Palabras clave ecofeminismo. al llegar para Obioma de Nnameka, Nego-Feminismo el Ogundipe, Molara de Stiwanism el Emecheta, Buchi de activismo el con continuar para Steady Filomina de feminismo del hablando plenos. Empezaremos ciudadanos como cuenta en tenidas mujeres sean donde las sociedad la en positivo cambio un de necesidad la ycomparten activistas movimientos de emergen mujer. Todos africanos feminismos los la de autonomía agencia la yla buscar de la movimientos, aesos común preocupación la de partiendo África, en feminismo del manifestaciones distintas las Analizaremos nistas. protago las por vivida historia la y Ghana de oficial historia la entre conexión ver la para Salaga of Rain Harmattan Attah, Ayesha autora ghanesa la de novelas las en femeninos personajes los analizar es artículo este en interés Nuestro Resumen Keywords Ecofeminism. to Obioma Nnameka’s Nego-Feminism Stiwanism, Leslie’s Ogundipe Molara activism, Steady, Emecheta´s Filomina Buchi from Feminism African trace We will citizens. full are women where society in change of apositive necessity the share movements and activist as emerge Feminisms autonomy. and agency African female to seek feminisms, to African concern commonfrom a starting Africa, in feminism of manifestations different the develop We will characters. main by the lived experiences the and of Ghana history the between Salaga Rain Harmattan Attah, Harrunah Ayesha Ghanaian by the written novels the in women characters the contentionIt our to analyse is Abstract framing our study within African feminism theories as we look for the connections connections we look for the as theories feminism African within study our framing . Lo haremos enmarcando nuestro estudio en las teorías del feminismo africano africano feminismo del teorías las en estudio nuestro enmarcando haremos . Lo : African Feminisms, Nego-feminism, Womanism, stiwanism Nego-feminism, Feminisms, : African HARRUNA AYESHA IN FEMINISMS AFRICAN Revista Clepsydra Revista : feminismos africanos, feminismo de negociación, mujerismo, stiwanismo negociación, de feminismo africanos, : feminismos NOVELAS LAS EN AFRICANOS FEMINISMOS DOI: https://doi.org/10.25145/j.clepsydra.2019.18.06DOI: María DoloresMaría Raigón-Hidalgo* DE AYESHA HARRUNA ATTAH HARRUNA AYESHA DE , 18; noviembre 2019,, 18; noviembre pp. 129-151; e-2530-8424 ISSN: ATTAH’S NOVELS ATTAH’S Universidad de Córdoba de Universidad , Saturday’s Shadows , Saturday´s Shadows The Hundred Wells of Wells Hundred The and The Hundred Wells Wells Hundred yThe . - .
REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 129 REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 130 (S’s S) was York from New writing creative in University 2011.of in Fine Arts at Mounteducated Holyoke Columbia a Master Universityreceived and and College for 2010 the shortlisted Ayesha Region. was Writers’ Commonwealth Africa Prize, Rain Harmattan Trust Publishers and Africa. from Perfellowship Ankh novel,(USA). (HR) Rain She Harmattan published her wrote and first at Columbia University Biochemistry dictatorship. She studied amilitary under when forward. and have to back step when they and is, society for their best the what one’s to pursue what means, means, dreams refusal what understand all they future, envision abetter all portrays of women Attah that generations different end, the family. the of In do their it they for sake the although should not, they know they that situations accept they public Most of times the lives. private it and their in plays part the and occupy they of place the aware really are women Attah’s feminists. movement themselves to name feminist any or refuse to even to women and who writers do themselves not adscribe feminisms African common is to which something about cooperation, unity; negotiation and think characters women. female of these to It way Attah’s noticerelevance the interesting is either public or private both places. and occupying friends, queens, slaves, mothers, daughters, sisters, aunts, wives, nieces, grandmothers, househelp, teachers, women, artists, market students, of professionals, life; walks all women men occupied by and both space from social and physical By we mean place to or not. allowed are they if no matter spaces occupy way her the characters and of her country why her history reason rooted the novels the in is are .That spaces people the these who and occupy place concerned with is Attah characters. main by the stories narrated the and of Ghana history official the between connections Salaga of Rain Harmattan Attah, Harrunah and Other Stories Writers’ 2010 Prize Caine “Ekow” published the had in Anthology she has short stories and written 801 Yachting also and Magazine She Magazine. has Mail, Daily Accra Magazine Asymptote Magazine, African Africa, Imagine Magazine, York New as such magazines publishedseveral in essays and non-fiction, articles written also novels, she has from these Apart into Spanish. translated have been novel Her last origins. of kola nut the history she from its West the would outline African 2016Scholarship for proposal, her nonfiction Project 2013. in Dutch. Morland She and won Miles the publishedEnglish It in was was published2018. in was Wells of Salaga Hundred The None novels of three the * 1980s the Ghana’s in city Accra, born in capital was Attah Ayesha Harruna the to highlight we would like that of lense the feminism It through is Ayesha Ghanaian by novels the It the written contention our is to analyse framing our study within African feminism theories as we look as for the theories feminism African within study our framing E-mail
published 2015 in Manuscript for Kwani the shortlisted it been and had : [email protected] Ellas también cuentan. Ellas anthology Spanish included the in also . , Saturday’s Shadows where where Cola Coca to Caravans From Kola! and The Hundred and Wells Saturday’s Shadows Work in Progress Work in Progress , with a , with was was After the elections, the new president, Dr. Hilla Limann, forced Rawlings and his his and forced Rawlings president, new the Limann, elections, Dr. the Hilla After of military. the ranks higher the purged also leader, They Acheampong. General former government, the including members of military the several executed They government. the coup overthrew attempt and asecond, successful made Rawlings broke out them but of group another jail. of officers weren’t at first, They successful acoup. launched other junior officers several and Rawlings Lieutenant Jerry Flight 1979, for in prepared elections country the government. As military and civilian to agreement have a the and of aperiod unrest government the after overthrew 1972,On 13 successfully January Acheampong Lieutenant Colonel Kutu Ignatius were deeply which President. unpopular. implemented Busia measures austerity the became Akufo-Addo Edward Justice, aChief Prime Minister, the and became held won 1969 Busia in them. Busia, Abrefa Party, by Progress Kofi headed the and were constitution for Second Republic. Elections the drafted Liberation Council National military-police The Nkrumah. led a coup, overthrowing a group of officers 1966, president. life the On 24 February himself and state, aone-party Ghana made amendment that a constitutional pushed 1964, In economic impacts. Nkrumah varying with rulers, governed by military typically was Ghana years, twenty-five for independence, next the and after years nine ousted was Kwame Nkrumah, Thompsell Angela of characters. the lives the of influence Ghana’s which facts those history highlights Attah Rain, novel. the spirit underlies Harmattan the In is which rule, work to the done praise his by womenand independence from British to achieve point about of Ghana’s view role the independence, played with together by Nkrumah to Ghana’s history. parallel women Lizzie’s of these run lives hers. enthusiastic The with together them tied had and mother’s and experiences and grandmother times an interview for interview an 1957 since of Ghana history the alongside up to 1990s. family In same the in to change the fixed structures which do not allow them to rule their lives. their to rule do them not which allow structures fixed the to change novels generations to show ofAttah’s way different women the action in together get Ayesha in Harruna exemplified be will which Feminisms African in issues central discuss point, we will From starting rights. this political and civil environmental, out human, for their genuine voice their speaking forward putting communities Green Belt Movement for Maathai’s womento Wangari advocates rural which in connected on cooperation, negotiation and based to is Ecofeminism which Feminism Leslie’s women; Stiwanism Ogundipe Molara African for of activism who wrote about importance Emecheta the Buchi co-operation; and afew,to name 1981 who Steady Chioma Filomina in autonomy female addressed from, Feminism African trace we will amethod, As citizens. where women full are society in of apositive change necessity the movements share and activist emerge as they that fact the Feminisms common to African finds Feminisms”, Mekgwe Pinkie autonomy. and agency African female to seek “Theorizing feminisms, In African movements. from acommon of to concern these We depart character will fluid attention to the paying Africa, in of feminism manifestations develop different the In In briefly her in novels, we will characters female Attah’s orderIn to analyse
