laurel, azalea, dogwood, blueberries, or other species, these are given a better opportunity by removing any inferior trees which may be shading them. In some places plots of a half acre along the roads are given over to such flowering shrubs. In this way the roads are relieved of the monotony which exists in many ordinary wood roads.

Forests are contributing more to the recreational needs of the people than ever before. The improved road system of the state makes it possible for many city workers either to live in the country or maintain cottages for week-end occupancy. In addition there are great numbers who have no property in the country, but want to spend their week-ends out of doors. Since the establishment of the C. C. C. about fifty separate picnic areas have been developed in the state forests, provided with 357 fire places, 743 tables, and necessary toilet facilities and fuel wood. Many of these are small and intended for only a few people. All of them are crowded on Sundays during the summer. More than 92,000 visitors were counted in 1935.

All of the developments in the state parks and forests and along the state highways have failed to satisfy the popular demand for such places. The state forests are acquired primarily for other purposes. They contain large areas of little present value for ordinary recreation. While there are many miles of beautiful roads which may be enjoyed from a car and other miles of foot trails open to the pedestrian, it is safe to say that ninety-five per cent of the people who use the forests picnic on and really use less than five per cent of the entire area. A beautiful ravine and brook or pond surrounded by woods or a mountain top overlooking the forest—these are the kind of places the people want. A few people wish to explore the wilds and find beauty for themselves. For such the crowded picnic area is spoiled. It is, therefore, not right to develop all the beauty spots in a forest system. Some must be kept unspoiled and entirely natural. The Canaan Mountain portion of the Housatonic Forest is being kept for such people. Here is an 1800 acre tract of mountain country which can be explored by foot trail. Portions of other forests are being kept natural and wild: the Pack grove in the Peoples Forest; 85 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Falls Brook and Roaring Brook in Tunxis Forest; Bigelow Brook in Natchaug. Obviously to fill these two needs, those of the rugged indi- vidualist and the man who is not too rugged in his recreation, large areas are needed. In any such large areas in Connecticut beauty spots will be found. There are, however, some sections of the state where other forms of recreation can be combined with those common to the forest. On Candlewood Lake and on the lower stretches of the Connecticut and Housatonic rivers boating and canoeing can be combined with hiking and picnicking. Here amid the finest scenery of the state there are oppor- tunities for large multiple use state forests. Up to the present time nothing has been done for water sports other than bathing. Simple recreational developments such as those already made in several forests are inexpensive to maintain. Places of special interest include the following: Foot trail of seven miles over Canaan Mt. through some of the wildest forest in the state and terminating in a splendid view to the northwest. Mohawk Mt. and lookout with bronze tablet indicating direction of points of interest and one open shelter. Bragg Pond in Tunxis Forest. Henry Buck trail in American Legion Forest. Nature museum and nature trail in Peoples Forest and four open shelters. Massacoe Pond in Simsbury Forest; Natchaug river area; Soapstone Mt. Lookout tower; Cobalt Mine area; Phillips and Green Falls Pond and Mt. Misery observation tower in Pachaug Forest; Chatfield Hollow ponds in Cockaponset; the old covered bridge (Comstock bridge) across the Salmon river. This bridge, one of three left in the state, was repaired by the C.. C. C. as a permanent example of these historic structures. Winter sports are just beginning to gain headway in southern New England. The popularity of the ski trails in Tunxis and Mohawk indicates that our forests may have a large recreational use in winter as well as in summer. The following is a brief description of these ski trails: No. 1. Length one-half mile; widths varying, take-off 27 feet wide, corner at base of main run 100 feet wide; width of curves 60 feet; straight-aways 16 to 40 feet. Maximum grade 37 per cent, minimum 9 per cent. Slope exposure west and north. No. 2. Length one-half mile; width 12' to 20' mostly 14'. Grades: maximum 29 per cent, minimum 8 per cent. Exposure southwest. Well shaded so that snow remains longer than on No. 1. These trails should be classed as "expert" and "intermediate". A shelter will be completed by winter. Mohawk Forest, Cornwall and Goshen. No. 1. East of Toumey Boad. Length one-half mile. Width 12 feet. Grades: Maximum 13 per cent; minimum 1 per cent; average 7 per cent. Slope exposure north and south loop. No. 2. Clark Hill north. Length 1 mile. Width 12 feet. Grades: maximum 14 per cent, average 8 per cent. Exposure north. No. 3. Tower and Hancock road. Length one and one-quarter miles. Width 12 feet. Grades: maximum 20 per cent, average 11 per cent. Exposure north and east. 86 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

