Name: ______

1. The Earth’s actual shape is most correctly described 3. According to the reference diagram of the as Electromagnetic Spectrum, which form of 1. a circle 2. a perfect sphere electromagnetic energy has the longest wavelength? 3. an oblate sphere 4. an eccentric ellipse 1. radio waves 2. infrared 3. red light 4. gamma rays

2. The diagram shows the altitude of Polaris above the horizon at a certain location. 4. An air mass originating over north central Canada would most likely be 1. warm and dry 2. warm and moist 3. cold and dry 4. cold and moist

What is the latitude of the observer? 1. 10º North 2. 40º North 3. 50º North 4. 90º North 5. Which graph best represents the relationship between the moisture-holding capacity (ability to hold moisture) of the atmosphere and atmospheric temperature?

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6. In the diagram of a mountain, locations A and B have the same elevation.

Compared to the climate at location A, the climate at location B will be 1. warmer and drier 2. cooler and drier 3. warmer and wetter 4. cooler and wetter 7. Two coastal cities have the same latitude and elevation, but are located near different oceans. Which statement best explains why the two cities have different climates? 1. They are at different longitudes. 2. They are near different ocean currents. 3. They have different angles of insolation. 4. They have different numbers of daylight hours.

8. As warm, moist air moves into a region, barometric pressure readings in the region will generally 1. decrease 2. increase 3. remain the same

Figure 1

The diagrams show the steps used to determine the amount of heat held by equal masses of iron, copper, lead, and granite.

9. [Refer to figure 1] Which substance has the highest specific heat? 1. copper 2. granite 3. iron 4. lead

Figure 2

Base your answer to the question on the Earth Science Reference Tables, the weather map below showing part of the United States, and your knowledge of earth science. Letters A through E represent weather stations. 10. [Refer to figure 2] At which weather station is the barometric pressure reading most likely to be 1,018.0 millibars? 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

11. [Refer to figure 2] At which station is precipitation most likely occurring at the present time? 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

12. [Refer to figure 2] If the low-pressure center follows a normal storm track, it will move toward the 1. southeast 2. southwest 3. northeast 4. northwest 13. The diagrams represent four systems of imaginary lines that could be used to locate positions on a planet. Which system is most similar to the latitude-longitude system used on the Earth?

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Figure 3

The diagram shows part of the orbit of a satellite around the Earth. The distance from the satellite’s orbit to the Earth’s surface is 75 kilometers. 14. [Refer to figure 3] 17. The weather map shows a frontal system that has In which portion of the Earth’s atmosphere is the satellite followed a typical storm track. located? 1. troposphere 2. stratosphere 3. mesosphere 4. thermosphere

15. Which process is primarily responsible for the transfer of energy by air currents within the Earth’s atmosphere? 1. convection 2. radiation 3. absorption 4. conduction

16. In the diagram of the water cycle, letters A through D represent the processes taking place. The air mass located over point X most likely originated over the 1. northern Atlantic 2. central part of Ocean Canada 3. Gulf of Mexico 4. Pacific Northwest

18. Which map below correctly shows the wind directions of the high-pressure and low-pressure systems?

Which arrow represents the process of transpiration? 1. A 2. B 1. 3. C 4. D

2.

3.

4.

Figure 4

The diagram represents a topographic map. 19. [Refer to figure 4] 21. [Refer to figure 4] What is the elevation of the highest contour line on hill In which general direction is Trout Brook flowing when it W? passes under Smith Road? 1. 440 m 2. 510 m 1. northeast 2. northwest 3. 560 m 4. 610 m 3. southeast 4. southwest

20. [Refer to figure 4] On which side of hill X is the steepest slope found? 1. north 2. east 3. southeast 4. southwest

Figure 5

The diagrams represent station models showing weather data collected at four different times during one day at a location in the United States. 22. [Refer to figure 5] 24. As shown in the diagram, an empty 1,000.-milliliter What was the barometric pressure at 4 p.m.? container has a mass of 250.0 grams. When filled with a 1. 26.0 mb 2. 260 mb liquid, the container and the liquid have a combined mass 3. 1,002.6 mb 4. 1,026 mb of 1,300. grams.

23. [Refer to figure 5] At what time was the probability of precipitation greatest at this location? 1. 1 p.m. 2. 10 a.m. 3. 7 a.m. 4. 4 p.m.