Harmattan Rain, Rain, Harmattan summarizes Ghana’s history after independence. Ghana’s first President, Ghana’s independence. first after Ghana’s history summarizes Circunspectre, she tells about the life of three generations of women of three about life the she tells Attah said that she had got fromshe her inspiration had that said Attah , Obioma Nnameka’s Nego-
REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 131 REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 132 1996 elections that followed, were won by Rawlings as well. 1996 as followed, were won that elections by Rawlings President of Ghana’s first the Republic. The thus He Fourth won elections. was the and party Congress Democratic for National the ran wereelections held. Rawlings late 1992, In Ghana. in again were permitted parties political and passed, democracy democracy. toward 1992, In to ashift exploring areferendum for returning began pressures, internal and international facing Council, PopularDefence National (1981-2001). Ghana’syears twenty of for head next state the late 1980s, the In the remained Rawlings power again. seized some and civilians other officers, he, several a second launched coup. 31, On corruption December continued,and Rawlings 1981, economy the into retirement, but to unable government fix when the was co-officers runs away in search of him. search away in runs she farm, to save old his man wealthy to any her married to who get wants father by beaten her of Tired being Adichia’s from her village. Lizzie lover disappears chosen to work the soil being respectful to nature. tochosen respectful work being soil the Adisa’s Auntie of literate acooperative women describes farm, who have Zahra as “paradise”, with novel the throughout contrasts aviolent city down in undergo run Atsu and Zahra that for. up ends working struggles The whom Zahra a farmer Zahra’s role Adisa, with Auntie mother together and avital plays housemaid the troubles. them Atsu, adolescent causing a private son are school attending whose fees have got an They of earnings. the a commission with markets it helps to find them equipment and capital and training, provides with women which Company farmers Saturday’s in Shadows character Avoka, main the Zahra wife. his Zahra as well as degree got auniversity he dictatorship; has Saturday’s military under Doctor servant Avoka family. Theo acivil is class amiddle AvokasThe are to democracy. from dictatorship transition political the after economicby crisis an life. decisions in most important their and lives their have determined which novelthose unveiled, the throughout are concealed end, most the secrets In her freedom. moves to to York manage New she learns that at to university study to her daughter,birth brought who is Sugri, up over-protected. It Sugri not is until to give decides Afriyie whoher. abandons man Akua by amarried pregnant gets school She Lizzie’s secondary is who in of daughter violentsuccession coup d’états. Harmattan Rain Harmattan In In the and to Ghana’s history political develops parallel story Afriyie’s Akua 244-245). position that.” (Kindle more than worth to be Surely, had awoman babies. making and cleaning Cooking, farmer. for some old babies cocoa making some village, in Stuck now now or it never. or stuck. be was “Yes, Run she thought, 169-171). position (Kindle of yourself!” only But you ... mouths. you think greedy your all to feed harvest ahealthy yield Iwould rains, the after then them, plant Iwould for free, me seeds give he would Kwaku, Agya you “If married farm. cocoa of his direction the He in pointed Eh?” “You witch,” hunger? from die little Papa Yaw to all went us on. “Do you want Saturday’s Shadows begins a few years before Ghana’s years afew independence when begins , a former affluent family is nowadays badly treated treated badly nowadays is family , aformer affluent , works for Duell and and for, works Duell al address the violence exerted by the military government time. at the military by the violence the exerted address al Brenya et Edward her in characters. of history effects the before, she interested in is novel, Rain Harmattan first Attah’s in relevant were also killings These occurred. of other over Ghanaians 300 disappearance and killings the and officers military of Supreme justices, the Court killings the Besides coup d’état. root perceived to at be the of their they that injustices social corruption and the all of society Ghanaian to purge Britannica, editors to of the Encyclopaedia according was, Its aim conducted Ghana. 9). in was exercise 1990s, the In ahousecleaning democratic country, but everyone knows a zebra never changes its stripes democratic country, never changes a zebra but knows everyone now president was and regime of fledging our military given up his had Saturday “Doctor Karamoh declares, depicted, Zahra events by one the it presume may As is. not is mentioned, Ghana 1990s. the in Although West in country, Africa acountry of the history running by the delimited really are lives heroines. characters’ and The heroes unsophisticated of these deeds chores and lives, by the driven are readers the while characters or illiterate) (since is thought main written by the Atsu diaries the to punish greed and it and didn’t greed to or you punish child.” woman if were matter man, (277) boy”, once a“Saturday who was man day. ayoung “trained with acquainted She gets home road back every this she to walks her as aspot in quite familiar assassinated been has woman another on that television news from the see butilliterate she can Avoka’s Zahra women’s embodies housemaid tasks. daily out She fear. their is with carried they Women as of citizens. the fear to existence face had the permeated which unrest social was there place, were state taking military toattributed the to reach.” (5) difficult becomes consensus for which matters in behaviour destructive to violence sometimes and resort soldiers’ ‘foot of party the so-called the as times contemporary in “NDC boy’ to recount what their actions were. actions their what recount to boy’ At a time when violence was sadly common and a series of aseries common women’s and when sadly violence atime At was murders Attah’s second novel second Attah’s Shadows, Saturday’s 1 of soldiers. hands at the people violence suffered the that with deal also They (5) of Rawlings.’ lower ranks the among rife is anarchy of this Semblance profession. legal the toward particular in and classes, managerial and professional the toward directed have regime Rawlings of the supporters that 1982 patent antagonism December the the and coup since Ghana in to come prevail has that lawlessness general of the aresult as Rothchild and Boadi by Gyimah- seen be it could PNDC, to the murders the linked evidence cut clear no While homes. Accra their from Acquah Major Sam and Agyepong, Mr. Justice Sarkodee, Koranteng-Addow, Mr. Justice Cecilia Justice Mrs. abducted gunmen of June 1982, 30, night On the officer. army aretired and judges court high three of murder and kidnap of the news by the shocked was country the establishment, legal the and forces populist between confrontation of this midst the In In In Saturday’s Shadows , Ayesha Attah introduces Nasar, one of those soldiers, a ‘Saturday a‘Saturday soldiers, one of those Nasar, introduces Attah , Ayesha is written as the compilation the of as written , is . As we have said we have said . As ” ( S’S S S’S 1
REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 133 REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 134 for slaves. kola and Ghana most precolonial prominent the in as market mentions Salaga History” Asante in factors “Northern in Professor Akyeampong hard realities, Wurche”, realities, hard Etuto continued. (46-7). “War coming” is me [...] afavor. line, not [...] me, just but to entire Kanyase our with we have to deal her to father’s please married to get for lust she power: has “You’reher will, doing her in father’s Against part court. active an to take desperate of a chief daughter the her into Wurche aresilient woman. turns experience is this aslave’saway in All raid. taken she brutally is until Botu in peacefully lives Young Aminah Salaga. in meet destinies their until lives different run both and a slave girl is Aminah and princess Wurche a is influence. European the with together North, from the trades caravan brought encounter by those the the and of and religions native societies Muslim in role the slave of trade, women internal with away power. native deals to take She also intervention European as well as chieftaincies African for power within fights internal 1881 took between place which 1914. and forscramble Africa with deals Attah by 1897. the in forces to German affected are of Salaga of characters the lives The 1892 in downfall the until Salaga in war before on the right period the focuses story The business. athriving abolition of slavery,of still legal the was slave commerce him” (188). with to friends be prevented at and her scratched questions people? her insides trying These from even sell split up families, villages, why he to did raid help– offering to –constantly be he seemed as to kind Moro. back as hea slave If was raider. “Her drifted thoughts love in with aslave’s in falls away from her family raid, taken been who has Aminah which in Wells of Salaga Hundred The in experience to that returns longer. Attah she not is any relationship about aviolent sure that so their lovein has past, with famous. Its geographical position is even better than that of Kete” (170). of Kete” that than position better even is Its geographical famous. on, Later he so became [...] place. Salaga that taken slave to trade the has races It only thanks is of of continent, the amixing parts different from many who converge upon Salaga Heinrich Klose’sHeinrich description of people the at Salaga. people. and One of of goods is both commerce them the in relevance strategic her novel. sets Salaga’s Ayesha Attah time at the of city the about relevance the for Power Struggle The Salaga was a Muslim trading town designated by Asante in the 18 the in by Asante designated town trading a Muslim was Salaga where spite in Ghana, pre-colonial in story the places novel, Attah this In no why (190). was there and because just [...] you. occurred to take things Maybe supposed you it where was it take would life, you took in path whatever that belief the It was it given much thought. never had Aminah “licabili.” about talked often grandmother) (Aminah’s Eeyah Botu, In you suffered.” have for everything sorry “I’m you.” said, then find He paused, Icould so was done my past in I’d thing horrible every if It felt as searching. been I’d for knowing you without searching you [...] my “No. slave. Not slave?” me your to make been I’d make Ifelt like to buy To me? you want did her bolder. made words “Why those Saying herself. stop she could before people,” Aminah, sell said and you didn’t“I wish kidnap novel, the in Later she is man the that learnt she has as feelings contradictory She experiences , Braimah and Goody go back to different written resources resources written to different back go Goody and , Braimah “ Because of the many slaves slaves of many the Because th In century. century. Salaga : Kpembe, Alhaji Ibrahim Haruna, they explain the origin of slavery in the area: the in of slavery origin the explain they Haruna, Ibrahim Alhaji Kpembe, of where is Chief peoplethat came.” (1) Kpembewura, with interview another In where and we have amarket spreading it and was placed [...] strategically was Salaga it and expanded. Peoplecoming amarket. as started told here us, started grandfathers our for along As time. established been has Salaga “(Chief): aslave market: as time at the role key of the Salaga collects Fusheini, also Osman Kanyiti Alhaji of Salaga, for (171). punishment acriminal.” but alawful nothing is which and [...] law native in slave raids. the in originates which of slavery kind another is there took part also areas, colonies, onSome situated borders the Muslim of pagan the [...] slaves. sold as and them districts other neighbouring and people from Grunshi who kidnapped Dagomba the “It provenance mostly of slaves, the the was explains ...I know exactly when it hit me. In the crash, the crowd gathers to know what will will what to crowd know when the it gathers crash, ...I hit me. the In exactly know of us each in lurking outside, from the in or alatent it seeped virus was madness “Either writes: the Zahra her In diary, future. women envision abetter they writers; production of African literary the in adifference pointfrom our makes what of view fellow women. or their family about their everything forgetting choices personal to pushed take are they resilient as women and strong are joke? Attah’s acruel is destiny it Is that women both men alike. and killed even and love men who brutalized have with enslaved, find both They them. treated has HWS in Aminah and represents Atsu Attah time, the Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong in an Interview with Salagawura, Chief Chief Salagawura, with Interview an in Akyeampong Professor Emmanuel Achille Mbembe talks about a quota of forgetting to carry on living to about carry aquota of forgetting talks Mbembe Achille home way (231). his he lost say and donkey one albino then, day, by come on would his And her father land. the with live and to create up learning grow would children their and earth, the Moro worked while to sell, shoes She make would village]. [her of Botu herself to remind decorate she would that Moro build, would she and oneworkroom, that of ashoe dreaming She started start. anew was of control... Stripped nuts. This or kola cattle from she were no different if as treated been had [Aminah’s] Her life at activity its slave market and of Salaga relevance intoTaking the account (2). Kpembewura to the tributes paid gates ... these So raided. they that areas the had also (or gates families) three the all so to us tribute pay Others tribute. pay K.P.W.: we also ourselves within because raided No, they both? or or to sell to Asante tribute to pay do that they did P.A.: raided Gonjas when So north. further went they raided, also Some Gonjas slaves. brought all they and in came also they Mossi the K.P.W.: and Zambarama the we have Hausas; not the only It was them? bring who traders Hausa same itIs the up. whole set The organized? was whole me trade how slave the youP.A.: tell Can , examining the way history way history the , examining . This is is This
REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 135 REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 136 (9-10) or boys to disappear” Saturday by the caned 17 to be of to fear erupt after years anger happen. Now for collective it the time is and constrained by cultural and traditional practices. Mohanty advocates for the advocates Mohanty practices. traditional and by cultural constrained and women, agroup scarcity, deprived uneducated and as of power, poverty in living “Underessay Western Eyes” (1988), monolithic the World vision of Third criticizes Tapalde her in seminal Chandra Mohanty of neocolonialism. more manifestation voices. other those silencing /or and for ‘Other’ the dominating identities it and since subjects speaks as well as it produces knowledge claim, border. Idarraga Zirión and As cultural and political economic, the in east the West keeping centre the aprivileged positions in itself From point from them. of different view, this into those account never taken had amovement position their within questioning led by white Western women who periphery, way) from the is outside that centre, the started aparticular in and place Women notwho did belong World, First to the women a in (lived who dwelled asplit 1980s. the wave in experienced third the in took when Feminism shape land. the in to who remain choose and prospering and moving country their keep for second generation the of stand literate women who Afriyie Akua and Aminah, ( aplace” rooted, of by blood, being experience within [...] soil born from the the is, most authentic to the that form of areturn belonging, spread of “autochthony”, derived from “being of of embracing self asense the is which the in evidenced for local, to “a the return stands but for mostly women. Zahra womenamong aproject to build for betterment of the society, women men and both connection spiritual personal, the is how learnt important also She has life. a better older women for made generations younger to had live of sacrifices She the aware is to continue her to ahead go mother’s she has that struggle. realizes turmoil, personal of middle the who in future, envisions the olderthe on way Zahra women the agree of part, education. On their advantage generations for younger to the take chance the negotiation. and community of both importance the as well as land the her herself, with and connection and way her other loved the parents from him, she each learnt everything and father to her back proper goes She heritage. remembers her Zahra by hertreated illness, by her lover from work, badly and dismissed fired novelbeen the once she and has By end the of of some admiration. with kind way and her amore in treat respectful why people of reason