Table No. 37—Recreational Facilities in the State Forests June 30, 1936

No of No of No of Fire No of Bath Open Forest Places Tables Houses Shelters American Legion 5 9 Cockaponset 64 121 Housatonic 5 6 Mattatuck 9 8 Meshomasic 19 19 Mohawk 46 82 Natchaug 25 84 Naugatuck 13 20 Nehantic 2 2 Nepaug 5 Nipmuck 24 24 Nye-Holman Pachaug 26 26 Paugnut 5 6 Peoples 76 249 Pootatuck 6 12 Salmon River Shenipsit Simsbury 5 41 2 1 Tunxis 22 34 1 2 Total 357 743 15 12

(10) PRIVATE FORESTRY As indicated in the previous report considerable hope was entertained by foresters that better private forest practice would result from Article X of the Lumber Code. Under this Article rules of forest practice became effective June 1,1934. However, they were never enforced, as the Supreme Court declared the National Recovery Act unconstitutional.

After the Agricultural Adjustment Act was also declared uncon- stitutional Congress passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act. The underlying principle of this Act is to encourage farmers by government subsidies to substitute soil conserving for soil depleting crops, thus supplementing the work of the newly established Soil Conserva- tion Service. These acts are undoubtedly aimed primarily to aid the West where tremendous damage has been done by cultivating areas in the dry belt which should have been kept in grass; and in the South where destructive erosion has followed deforestation. However, the program adopted for the Northeast includes among other measures payment to farmers up to $5.00 an acre for forest planting on land formerly cultivated or pastured. The suggestion has been made by a group of New England foresters that measures to improve existing forests would be equally meritorious from a soil conservation standpoint.

Whether these Federal subsidies are permanent or not state legislation prohibiting destructive clear cutting is very desirable. The recent floods have brought to public attention more than ever the value of forests in conserving soil and water resources. 87 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

(11) FOREST TAXATION Since the passage of the forest taxation law of 1929, there have been no applications for classification under the law of 1913, although it is still in force. Thirty-four certificates have been issued altogether under the 1913 law covering 4,565.2 acres. Tax Law of 1929—Sections 1188 to 1191 General Statutes allow towns to increase real estate values on certified lands from time to time, but exempts from taxation all tree growth thereon. Since most towns reassess their real estate each decade, there is no particular advantage in having land classified under this law until shortly before the next revaluation which will be in 1940 in most cases. During the past seven years 46 certificates have been issued covering 5,130.2 acres. The distribution of these certificates by counties is shown in Table No. 38. Table No. 38—Forest Lands Classified Under Section 1188, General Statutes, Revision of 1930 No. of No. of Owners Who Acres County Classified Land Classified Litchfield 6 1,173.9 Hartford 1 7. Tolland 7 445. Windham 7 1,193.3 Fairfield 4 440. New Haven 8 263. Middlesex 2 303. New London 11 1,305. Total • 46 5,130.2 Table No. 39—Tenth State Grant in Lieu of Taxes on State Forests to 51 Towns Under the Provisions of Section 1103, General Statutes Revision 1930 1 2 3 4 5 6 Designation of Acreage Total Tax Rate State Name of Town State Forests (a) (b) Valuation (c) Mills (d) Grant (e) Ashford .. . Natchaug 709.70 $4,968 25 $124.20 Nipmuck 809.25 5,665 25 141.63

Total 1,518.95 10,633 265.83

Barkhamsted.. . 549. 9,882 17 167.99 Peoples 1,876.8 33,782 17 574.29 Tunxis 1,079.5 19,431 17 330.33

Total 3,505.3 63,095 1,072.61

Beacon Falls . . , . . Naugatuck 900. 9,000 24 216.00 Bethany . . .Naugatuck 33. 330 20 6.60 Burlington . . . Nepaug 601.5 6,015 25 150.38 Canaan . . Housatonic 1.691.145 11.838 17 201.25 Chaplin . . Natchaug 780.5 6,244 23 143.61 Chester . . . Cockaponset 2,558.75 12,744 20 254.88 Clinton . . Cockaponset 13.5 108 13 1.40