What is the density of the liquid? 1. 1.00 g/mL 2. 1.05 g/mL 3. 1.30 g/mL 4. 0.95 g/mL 25. How does the position of Polaris appear to change 29. The rate of evaporation from the surface of a lake as an observer travels due north form the Equator? would be increased by 1. The angle of Polaris above the northern horizon 1. a decrease in wind velocity decreases. 2. a decrease in the amount of insolation 2. The angle of Polaris above the northern horizon 3. an increase in the surface area of the lake increases. 4. an increase in the moisture content of the air 3. Polaris appears to move westward. 4. Polaris appears to move eastward. 30. Which map below best represents the normal air circulation around a high-pressure air mass located over 26. Which type of surface would most likely be the central New York State? best reflector of electromagnetic energy? 1. dark-colored and rough 2. dark-colored and smooth 1. 3. light-colored and rough 4. light-colored and smooth

27. The diagram shows a container of water that is 2. being heated.

3.

The movement of water shown by the arrows is most 4. likely caused by 1. density differences 2. insolation 3. the Coriolis effect 31. The diagram shows the positions of the cities of 4. the Earth’s rotation Seattle and Spokane, Washington. Both cities are located at approximately 48° N latitude, and they are separated by the Cascade Mountains. 28. Which process requires the addition of energy to water? 1. freezing of water 2. cooling of water 3. vaporization of water 4. condensation of water

How does the climate of Seattle compare with the climate of Spokane? 1. Seattle–hot and dry; Spokane–cool and humid 2. Seattle–hot and humid; Spokane–cool and dry 3. Seattle–cool and humid; Spokane–warm and dry 4. Seattle–cool and dry; Spokane–warm and humid

Figure 6

Base your answer to the question on your knowledge of earth science, the Earth Science Reference Tables, and the diagram below. The diagram shows equal masses of four different earth materials at different temperatures.

32. [Refer to figure 6] 34. Which diagram below best illustrates the heat If 10 Joules of heat is added to each sample, the transfer movement in fluids? smallest change in temperature will occur in the 1. granite 2. iron 3. water 4. dry air

1. 33. [Refer to figure 6] Which statement best describes the relationship between a heat sink and a heat source if the samples are placed in contact with each other? 1. The water will be a heat sink for the iron. 2. The iron will be a heat sink for the granite. 3. The granite will be a heat source for the dry air. 4. The dry air will be a heat source for the water.

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3.

4. 35. In general, good absorbers of electromagnetic radiation are also good 1. refractors 2. radiators 3. reflectors 4. convectors

36. An increase in heat energy can cause liquid water to 39. A pebble has a mass of 35 grams and a volume of 1. melt 2. condense 14 cubic centimeters. What is its density? 3. freeze 4. evaporate 1. 0.4 g/cm3 2. 2.5 g/cm3 3. 490 g/cm3 4. 4.0 g/cm3

37. Which abbreviation indicates a warm air mass that contains large amounts of water vapor? 40. Which symbol would be used to identify an air mass 1. cP 2. cT originating in central Canada? 3. mT 4. mP 1. mT 2. mP 3. cT 4. cP

38. Which station model represents a barometric pressure of 1,009.2 millibars and a temperature of 41. A high-pressure center is generally characterized by 75°F? 1. cool, wet weather 2. cool, dry weather 3. warm, wet weather 4. warm, dry weather 1.

42. According to the graph, what happens to the density of a mass of air when its water vapor content increases? 2.

3.

1. Density decreases. 4. 2. Density increases. 3. Density remains the same.

Figure 7

Each of the four climate graphs in the diagram shows the average monthly temperature and average monthly precipitation for a particular location. 43. [Refer to figure 7] 45. The diagram shows observations of the star Polaris. Which location is in the Southern Hemisphere? 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

44. Which statement about a stream is an inference rather than an observation? What is the latitude of point A in the diagram? 1. It is clear enough to see the bottom. 1. 8° N 2. 41° N 2. The velocity is 38 cm/sec. 3. 49° N 4. 59° N 3. The water temperature is 15ºC. 4. It will dry up next summer. 46. Which is true about isolines on a weather map? 1. They are of equal length. 2. They are evenly spaced. 3. They connect points with equal readings. 4. They are constant for 24 hours. 47. The diagram represents a single light source directly 49. Compared to a coastal location of the same over surface ab when in position 1. elevation and latitude, an inland location is likely to have 1. warmer summers and cooler winters 2. warmer summers and warmer winters 3. cooler summers and cooler winters 4. cooler summers and warmer winters

As the light is moved from position 1 to position 2, which is of equal distance form the surface, what will happen to the light intensity on the surface ab? 1. decrease 2. increase 3. remain the same 4. increase, then decrease

48. The diagram represents a portion of Earth’s surface that is receiving insolation. Positions A, B, C, and D are located on the surface of Earth.