her the accent British she boasts fact, In past. her African from public private both distant whose behavior is and Zahra individualistic the to contrary goals, their to achieve to nature connection the and of community the for importance of the older stand hands women and the reside in who stress will healing whose spiritual and Zahra’s in suffering embodied illness with faced be will We thoughts. women those these share away or all in to another showtheories that Feminist African within analysis our frame position. we For will reason, social that and religion women class, on their depending African between for differences the Refusing to accept other realities, other women, feminism in the centre is one is centre the other women, in feminism other realities, to accept Refusing which Feminism African is of analysis frame our stated, been it has As for fighting role grandmothers the mothers and of Avoka their praises Zahra paradigm the novels as these in characters female the We to analyze aim . Baker 24). Zahra, Wurche, 24). Zahra, full citizens in all spheres of life. all in citizens full as but treated are women not that such are marginalized of society transformation for need the apositive underline movement that of abody ideas as activist and an as women’s grassroots besides theory movements feminist Africa. in African community. the development We the outline within of will of equality vindication the as well as agenda own their to define and themselves to need name the analysis, intersectional namely some common features, share they time but same diverse at the are feminisms representation.power, and African rights in men forgot about equality once in for that saw freedom fight This counterparts. side male by their side with for Women independence movements fight feminisms. from the sprung social which describes a womanist as “someone as a womanist who describes appreciates preferswhich and women’s continent. of African the transformation socio-political the in inclusion participation the and with together forefront to the feminism women indigenous bringing and African attention to specific Western giving for feminism resisting advocates Stiwanism Transformation Ourselves Women herSocial Including in book Re-Creating Africa in she termed Stiwanism which (10). feminism African-centred for an She argued world pperso” athird and “a African 1987 as in an woman, herself Leslie defines ( Africa in by feminists faced of naming difficulty the addressed also problems inequality. Shethe has derived from social of Motherhood people (8). oppression African of not all are common generalized towhich the of women subjugation aspects of men those to aware be women,and challenging Ngambika in Graves Ann and Davies Boyce- Carole does, Steady for need the cooperation. As of feminism: theorization involvement the African considers paramount every of underlies menalso which multiple of kinship.” children, and mothering (28). centrality the over culture; Steady autonomy “emphasizing female as nature co-operation; and feminisms African defined ( colonial” exclusiones de matriz [...]género ysexualidad [y] superposición de la como que consecuencia de surge que clase, enfoque interseccional, aborde conexiónun entre la los conceptos de raza, conviene revitalizar or “Frente religion. class visión universalista race, aesta to their contexto” (158).del en función avariar van opresión respuestas dicha donde las existe lugares diferentes mujeres modelodel de opresión las de resistencia la ante que puesen los sufren, World. Third the in cultures and history, in situated geographies strategies and knowledge autonomous reconstructing while hegemonic knowledge of feminist deconstruction In 1981,In Woman The Black in Steady Chioma Filomina Cross-Culturally both feminisms African with dealing be of its broad we will scope, Because of African specificity the we tackle of knowledge, frame this Within Womanism is the term that the African American Alice Walker had created Walker created had Alice American African the Womanism that term the is Joys The her in novels, as such highlighted has Emecheta Buchi Nigerian The subjected were also they modes oppressed under patriarchal from being Apart no en la universalización For “el Peres debe cifrarse del feminismo valor Díaz, , the importance of activism for the African woman trying to address to address trying woman for African the of activism importance , the Lugones recognize the common struggle of African men of African common struggle the recognize Bryce 164). 1983). Similarly, Ogundipe Molara or or .
REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 137 REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 138 a womanist: a to told be from abroad.”(26) I’m feminism refuse not Ireally learning is and new “feminism she says Africa,” in lessons feminist of clarity. terms “I myin learnt first women for of term the African validity the at. She to get discusses trying are they what is thing but most important the feminists, and womanists are there that asserts motherhood. she prefers to emphasize Instead, cultures. to African alien from her point it as and is of view, theorization it Africa demands “sisterhood” in concept the of with not does agree Oyewumi critic Oyeronke Womanist literary Womanism. However, Nigerian ofKolawole the African direction who the evolved in ( [...] wholeness and female” ofculture and entire people, male to survival committed environmental issues and ecological interdependencies” ecological and ( issues environmental to ought pay attention to position: feminist that ecofeminist abasic “for she argued life. understand and behave way they the in no difference novels the we find throughout All well. as characters “I am working with a group that translates ancient African documents. [...] documents. ancient African The translates agroup that with working “I am about Club Book her when projects, asked mentioned Africa in interview an in who by Ayesha Attah shared problems, also is solutions to African African find rights. political and civil out environmental, human, for their genuine voice their speaking forward by putting communities for women who advocates rural in Mathai led by Wangari Green Belt Movement the with Kenya in seen be can Africa in practices Ecofeminist them. cause which of decision centres tomaking the of access lack their and problems to environmental Common to women’s vulnerability their are campaigns of forms production. threatening exploitative health and into highly were drawn they as way of life traditional their invaded farming commercial since hardship, women South the In particular were outrage. experiencing and passion stubbornness, movement environmental resistance, by persistence, fueled is grassroots The beings. to controlover over exploitation exploitation linked and and is of of nature human control The spiritualism. with politics to connect It aims traits. feminine revalues aman’s it than and awoman’s to closer nature that idea are from the grows ethics Walker Ayesha Harruna Attah in the blog “Feminist Book Fortnight” names herself herself names blog the Fortnight” Book in “Feminist Attah Ayesha Harruna Frías, María with interview an in Aidoo writer, Ata Ama Ghanaian The Karen Warren in 1987 in “Feminism and Ecology: Making connections” Warren Making 1987 in Karen Ecology: and “Feminism in to her male by Attah role the assigned we understand way that It this in is (1) everyone. for embracing womanist term Iloved the African. an as woman, didn’t ablack me college as include in Isaw feminism the because It was feminist. called to be hesitant so been why I’d it explained college, felt in Ihad of what crystallization the female.” It and was male people, of entire wholeness and survival to to lavender,” is purple it “Committed is as that and to feminist, is “Womanist Gardens Mother’s of Our Walker, In Search in by Alice Coined of it: womanist. my embracing and feminism perceived I previously way the between abridge me on my journey, became one that reassured aword that was There The idea of putting forward Africans’ genuine voice, that Africans should Africans genuine voice, that Africans’ forward of idea The putting