Cornwall . . Housatonic 1,367.125 10,937 16.5 180.46 Mohawk 1,955.94 15,493 16.5 255.63

Total 3,323.065 26,430 436.09 88 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

TablE UIIIeC No1HO. . oy39—(Continued IV.OFI II RI LIEU) j

1 2 3 4 5 6 Designation of Acreage Total Tax Rate State Name of Town State Forests (a) (b) Valuation (c) Mills (d) Grant (e) Eastford . . Natchaug 3,393.3 23,753 26 617.58 East Hampton.. .. Meshomasic 2,172. 10,860 22 238.92 East Lyme . . Nehantic 1,093.7 10,937 21 229.68 Ellington . . Shenipsit . 1,153. 5,520 24 132.48 Glastonbury...... Meshomasic... 508.5 2,034 22.5 45.77 Goshen . .Mohawk 1,054.2 10,542 17 179.21 Griswold . .Pachaug 1,660.5 8,303 30 249.09 Guilford . .Cockaponset 355.5 3,739 13.5 50.48 Haddam . . Cockaponset 2,728.85 13,644 21 286.52 Hampton . . Natchaug 875. 6.125 24 147. Hartland . . Tunxis 4,910.81 57,652 18 1,037.74 Kent . .Mohawk 315. 2,205 20 44.10 Killingworth . . Cockaponset 1,531. 13,014 30 390.42 Litchfield . .Mattatuck 106.5 1,331 17 22.63 Mohawk 5. 63 17 1.07 Total 111.5 1,394 23.70

Madison . . Cockaponset 549.75 4,924 18 88.63 Marlborough . .Meshomasic 52.5 315 25 7.88 Naugatuck . . Naugatuck 660. 5,816 19 110.50 New Fairfield.. . .. Pootatuck 960. 9,600 20 192.00 New Hartford. . ... Nepaug 805. 4.495 23 103.39 North Canaan.. . . Housatonic 391. 3,910 20 78.20 Oxford . . Naugatuck 372. 5,360 19 101.84 Plainfield .Pachaug 674.5 5,045 31 156.40 Plymouth . Mattatuck 366.9 3,669 21 77.05 Pomfret . Natchaug 332.5 3,325 30 99.75 Portland . Meshomasic 2,737.25 13,686 24.5 335.31 Salem . Nehantic 286. 1,716 16 27.45 Salisbury . Housatonic 250. 1.250 12 15.00 Saybrook . Cockaponset 1,350. 6,750 21 ' 141.75 Sharon . Housatonic 2,926.12 13,168 20 263.36 Simsbury . Simsbury 130. 2,600 13 33.80 Somers . Shenipsit 632.75 4,429 24.5 108.51 Stafford . Nipmuck 315. 1,575 21 33.08 Shenipsit 1,450.9 8,032 21 168.67 Total 1,765.9 9,607 201.75

Thomaston . Mattatuck 553.1 6,637 25 165.93 Tolland . Ny e-Holman 186. 1,580 25 39.50 Torrington .Paugnut 1,457. 10,166 16.5 167.74 Union . Nipmuck 1.124.3 8,470 14 118.58 Voluntown . Pachaug 7,358.33 36,791 37 1,361.27 Waterbury . Mattatuck 413.2 4,132 32 132.22 Watertown .Mattatuck 1,143.29 17,149 22 377.28 Westbrook . Cockaponset 45. 450 14 6.30 Willington . Nipmuck 486.75 4,137 7 28.96 Total 64,797.71 $505,336 21.7 iflO,961.69 1