At which position would the intensity of insolation be greatest? 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

Figure 8

The map represents various temperatures taken 1 meter above the floor in a closed room. Letters A through F are various locations in the room also located 1 meter above the floor. 50. [Refer to figure 8] The approximate temperature at location B is 1. 24ºC 2. 22ºC 3. 19ºC 4. 17ºC

51. In the diagram, locations A and B on the map of North America are source regions for air masses.

Compared to the air mass formed at location B, the air mass formed at location A will normally be 1. cooler and drier 2. cooler and wetter 3. warmer and drier 4. warmer and wetter

Figure 9

The diagram shows air movements associated with cumulus cloud formation over a lake during a summer day. A, B, C, and D are reference points. 52. [Refer to figure 9] Air rises from point A toward point B and forms clouds mainly because the air at point A has a 1. cool temperature and low water-vapor content 2. cool temperature and high water-vapor content 3. warm temperature and low water-vapor content 4. warm temperature and high water-vapor content

53. [Refer to figure 9] At which point does the air temperature first reach the dewpoint? 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

54. [Refer to figure 9] Point D is 10 kilometers above Earth’s surface. In which layer of the atmosphere is point D located? 1. upper troposphere 2. lower stratosphere 3. upper stratosphere 4. lower mesosphere 55. The diagram represents the route of a ship traveling from New York City to Miami, Florida.

Each night, a passenger on the ship observes Polaris. Which statement best describes the osberved changes in the altitude of Polaris made by the passenger during the voyage? 1. Each night, the altitude decreases in the northern sky. 2. Each night, the altitude decreases in the southern sky. 3. Each night, the altitude increases in the northern sky. 4. Each night, the altitude increases in the southern sky.

Figure 10

Points A, B, C, D, X, and Y are locations on the contour map shown in the diagram. Elevations are expressed in feet. The maximum elevation of Basket Dome is indicated at point X. 56. [Refer to figure 10] 58. [Refer to figure 10] In which general direction does the Tenaya Stream flow? The highest elevation on the map is at point 1. southeast to 2. northwest to 1. X 2. Y northwest southeast 3. C 4. D 3. southwest to 4. northeast to northeast southwest 57. [Refer to figure 10] Which graph best represents a profile along a line between point B and point A?

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Figure 11

Diagram I shows a house located in the United States. Diagram II shows a solar collector that the homeowner is using to help heat the house.

59. [Refer to figure 11] Air leaves the outlet of the solar collector because the air within the solar collector becomes 1. cooler and less 2. cooler and more dense dense 3. warmer and less 4. warmer and more dense dense 60. [Refer to figure 11] The homeowner decides to install carpet on the floor in the room that receives the most sunlight. A carpet with which characteristcis would absorb the most insolation? 1. smooth texture and light color 2. smooth texture and dark color 3. rough texture and light color 4. rough texture and dark color

Figure 12

The map shows a weather system that is affecting part of the United States. 61. [Refer to figure 12] 62. [Refer to figure 12] Which sequence of events forms the clouds associated Which map below best shows the areas in which with this weather system? precipitation is most likely occurring? [Darkened areas 1. Moist air rises and becomes saturated in clean air. represent precipitation.] 2. Moist air rises, becomes saturated, and condenses on microscopic particles. 3. Moist air falls and reaches the dewpoint in clean 1. air. 4. Moist air falls, reaches the dewpoint, and condenses on microscopic particles. 2.

3.

4.

63. [Refer to figure 12] 64. Rain falls from a cloud because Which diagram below shows the surface air movements 1. too few condensation nuclei are in the cloud most likely associated with the fronts? 2. the cloud's water droplets combine and become large enough to fall 3. evaporation in the upper portion of the cloud 1. causes the cloud to become smaller and "squeezes" water out 4. the temperature in the cloud rises above the dewpoint

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Figure 13

The diagram shows a time zone map. 65. [Refer to figure 13] The dashed boundaries between the time zones are how many degrees of longitude apart? 1. 10° 2. 15° 3. 23½° 4. 24°

66. Letters A through D in the diagram represent four processes that can occur when water changes phase.

Which process requires the addition of 2260 joules per gram? 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

67. The Florida and Gulf Stream currents along the east coast of North America are both 1. warm currents that flow northeastward 2. warm currents that flow southwestward 3. cool currents that flow northeastward 4. cool currents that flow southwestward