xi ). It was adopted in Africa by Chikwenge Ogunyemi and Mary Modupe Mary and Ogunyemi by Chikwenge ). adopted It Africa in was Cuomo 1). Ecofeminism , she wrote that that , she wrote feminism is the feminism of negotiation. feminism the is feminism problems” (3).African solutions to African find we can that worldviews--so and values philosophies, their lived ancestors our which in ways to the access project’s to Africans give is aim woman. ruler, a to agood needed be she was aman everything she had and intelligent was strong. Even she though her Kpembewura father to make to forge alliances marry abrother, having to she and to had everyone; aroyal herherself clear position was being of her society; strictures the unity, resisting been She for engagement. has one’s action. of consequences for political the responsibility of accepting process the is, that of engagement, (377) Sartre’s definition Africa,” following in of feminisms unfolding the witnessed where Ihave arena the constitutes and action and planning, dialogue, of thought, interconnection, interaction and for coexistence, the allows of “which engagement She space mentions athird of empowerment asense be must fulfillment. inner and Saturday’s in Shadows: by Attah exposed widely is which “employees”, audit on out exercise their an carry From they to time time asituation counterparts. work the donecontinent. discredit African by It way they their the is about double the the in of exposed NGOs working moral fact the noteworthy is Obioma Nnaemeka coined the term nego- feminism in 2004. Nego- 2004. in feminism Obioma nego- term the coined Nnaemeka racer, but he never let her take part in the Friday races. It isn’t just races. Friday the done, he in said. part racer, but her let take he never Wurche’s said her Etuto anatural made slender body for buttocks. aplatter and for breasts pebbles she had said They her legs. between dangling alump was lacked she a boy, born all been Wurche have should that said of Kpembe old ladies The for advocates Wells of Salaga, Hundred The in princess Wurche, Attah’s development there for true to beings, the Nnaemeka, of human According me” (216-7). to be it had and [...] ‘I didn’t them’, ask [...]. Isaid company’s for to pay the loss needed Somebody decisions executive clout to make the and responsibilities given occasions, several [...] move?” [...]a drastic officer “Well, public-relations my role in I’ve as on been, such making before Thomas Ms. Mr. and with in checking just you consider did producer, Avoka,”oil Mrs. [...] [...] of contract,“ breach I said. were in “They “but palm- biggest our with happened what [...]on exactly employee reviews. “Explain in sitting was and in flown had London office our from one bosses of the because especially different, it be would [...] I knew reviewed year This getting stopped even Ihad review. abad received never Ihad Co. and atDuell of working years six In it Africa, neocolonial in finds still Nnaemeka that drawbacks the Among (377-8). for others and do for themselves they what is feminism women do feminism; African compromise. and negotiation through challenge feminisms African balance. and compromise take, and give negotiation, of principles the are cultures African many in values of shared foundation the In
REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 139 REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 140 Place”, “Lefebvre’s says work notion engenders the a representing which, of place, spaces”(1).who occupied those on her “Identity, in essay Baker Kelly and Memory who writers wrote people deeply the about and “It place from reading was she answers about inspiration, when asked Ayesha Attah published Literandra, in interview the themselves. of authentic expression an as regard they whatever lives, to their consider important people the whatever is indigenous The Ake. Claude on after indigenous” the (315). but byhealth, everything” humbled “I been had completely, down connectedness. not of state my by just the and about community, into alliance ahumble when listener turns she realizes Saturday’s in Shadows humble Zahra requires listeners. Learning connectedness. and community, other teaches alliance the other as from the learning entail should also about “other”, the learning entails borders, across which go but more importantly, it we feminism global for true For that origin. her, national and it necessary culture is gender, religion, of ethnicity, race, sexuality, class, intersectionality and political, and intellectual to the personal and social from the positionality of both speaks Nnaemeka Attah is more concerned with those different histories and geographies. In In geographies. and histories different more those is concerned with Attah (376-7). geographies and histories of hybrid different evolving It adynamic, is not is indigenous. Traditional people. of the life the in important are which institutions social and aspirations interest, values, they be things, to these itself accommodates change developmental that by ensuring development strategy, content and of form the it determine by making indigenous on the Building “building phrase developedNnaemeka the to Nego-feminism Related (263). of that? me on account forgive they would year, past of the for my actions to blame hardly was that though even And atme? eating disease the see they Could rotten? and unfaithful dishonest, Iwas that my soul, in deep seen, at me and looked they [...] Had me? about happened say just had they would What what was which rejected, of being I couldn’t but feeling protest I didn’t the like academia, the do in engagement and theory with dealing other feminists As It’s (227-8).died. to work together time people have to Enough you. listen [to They’ll her elders. grandmother]Tell the together. We’ll rebuild women of to the Salaga. talking I’manyone. to start ready but Ihaven’t for along time, to work with unity tried I’ve preaching unite. been we if is anything mean we will way only The lines. tiny our than bigger aforce are Europeans The costs. power, power, on it holding atall exercising finding about It’s all Europeans. the and us between struggle this people, our among infight The unheard. foreigners the was against peace and Even on her unity insistence he her let do (20). things the with selective He was that. with agree her father’s but she didn’t favourite, she was said old also womenThe of Kpembe Saturday’s Shadows (24). people” of identifications and experiences lived by the defined is of space type distinctive Browne Anthony victim» 34th claims killer ritual as Ghana grips “Fear novels: Sun 26 Nov 2000. 26 Sun gender equality. gender situation to achieve of the men, and women adifference children and to make as so important, was action commitment to mothers.women Their collective single and women, widowed, aged disabled, the violence against of culture, name the in justified women’s practices living, social women’s health, discriminatory and poverty, harmful a to make to resources access of better women participation governance, in higher and It for sought equality 2004. in conference at Accra released It was necessities. problems different and of with women them each 110 from the Ghana, in districts among of consensus result the was manifesto The petitions. their bias who could for Network Women’s ( Rights Saturday” ( that killings that nation’s the plaguing opposition capital; they’ve says found evidence killings ritual [...] women murdered six far so has killer the in serial One more killed woman Atsu’s situation in the Ghana’s explains words: city. “The capital Ayesha Attah women’s the situation and political new by the Accra, took in murders place which for Women’s to oppose creation of the triggered gathered aMinistry Ghana affairs, her in novels. its actions she portrays feminisms about African when considers talking relevant Attah that of Feminism Charter Women’s the produced Ghana, documents in two the There are and Manifesto We come across examples of people building in the indigenous which in in which indigenous We the in of people building examples come across The mobilization was supported by Abuntu was mobilization The About the general election in 2000, and bill on domestic bill violence, and women 2000, election in in general About the activism. grassroots and ofWe social mentioned importance the have already (261) productively. and We’re peacefully to live fine. it was and trying own just on their lived others and children, and husbands their with lived and some were married there, trade or went cities to the Some women jobs in held other weren’t themselves. isolating they that me to know but wanted materials, raw their to process learning were they how on one crop to cultivate, focused of them how each She driver. explained bus We a have even housewives. nurses, are Some of teacher. us aschool once I was 1980 in [...] started of women that of life. cooperative We’re walks different from work [..] together. how we can us you let tell then We’re and is, mission our a what and of ourselves introduction an with start we usually Welcome, Zahra, 2
We can read the newspaper headline which proves Attah’s concern for history in her her in history for concern Attah’s proves which headline newspaper the read We can S’s S24-5). S’s 2 are being orchestrated by President orchestrated being of are Republic, Dr. the Karamoh are Auntie Adisa and her collective of women. her and collective Adisa Auntie are Netright ), refusing the sponsorship the of), patrons refusing for Development and The The and Development for Accra . The Guardian .
REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 141 REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 142 pregnant and one of the soldiers pressed down her swelling midsection.” ( one her down and swelling of soldiers pressed pregnant the HR her in both by Ayesha Attah described NRC situations the the report in testimonies some and were imprisoned. even Some were of seized the were goods beaten, their price control, of violating under government they for corruption. scrutiny Accused movements,economy. were anti-colonial they fought in they that Despite fact the country’s to women the amenace were market as seen country. times, Sincecolonial position women the the of in market examines work September in 2002, started which Ghana, in (NRC) Commission Reconciliation of National the testimonies the keep which on documents the based (222) Asare Ampofoa Similarly, Abena 1979. in nude women soldiers caned Kumasi even public. in that He explains Sekondi, Koforidua and Accra, contends, in were some destroyed major markets he rule, women. military on Under market by junior Rawlings officers inflicted violence the addresses also Akyeampong Emmanuel trade. their in were punished of women it. They were market economic accused and recession an There was 80s. 1970s the in and attacks of However military women those were victims Rawlings. lady, government the in led Madam first by the one of party the abranch last this Attah in Saturday’s in Shadows Attah on women’s population, the mainly in panic Again and fear part. following the with were harsher even (PNDC), measures Council Defence National Provisional ( sell” “And more me,” Iget saying. products to was also woman the stopped harassing pay for protection. “[...] Movement the soldiers The have I’ve well. doing really been Women’s Ghana the as 31 the and League such independent post up in sprang Ghana, associations groups and voluntary and to “women’s Usman, According women Ghana. in market them among political destroyed the women’s the destroyed market: shops the and in stalls and S’s S as for instance the testimony of a woman “[who] of testimony awoman the S’s months and for three instance Sas was HR believed, were the root of the country’s inflation and economic problems (275-7). economic and inflation country’s root of the were the believed, Women price. her, normal like the we times atfour them selling of provisions, boxes stockpiled had woman The or child. woman, it you didn’t were man, and if matter [...] is from [...] greed, woman. to punish up apregnant Ibeat We’d trained been nightmares get [...] Boy one But Istill the aSaturday to be alotI used of Idid things. to Lady’s First to the party most women frequent so It that affiliated was 3360-3368). position (Kindle country” our destroy SMC the to with working We’re been have up. Yourules. traders market cleaning you “If don’t the comply herwith face. in sputtered soldier you trouble, will want [...] out!” them Throw outside! “Shut up,” other the everything here. Throw in of boxes number atthe Look goods. these all hoarding women been have market “You clean. and quick It slap. was the heard Afriyie .Akua cheek Asantewa’s swiped shouted and you’ve soldier the [...] hoarded!” things these of rid all “Get -47s shoulders their AK in, around ran slung [...] fatigues army green men in two role mentioning played important It by the women worth is assemblies, In In Kindle position 3710-3711). Kindle under the With Rawling’s second coming Harmattan Rain Harmattan , Attah narrates the violent the where soldiers episodes the narrates , Attah makes Nasar, Atsu’s explains: makes boyfriend st of December movement” of December (154-5), being Asare 77) Saturday In time. at the Africa and of Ghana history to the parallel run of her characters action. and analysis tools for transformational women keep develop subjugated that and of structures the legitimacy question the for women’s struggle the politicize they rights, feminists themselves By naming politics. identity and feminist Principles their celebrates of which Feminist Charter movement adoption on the continent. outcome the of Akey was the of forum the feminist grow the and to strengthen ways chart and basis on acollective reflect of could levels engagement different and of life walks from all feminists African that African Women Resistance Writing of African section final the with connects struggles her mother: her able is to value Finally, about Zahra regrets. talking are Adisa Auntie mother and her of community. Zahra, importance the for betterment of as the society, well as women among connection aproject to build spiritual personal, the is how important learnt also Shewomen has for life. generations made younger to had abetter live [...]” village peaceful (259). product. own [...][...] their in specialized looked at and the Isat Here, everybody [...] Ididn’t have aplan. though even out collective exactly the day. market It was “I her decided to attitude, scope she changing is farm, to closer anew gets Zahra As me for aride”(112). [...]cons. taking was that cooperative farm the to do what with pros and weighing constantly hesitating, Ifound myself party, Christmas the since I didn’t have tofor patience do anything. indecision [...]who excuses needed Yet of woman “Ikind the people wasn’t indigenous, to the to back go usually African for necessity shows the Attah which in character it this in and is colonized, to the unfolds. Africa in interconnection interaction of where thought and feminism coexistence, being about engagement, when Nnaemeka talking with we agree reason, novels. the For developed in are this women feminism movements grassroots and to related social way, aspects those of country. the this In all history on parallel the Ayesha Harruna Attah introduces politics in her in lives novels politics the since introduces Attah Ayesha Harruna order in 2006, in Ghana Accra took in Forum place Feminist African The This last part of the novel with Zahra recognizing her mother’s recognizing generation of novel Zahra the with part last This out (332-4). it how to right” get to figure turn their “It’s I said. formula” secret out the figure [...] will generation this Maybe survival. women [...]. strong such you both made what is which for our It was sacrifices, We pleasure. weren’t its and itself about much into been so making always has [...] ... selfish mother and less My generation wife abetter to be learned I’d wish I away. done have just it. Run Ishould [Zahra] No, to school. to not go begged. mother] of [her [...] care begged have Ishould gone to school. Ihad take Iwished she could of lots children and by lots surrounded to be desire herher; thwarted her showed he appreciated barely who a husband daughter; a headstrong resignation: with it borne who’d all awoman she was yet And servile. too times, the behind too her dogmatic, too Ithought “[...] because avoided becoming whom I’d woman the By the end of the novel, Zahra also becomes aware of the sacrifices older of sacrifices the aware becomes also By end the of novel, the Zahra outsider the more not who Sbehaves does to like listen S’s want in Zahra ’s ’s Shadows , she wrote the personal diary of each character who comments character of each diary personal , she wrote the where where
REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 143 REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 144 Africans in the slave trade. the in Africans complicity of the Jr Gates addresses Louis Henry slavecomplicities trade. with the transition, palm-oil production had gone down and prices had shot production had gone up prices [...]” had and down palm-oil transition, the (11). since me that, who were crooks telling with dealing at work, and Iwas ministry, the power. “Money –Theo tight for was harder more didn’t at respect to fighting seem be conditions worse in for for get even those everyone social as characters frightened makes to power violence. more and This vulnerable her characters makes it also (10). wheel” side steering away as from the dark this to describe She not is afraid my jerking body Ifelt was thing next The images. to shutmy eyes out dizzying the [...] my formed vision. in peripheral had Nausea. of light Aball right. the Iclosed to of my skull part left jabbed its way from the amigraine forward, myinched car ( Iasked” transition?” the minute,” by the [...] uglier move, said, “Your Mma getting is before city than “Dirtier her characters places the in coupled dirtiness hand with in novelshand go Attah’s in Rain Harmattan both in dictatorships from inherited violence democracy in structural regimes, violence at military Wells Hundred