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Carbon Neutral Affordable Housing: a Guidebook for Providers, Designers and Students of Affordable Housing

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Carbon Neutral Affordable Housing: a Guidebook for Providers, Designers and Students of Affordable Housing Carbon Neutral Affordable Housing: A Guidebook For Providers, Designers And Students of Affordable Housing Emily R. Kilroy, James Wasley, John D. Quale, editors CARBON NEUTRAL DESIGN PROJECT The Society of Building Science Educators www.sbse.org 1 Spinnereistrasse Affordable Housing Complex Hard, Austria Kaufmann Hermann, Architect 2 The Society of Building Science Educators’ Carbon-Neutral Design (CND) Project Principal Investigator Click Here! CND Resources and other James Wasley, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee webistes are hyperlinked throughout this document Co-Principal Investigators Terri Meyer Boake, University of Waterloo This guide for providers, designers and Mary Guzowski, University of Minnesota students of affordable housing is a research John Quale, University of Virginia product of the SBSE Carbon Neutral Design Mike Utzinger, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (CND) Project and the CND Case Study Harvey Bryan, Arizona State University Protocol effort- a tool that this guide serves Pablo LaRoche, CalPoly Pomona to introduce. The CND Case Study Protocol for Affordable In partnership with: Housing has been tested to date through The American Institute of Architects three case studies that serve to illustrate Committee on the Environment (COTE) this guide. These buildings are each in Sustainability Discussion Group (SDiG) their own way striving towards carbon Educator/ Practitioner Network (EPN) neutrality, though it is important to note And Other Funding Sources that none of them achieve this end. They are each representative of a specific scale With additional support from: of construction, and each hold a host of interesting lessons to be learned. The Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture The authors would like to thank all of the The United States Green Building Council architects, experts, educators, students and Formal Education Committee residents who have participated in this effort BuildingGreen.com to date, as well as those who have provided Autodesk, Inc. funding dedicated to the cause of affordable The Aldo Leopold Foundation housing. The work continues... ecoMOD3 photos courtesy of Scott Smith Photography and ecoMOD3 team For information contact: Associate Professor James Wasley, AIA, LEED AP University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee [email protected] The Society of Building Science Educators www.sbse.org 3 Introduction Carbon Neutrality as a Goal for Affordable Housing A Provisional Standard for Carbon Neutrality: The 2030 Challenge The Society of Building Science Educators’ CARBON NEUTRAL DESIGN PROJECT 25 Imperatives The CND Case Study Protocol Other Resources The CARBON NEUTRAL DESIGN CASE STUDY PROTOCOL for Affordable Housing Alternate Frameworks for Pursuing High Performance Housing Additional Resources Glossary Links 4 25 Imperatives I. PLAN WITH CARBON NEUTRALITY AS THE GOAL The 100% Solution 1. Organize the Team with the Goal of Carbon Neutrality in Mind 2. Invest in Energy Modelling at the Outset 3. Define Affordabilty for the Long Haul 4. Express the Goal of Carbon Neutrality in the Program 5. Express the Goal of Carbon Neutrality in the Selection of the Site 6. Plan the Site and not just the Building to Reduce Carbon Impacts II. DESIGN FOR AN ARCHITECTURE WITHOUT POWER The first 50% 7. Design to Harness the Rhythms of the Climate 8. Design the Massing to Connect the Building to the Climate 9. Design the Envelope to Isolate the Building from the Climate 10. Heat the Building with the Sun 11. Reject the Sun when it’s Hot 12. Cool the Building Passively 13. Light the Space with the Lights OFF III. ENGINEER THE SYSTEMS TO BE INHERENTLY EFFICIENT The next 25% 14. Select Systems for Robustness and Transparency 15. Minimize Fan Power 16. Empower the Inhabitants through Design 17. Consider Systems Selection Holistically IV. PRODUCE YOUR OWN RENEWABLE ENERGY ON SITE The final 25% 18. Integrate Domestic Solar Hot Water now or Provide for it Later 19. Integrate Photovoltaics Now or Provide for them Later 20. Consider Providing Low-Carbon Heat and Power at a Neighborhood Scale V. GO BEYOND... Beyond the 2030 Challenge 21. Minimize the Carbon Embodied in the Building 22. Design for Disassembly 23. Reduce the Carbon Impacts of the Construction Process 24. Maximize the Carbon Sequestered in the Building VI. BUILD IN FEEDBACK LOOPS Forget about it working otherwise 25. Evaluate what You’ve Accomplished and Share the Results 5 Introduction: Carbon Neutrality as a Goal for Affordable Housing Affordable housing organizations strive to bills, insulating them from escalating prices Carbon & Greenhouse Gases alleviate the cost burden of housing