(1 It is interesting to note that this State grant, which is based upon the valuation of similar property in the towns and the prevailing tax rates, amounted to slightly less than the previous year ($11,028 50) although the area covered was about 700 acres greater than in the previous list It may also be of interest that the State of Pennsylvania pays to county and town governments a similar grant of $82,666 30 on its state forests 89 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE STATE FORESTER For the Riennium Ended June 30, 1935 State Forester Appropriation **$74,836.00 Receipts from State Forest Products Sales 18,153.16 $92,989.16 Disbursements for Maintenance, Development and * Acquisition of Land: *American Legion $917.87 Cockaponset 3,615.26 Housatonic 306.33 Mattatuck 229.50 Meshomasic 514.60 *Mohawk 1,774.47 *Natchaug 5,564.74 Naugatuck 999.27 Nehantic 382.19 Nepaug 177.63 Nipmuck 203.95 Nye-Holman 1,485.38 Pachaug 3,170.51 Paugnut 357.80 Peoples 6,434.59 Pootatuck 192.21 Simsbury 584.31 Shenipsit 197.49 Tunxis 340.03 General Expenses 15,075.23 Salaries 48,040.66

$90,564.02 Reverted to State Treasury 17.90 Balance of State Forest Products Sales Fund.. . 2,407.24 2,425.14

$92,989.16

< Expended from Forest Products Sales Fund for acquisition of land $1,163 00 < Including" additional amounts of $2,000' voted by Board of Finance and Control to meet expenses of the Field Agent for Commission on Forests and Wild Life 90 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE STATE FOREST FIRE WARDEN For the Riennium Ended June 30, 1935 State Forest Fire Warden Appropriation $101,362.00 Reimbursements: Unexpended balance carried over July 1,1933 $29,111.58 From Counties 12,269.06 From Cities 782.95 From Railroads 383.20 From U. S. Forest Service 29,485.00 Fines 17.00 From parties responsible for fires 583.39 From miscellaneous sources 256.79 72,888.97

$174,250.97 Disbursements: 1. Administration $12,591.24 2. Field Personnel 51,114.16 Fire Fighting 25,639.54 3. Improvements 54,473.35 Other expenditures 2,940.02 146,758.31 Reverted to State Treasury 9,246.92 Balance of Reimbursement Fund 18,245.74 27,492.66 $174,250.97

1. Expenses connected with central headquarters. 2. Salaries, travelling and office expenses of field force including maintenance of lookout stations, fire trucks, patrols, etc. 3. Includes fire fighting equipment, tools, etc. Note: Reverted to Treasury 7/1/34 due to unexpected ruling that first year balances may not be carried over: Train crews $5,000. Motor Vehicles 2,063. Prevention 1,272. Suppression 891. 91 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE STATE FORESTER AND FOREST FIRE WARDEN For the Year Ended June 30, 1936 State Forester Appropriation for 1st year of Biennium *$37,736.24 State Forest Products Sales Fund: Balance on hand July 1, 1935 $2,407.24 Receipts 13,357.40 15,764.64 $53,500.88 Expenditures as of June 30, 1936 $45,602.39 Reverted to State Treasury 37.36 45,639.75

Balance State Forest Products Sales July 1,1936 $7,861.13

State Forest Fire Warden Appropriation for 1st year of Biennium *$41,619.16 Reimbursements: Balance on hand July 1, 1935 $18,245.94 From Counties 7,612.20 From Cities 637.99 From Railroads 561.77 From U. S. Forest Service 14,750.00 Fines 26.00 From parties responsible for fires 241.36 From miscellaneous sources 394.37 $24,223.69 $84,088.59 Expenditures as of June 30, 1936 63,594.84

Ralance Reimbursement Fund July 1, 1936. . . $20,493.75 including following additional amounts from General Fund to cover shortage incurred by one-half salary cut restoration: Forester Appropriation $591.24 Forest Fire Warden Appropriation 185.16 92 REPORT OF STATE PARK AND FOREST COMMISSION

STATE FORESTRY DEPARTMENT EMERGENCY CONSERVATION FUND—25-3101

(Special Act 487-—June 1933)

Sent to Reserve Deposits U. S. Treasury Fund Dec. 12, 1933-June 30, 1935 *$17,749.80 $5,389.71 $12,360.09 July 1, 1935-Sept. 30, 1935 8,443.23 3,934.32 4,509.91 Oct. 1, 1935-Dec. 31, 1935 17,777.82 8,888.91 8,888.91 Jan. 1, 1936-Mar. 31, 1936 8,878.11 4,439.05 4,439.06 Apr. 1, 1936 June 30, 1936 6,427.10 3,213.55 3,213.55

Total *$59,276.06 $25,865.54 $33,410.52

* Including $147.00 due from A. A. Young.