The in wars pre-colonial time; at their violenceand everywhere continue despite thread destruction this to make best doing their are Afriyie Akua authenticity, at hand. resources the women with working seen she has her Adisa, Auntie both mother In and able is to fulfill. end Zahra (377). the in what is compromise balance” This and principles take, of and give are cultures African many in values foundation “In of the shared Nego-feminism, Nnaemeka’s with connects It also future. the in or possibility desirable a likely is something that or expect to imagine to to look envision into future, our past the (295). coherence, dreams” “We and continuity grandmothers’ our are It necessary is continue” (294). present thread life the our give together and this past The make do to we we one can feel whatever does each of us and resistance, and struggle and Gueye concludes women “African [...] today Marame acircle of in work engaged are oppressive conditions. oppressive employed to overcome a strategy be can silencing as past, tochosen forget their of have independence. They glorious times the highlight government textbooks even and trade the in implication of the Europeans have privileged Historians absent Ghana. in of remain continuity domestic slaves the and of slave trade the The Hundred Wells of Hundred Salaga The in at stake One of issues the as well as Wurche second generation Aminah of and women,This Zahra, Similarly, de Jong Ferdinand public contends on debates history that the (1). long time for avery kingdoms African for several exchange of foreign sources one main of the was to Europeans sale their and of Africans capture and conquest [...] trade. sold to European then the and World New the by Africans were enslaved to shipped of percent those 90 that estimate University of Boston Heywood Linda John Thornton and historians The Africa. central and of western kingdoms trading slave- for the one, especially a considerable out, was role, it turns that And played. themselves role of Africans the [...], powers discussion colonial little very is there European the and United role by States the played the with familiar all we are While 55), “The village feels dirty”, (45) dirty”, 55), feels “As S, S’s I illness, village and “The and Saturday’s Shadows and . Power violence and , Africans Africans , , how a lot of African royal families were complicit slave trade, the in families royal how alot of African Johannesburg Review of Books Review Johannesburg rootedus”. so in became forof aformer In The living interview, Malec by Jennifer of religion, philosophy, before outside was influences ways for and essence our what a country. “ of makings the with history afamily’s puts Years together Hundred of Solitude One in Márquez García Gabriel way that the admiring She declares fiction. historical to come. for future ready the negotiation: and community storytelling and memory as tools for comprehension as memory and reconciliation. and storytelling me” (unnumbered). employs way, through this speak In Attah for her to finally achance much bookknow was about Writing her didn’t or this they to talk. want She found “People out of West connections that the in Africa. either simply didn’t place akey slave market, aslave sold been who had at Salaga grandmother great Wells of Salaga to Hundred The inspiration write gets Attah Harruna identity. an owing order memoriesin Shaping Ayesha to determines move forward. memories to omit certain it necessary life is in spite in that disconnection, of fact the on” so and (1). cultural, front: religious, physical, oninvasions every for we lost what when we suffered searching and rootlessness that way of fighting Ayesha Harruna Attah, in one in of novel’s the about Attah, questionstells appendix’ Ayesha Harruna In an interview carried out by James Murua, Attah is questioned is about Attah out Murua, by James carried interview an In getting are Afriyie Akua and Wurche, Aminah Zahra, meantime, the In (29). action collective and solidarity feminist of building the through strength and for inspiration possibilities the amplifying on and work-in-progress, be drawing necessarily will societies women and for African [...] possibilities domination. oppression and more liberatory creating of relations existing order to dismantle in contexts varied of our understanding our for deepening frameworks theoretical the to craft determination renewed requires ahead challenges the Facing wake. their in devastation left have that exploitation and of extraction relations capitalist intensified from arises insecurities existential deepening kinds: of various by crises marked is conjuncture present The within for women Africa ahead in tasks the Pereira summarizes Charmaine (Unnumbered) progress. true achieve and to heal we need threads the together to stitch we begin can then Only [...] shame. role was we’ve the there slavery. We [...] in played to acknowledge have [...]. [...] Libya in outraged off auctioned was everyone [...] addition But in for me [...] Senegal as such were being countries people from that world the heard when 2017, In often. so every head ugly its it rears means past this with it. Not dealing with deal and past the about to talk [...]. us Iwant trade and bondage is Bondage slave the complicit were in families royal We haven’t how alot of African with dealt We agree with Víctor Palacios to whom forgetting represents rootlessness and and We Víctor represents rootlessness with to whom Palacios agree forgetting Also ”, ”, she says she , “ a part of me is searching for who we are as Africans, Africans, for as who we are of mesearching is a part she also declares “that writing historical fiction is a is fiction historical “that writing declares she also , in her, in great-
REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 145 REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 146 contends that “the claims of marriage as defined by her community are themselves themselves are by her community defined as of marriage “thecontends claims that aroyal. more to get coin as power her when intelligence he she respected thought exchange an her Germany, as in used life Wurche herhas father feels hidden marital why her mother understand pretends to ignore her cannot father’s Afriyie Akua of her episodes father’s cruel the describes beatings; brothers. Lizzie and parents both families, men their the in but also husbands attentively their do observe characters societies.” their and (14) husbands their both main We way Attah’s notice the can of critics and observers women “as alert defines Land, Promised The in protagonist example: an are official aGerman and (9). not may voiced be or acknowledged” even For otherwise her, that histories memories of their accounts storied Further on, Newell addressing the Kenyan writer Grace Ogot’s writer Grace Kenyan the subject female on, addressing Further Newell (169). wanted she really of what start the was This “Yes.” or to escape. her She son or didn’t her her husband plan to consider pause governor’s the soften heart.” might delegation the in awoman Having them? with go you “Will wineskin. his from He sucked soldiers. best his to poach began even had people Kete-Krachi The action. military take to help him them he wanted British, the with friends he was Now that Salaga.” to destroy want princes those because Gold Coast to the “I’m with,” Sulemana he dealt slurred. be must sending princes Kete-Krachi ... “Those Two quarters. Wurche later, to his summoned Etuto days Ogot’s about Grace talking Women, Writing in African Newell Stephanie (194-5). tired Helmut. Wurcheabout friendship,” but wasn’t said she was convinced, people too,” moved, Wurche. “And said to people.” conquer other it was “It’s all “My reason. for to agood be aship, it in had distance that travelled he’d if ink... in whole amap],” world the spread is [Helmut marked been had “This Various places away?” us drive it’s and but we to know how us, helping over land are our not to take Wurche. “And said wars,” own you you our say are told fight me “We this.” can [...] Asante the [...]people like [who] you for decades. dominated Your father own “From up. But what?” from “We us. showing protect you would were told that were eyes multicoloured and hair straight unusual day, people with more pale after Helmut. [...] people like if, saw day never as it they seemed suddenly young Then [...She she was when [Wurche] asked. here?” said people doing your are “What Wurche, king’s conversations Salaga-Kpembe’s daughter between These (11). culture and of identity conceptions limited revise and resist can counter-histories these of versions and history, totalizing