Figure 14

The diagram shows a contour map. Letters A through K are reference points on the map. 68. [Refer to figure 14] 72. A camper takes a 100-gram piece of basalt rock What is the latitude and longitude of location B? from a campfire and places it in a cup holding 250 1. 42°19' N 74°33' W milliliters of water. The temperature of the rock is 2. 42°20' N 74°33' W 300°C and the temperature of the water is 20°C. Air 3. 42°19' N 74°34' W temperature is also 20°C. In the process of heating the 4. 42°20' N 74°34' W water with the basalt, the temperature of the basalt decreased more than the temperature of the water increased. This difference most likely ccurred because 69. [Refer to figure 14] 1. water has a higher specific heat than basalt In which direction is Green River flowing? 2. water has a higher density than basalt 1. northeast 2. northwest 3. the basalt had a greater mass than the water did 3. southeast 4. southwest 4. the basalt had a higher starting temperature than the water did 70. [Refer to figure 14] The diagram below represents a topographic profile 73. By which process does water vapor change into between two points on the map. clouds? 1. condensation 2. evaporation 3. convection 4. precipitation

74. The dashed line on the map below shows a ship’s route from Long Island, New York, to Florida. As the ship travels south, the star Polaris appears lower in the northern sky each night.

Which two locations are represented on the diagram by X and Y, respectively? 1. A and I 2. B and H 3. H and E 4. K and C

71. A camper takes a 100-gram piece of basalt rock from a campfire and places it in a cup holding 250 milliliters of water. The temperature of the rock is 300°C and the temperature of the water is 20°C. Air temperature is also 20°C. Which statement best describes the rock-water system? 1. The rock is the heat sink, and the water is the The best explanation for this observation is that Polaris heat source. 1. rises and sets at different locations each day 2. The rock is the heat source, and the water is the 2. has an elliptical orbit around Earth heat sink. 3. is located directly over Earth’s Equator 3. The rock and the water are both heat sources. 4. is located directly over Earth’s North Pole 4. The rock and the water are both heat sinks.

75. When the dry-bulb temperature is 22°C and the wet-bulb temperature is 13°C, the relative humidity is 1. 10% 2. 33% 3. 41% 4. 59%

76. Which characteristics of a building material would provide the most energy-absorbing exterior covering for a house? 1. dark colored and smooth textured 2. dark colored and rough textured 3. light colored and smooth textured 4. light colored and rough textured

77. On a clear summer day, the surface of land is usually warmer than the surface of a nearby body of water because the water 1. receives less insolation 2. reflects less insolation 3. has a higher density 4. has a higher specific heat 78. As air on the surface of Earth warms, the density of the air 1. decreases 2. increases 3. remains the same

79. The diagram below shows the types of electromagnetic energy given off by the Sun. The shaded part of the diagram shows the approximate amount of each type actually reaching Earth’s surface.

Which conclusion is best supported by the diagram? 1. All types of electromagnetic energy reach Earth’s surface. 2. Gamma rays and x rays make up the greatest amount of electromagnetic energy reaching Earth’s surface. 3. Visible light makes up the greatest amount of electromagnetic energy reaching Earth’s surface. 4. Ultraviolet and infrared radiation make up the greatest amount of electromagnetic energy reaching Earth’s surface.

80. Most of Earth’s surface ocean current patterns are primarily caused by 1. the force of gravity 2. the impact of precipitation 3. prevailing winds 4. river currents

81. A student uses a sling psychrometer outdoors on a 82. A student used a sling psychrometer to measure the clear day. The dry-bulb (air) temperature is 10°C. The humidity of the air. If the relative humidity was 65% and water on the wet bulb will most likely the dry-bulb temperature was 10°C, what was the wet- 1. condense, causing the wet-bulb temperature to be bulb temperature? higher than the air temperature 1. 5°C 2. 7°C 2. condense, causing the wet-bulb temperature to be 3. 3°C 4. 10°C equal to the air temperature 3. evaporate, causing the wet-bulb temperature to be lower than the air temperature 4. evaporate, causing the wet-bulb temperature to be equal to the air temperature

Figure 15

Base your answer on the satellite image, which shows cloud patterns associated with weather fronts over the United States on a certain day. The states of Nebraska (NE) and New York (NY) have been labeled. 83. [Refer to figure 15] 84. [Refer to figure 15] At the time this satellite image was taken, what were the Which type of front was producing the weather in weather conditions in New York State? Nebraska when this image was taken? 1. clear skies with no precipitation 1. cold front 2. warm front 2. mostly cloudy in the northern part of the State 3. stationary front 4. occluded front and clear in the southern part 3. cloudy with heavy precipitation 4. very cloudy with no precipitation