for low- and reducing their negative impact on the income households by subsidizing rent and environment? What if we designed homes that Earth’s atmosphere is made up of gases, some home ownership financing. Costs associated met their own energy needs on site? Carbon occurring naturally and others generated by with occupancy, however, are a continual Neutral Design (CND) is a design approach human activities. Solar energy in the form source of financial stress for low-income that combines sustainable design strategies, of radiation passes through the atmosphere individuals. In the US, low-income household on-site renewable energy generation, and off and is absorbed by the earth’s surface and energy bills average $1,900 per year. As site renewable energy purchases, in order to then it is radiated back. Naturally occurring energy prices continue to rise and become both significantly reduce the energy demands greenhouse gasses trap some of this radiated more volatile with time, this burden will grow. of a home and eliminate the carbon impacts heat. This regulates temperatures and is part Implementing design strategies in affordable associated with occupying it. of what makes earth habitable. housing projects to increase energy efficiency can help extend the paycheck of a low-income Carbon Neutral Design Defined Human activities have caused greenhouse family while improving their quality of life. gases to increase in concentration in the Carbon Neutral Design (CND) is a movement atmosphere, resulting in more heat being At the same time, fossil fuels used in focusing on creating buildings that reduce trapped. Carbon dioxide is the primary buildings are a significant source of carbon or eliminate carbon dioxide emissions greenhouse gas growing in concentration. emissions contributing to climate change. throughout a building’s life cycle. A typical Fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas are Extreme weather events and changing climate building project generates carbon emissions stored carbon that has accumulated over patterns that are predicted to occur with throughout its lifespan. Before construction, millions of years. Combustion of fossil fuels CARBON AS A GOAL NEUTRALITY global climate change will disproportionately carbon is emitted when natural resources are and other industrial processed releases this affect this demographic. Building adaptations extracted of raw materials and are processed stored carbon at a rate much greater than needed to respond to these changing into building materials and products. During occurs naturally. Since industrialization conditions, ranging from higher energy bills construction, this occurs when building occurred in the early 1800s, the concentration due to increased reliance on heating and materials are transported to the construction of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has cooling systems to elevating buildings to site, when the site is excavated for increased by 25%. Greater concentrations respond to rising sea levels and increased construction, and when equipment and tools of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has flood events will bring unexpected costs that are operated. Once construction is complete, resulted in rising average temperatures low-income individuals may not be able to carbon emissions are generated from the globally and has the potential to cause more bear. building’s operation, including mechanical intense weather events, including storms systems, lighting, and appliance use. Still and droughts, elevate sea levels, and shift A reasonable response to these challenges more carbon is emitted at the end of the ecosystems. There is growing concern is to design more energy-efficient housing. building’s life, as the building materials are globally about the effects these changes in What if instead of just reducing a home’s either reused, recycled or sent to a landfill. climate patterns will have on daily life. energy needs, however, we designed homes that greatly reduced occupants’ utility INTRODUCTION: 6 A significant amount of the carbon dioxide Sustainability or “green” building occupancy energy needs of housing will help released to the atmosphere is attributable to certifications, like LEED, award points for low-income families stretch their monthly energy production. In the building sector, 84% design elements that reduce a building’s income further. of energy comes from fossil fuels, including environmental impact, including energy natural gas, oil, and coal. Fossil fuels are use. Many of these elements also reduce the On a philosophical level, CND empowers formed by the decomposition of organisms carbon impacts of a building. However, even low-income households to participate in the and have a high percentage of carbon. When at the highest level of achievement for energy dialogue on global climate change. Housing burned, carbon is emitted in the form of in these programs will not necessarily result
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