Figure 16

Base your answer on the map, which shows the latitude and longitude of five observers, A, B, C, D, and E, on Earth. 85. [Refer to figure 16] 88. The diagram below shows a classroom What is the altitude of Polaris (the North Star) above demonstration. Two identical flashlights were placed in the northern horizon for observer A? the positions shown and they illuminated areas of varying 1. 0° 2. 10° size, A and B, on a classroom globe. Thermometers 3. 80° 4. 90° were then placed at the center of each illuminated area to measure the rate of temperature increase. Readings were taken over a period of 30 minutes. 86. [Refer to figure 16] Which two observers would be experiencing the same apparent solar time? 1. A and C 2. B and C 3. B and E 4. D and E

87. What is the dewpoint temperature when the dry- bulb temperature is 12°C and the wet-bulb temperature Students most likely observed that the temperature of is 4°C? area A increased at a 1. −9°C 2. 19°C 1. slower rate than the temperature of area B 3. 8°C 4. 4°C because area A received rays that were less concentrated 2. slower rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays that were more slanted 3. faster rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays that were more perpendicular to the surface 4. faster rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays with less total energy

89. Students wish to study the effect of elevation above sea level on air temperature and air pressure. They plan to hike in the Adirondack Mountains from Heart Lake, elevation 2,179 feet, to the peak of Mt. Marcy, elevation 5,344 feet. Which instruments should they use to collect their data? 1. anemometer and psychrometer 2. anemometer and barometer 3. thermometer and psychrometer 4. thermometer and barometer

90. The field map below shows air temperature measurements, in degrees Celsius, taken at the same elevation within a closed room. Two reference points, A and B, are shown. Which temperature field map shows correctly drawn isotherms?

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2. 3.

4.

Figure 17

Base your answer on the maps. Points A, B, C, X, and Y are locations on the topographic map. The small map identifies the New York State region shown in the topographic map.

91. [Refer to figure 17] Which graph best represents the profile from point B to point C?

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2.

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Figure 18

Base your answer on the two cross sections, which represent the Pacific Ocean and the atmosphere near the Equator during normal weather (cross section A) and during El Niño conditions (cross section B). Sea surface temperatures (SST) are labeled and trade-wind directions are shown with arrows. Cloud buildup indicates regions of frequent thunderstorm activity. The change from normal sea level is shown at the side of each diagram.

92. [Refer to figure 18] 95. [Refer to figure 18] Which statement correctly describes sea surface The development of El Niño conditions over this region temperatures along the South American coast and of the Pacific Ocean has caused Pacific trade winds during El Niño conditions? 1. changes in worldwide precipitation patterns 1. The sea surface temperatures are warmer than 2. the reversal of Earth’s seasons normal, and Pacific trade winds are from the 3. increased worldwide volcanic activity west. 4. decreased ozone levels in the atmosphere 2. The sea surface temperatures are warmer than normal, and Pacific trade winds are from the east. 3. The sea surface temperatures are cooler than 96. [Refer to figure 18] normal, and Pacific trade winds are from the Earth’s entire equatorial climate zone is generally a belt west. around Earth that has 4. The sea surface temperatures are cooler than 1. high air pressure and wet weather normal, and Pacific trade winds are from the east. 2. high air pressure and dry weather 3. low air pressure and wet weather 4. low air pressure and dry weather 93. [Refer to figure 18] Compared to normal weather conditions, the shift of the trade winds caused sea levels during El Niño conditions 97. As a ship crosses the Prime Meridian, an observer to on the ship measures the altitude of Polaris at 60°. 1. decrease at both Australia and South America What is the ship’s location? 2. decrease at Australia and increase at South 1. 60° south latitude and 0° longitude America 2. 60° north latitude and 0° longitude 3. increase at Australia and decrease at South 3. 0° latitude and 60° east longitude America 4. 0° latitude and 60° west longitude 4. increase at both Australia and South America

94. [Refer to figure 18] During El Niño conditions, thunderstorms increase in the eastern Pacific Ocean region because the warm, moist air is 1. less dense, sinking, compressing, and warming 2. less dense, rising, expanding, and cooling 3. more dense, sinking, compressing, and warming 4. more dense, rising, expanding, and cooling

Figure 19

The satellite image shows a Northern Hemisphere hurricane. 98. [Refer to figure 19] 99. What is the approximate location of the Canary Clouds form in the hurricane because the air is Islands Hot Spot? 1. sinking, expanding, and cooling 1. 32° S 18° W 2. 32° S 18° E 2. sinking, compressing, and warming 3. 32° N 18° W 4. 32° N 18° E 3. rising, expanding, and cooling 4. rising, compressing, and warming

Figure 20

Base your answer to the question on the weather map. The map shows a low-pressure system and some atmospheric conditions at weather stations A, B, and C. 100. [Refer to figure 20] Which cross section best represents the air masses, air movement, clouds, and precipitation occurring behind and ahead of the warm front located between stations A and B?

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