to official counter-histories, provide counter-memories women’s thus and can contemporary that writing reveal also they experiences, traumatic often even sometimes and oppressed often women’s resist to and testimony to bear of memory of power narratives special the Foust’s “women’sWe that Sarah assertion is, share –that stories of past the – become vital records of personal or communal or communal of records personal – become vital episodes of marital violence, she decides to tell her husband she has been seeing Moro: seeing been her she violence, has to husband she tell decides of marital episodes I don’t Idon’t grow to and love him him”(71). Ican like think several Finally, after lose my [...] mind I’ll it’s Or marriage, maybe us. no is love there this between me. not aprison sheis since does love Jaji. “I’m her in Istay husband. If suffocating, For her, status. and marriage her someone importance in who equals to marry has she so of achief She descendant the ahusband. is order in awoman to attract like her remembering to behave constantly was Her grandmother wives. duties as their women to other Muslim about of Coran the to her teachings fact this links and violence(15). from marital to Wurche happens suffers what who also also is This abnegation imprisonment of offorms will” choice and an displacement and and the source of bonding and sisterhood them. among of and source bonding the is Wurche Aminah, and between relationship Adisa’s the in and both community not by who to are blood tied woman from woman ties, (260). of feeling flow The girl” afarm Iwas when at heart thing, next the down, up chasing and running itslightly, me wondermade Constantly because way I did. to chosen live the why I’d me unsettled yet and not is hers. “It arhythm such felt end magical the that in realizes community, Zahra’s Zahra awoman-centred way of with hectic life. farm, Shadows, (15). herself” Saturday’s in strategies defines protagonist the Wewhich similar find represent which world relationships the of and interactions pattern in the to enact women’s submerged [...] worlds consciousness and strategy adeliberate it embodies privileging and for unearthing strategies deliberate “embodies certain character, main It Wurche pretends Wurche to a powerlessWells make woman. of Salaga. believes of Western education” parameters the (117): tradition... outside“women’s and operating of culture “custodians” as status symbolic Writing African Women Newell’s in African Writing Kassam, Hauma Margaret The Hundred Hundred The in by Attah highlighted is of community the importance The [...] cloth by athick (104-5). covered of being that sentiment: another and she couldn’t name– even something of absence –an of loss asense with imbued was women. Her panic those teach –to her let out house of the Adnan [...] reason only woman. now the was Muslim this arespectable like behaving was doing she was thing last but the education, pursue her for home her. to left She had a warning was poem how much the realized Asma’u’s Nana she them for her to teach [...] poem again, lines, the she recited as mosque [...]. Wurche, waiting watched Lampour patiently eyes tall of Their the outside Jaji’s on sat mats shadow ofA group hut, the women, in young, old and her on in study Flora Newell Stephanie Nwapa’s Efuru outway (73). here’s no good, is your Adnan but said, her none family, had of them miss would She on air. she were floating if She felt as broken free. she’d suddenly, finally, and imprisoned, in, felt caved she’d years, these All to laugh. desire felt asudden Wurche regret, with mixed was her ... relief if even bellowed Adnan Shaitan! Whore! where Attah contrasts the slow-paced rhythm of life at Auntie Adisa’s at Auntie of life slow-paced the rhythm contrasts where Attah , explains the way the way the the , explains , explores
REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 147 REVISTA CLEPSYDRA, 18; 2019, PP. 129-151 148 experience work, struggle and resistance as Ayesha Harruna Attah’s characters do. characters Attah’s Ayesha Harruna as resistance and work,experience struggle Ghana’s for women of stand them powers. who independence Both from colonial after of women the proved represented history to the by relevant have Attah also movements of grassroots women theories, feminist those Besides inner-fulfillment. for empowerment compromise balance and and taking, and of negotiation, giving of women co-operative in by Nnaemeka’s herdescribed and it depicted is by as Adisa Auntie nego-feminism features to those accordance in positions her characters country,of Attah their Rain Harmattan in Lizzie Wells of Salaga Hundred The society, Wurche in as in objectification resist both novels. characters Her female her throughout feminisms to some African relevant able other concerns to trace wholeness and of entire people, we have been survival to the committed who is continent. the in to other areas light shreds also which country of their history the in time points in at different writers women as as and both committed Ghana’s all are after before independence. did right They DoveMabel Danquah, Sutherland and Efua Aidoo, Ata Ama precursors to her literary away similar in her who of build country those lives everyday to to quitethe be seems committed of author The people life time. the at the portrays it and also Ghana to pre-colonial power. one,from colonial last The independence after centered Ghana in historically novelswork are for. two Her first characters female Ayesha what Attah’s is of pursuit transformation in challenging of ( possible apolitics transformation” norms. Itand also is assumptions [...] patriarchal practice all of acritical challenges articulation which the It also is culture. and of women society, art in literature, objectification in given more power she territorial to has herposition that father’s due fact to the clan. influential an in awoman from her as expects community the what and custom order in to her of meet tradition, lover, advantage own ordinances the she accepts awoman” ( as aperson and as of her sense needs own relation to in apragmatic some of its shift requirements often world, to her and reactions outside prescriptions norms and of the her patriarchal and aconcubine, [Wurche] her within mother “for own both was is reminding control over her body. she for decides her herself, her repudiates When even father heroines she absolutelyto is former only have complete literary powerless. She can to stronger. be for She war, clever, awhim however is she contrary has and strong nois longer her dad’s favourite daughter, clan tool she the for his is her and father she life, it of to comes real terms When is. she really than moreherself powerful Although Ayesha Harruna Attah declares herself a womanist as someone as awomanist herself declares Attah Ayesha Harruna Although to aresistance is politics “feminist contends Davies that Boyce Carole Saturday’s Shadows Recibido . Concerned with the role of women in the real history role history the of with . Concerned women real the in , and challenge patriarchal assumptions and norms as norms as and assumptions patriarchal challenge , and Newell : el 8 de marzo de 2019; de Aceptado marzo 8de : el goes back in time time in back goes Wells of Salaga Hundred The 15). her or to father to please her Sometimes, . They live their lives under the premises premises under the lives live their . They Boyce Davies Boyce : el 23 de julio de 2019 de julio de 23 : el 28-9). This This 28-9). B Browne Braimah Brenya Attah Boyce-Davies Baker Attah Attah Attah Attah Asare Akin-Aina Akaninyene Akyeampong Abdulai Abass Akyeampong Akyeampong Akyeampong ryce Journal of of of Ghana”. Journal History Political and Position of Women social the “The in , Usman. , Jane. “Interview with Buchi Emecheta”. Today Marxism Buchi with “Interview , Jane. , Abena Ampofoa Abena , The Word Hoard (2012) The Place,” and , Kelly “Identity, Memory , Ayesha Harruna. Harmattan Rain Harruna. , Ayesha , Ayesha Harruna. < Harruna. , Ayesha Abuja: Salaga. of Wells Hundred The Harruna. , Ayesha 2015. Saturday’s World Shadows. Editions, Harruna. London: , Ayesha , Ayesha Harruna. < Harruna. , Ayesha , E, Adu-Gyamfi et al. “The Rawlings’ Factor in Ghana’s Politics: An Appraisal of Some of Some Appraisal An Ghana’s Politics: in Factor Rawlings’ “The al. et Adu-Gyamfi , E, , Anthony. “Fear grips Ghana as ritual killer claims 34th victim”. The Guardian 34th claims killer ritual as Ghana grips , Anthony. “Fear , Jemila. “Ayesha Harruna Attah. Author of Author Attah. “Ayesha Harruna , Jemila. Sun 26 Nov 2000. 26 Sun World 1986. Trenton: Press, Africa < (2015), Affairs Public and S1: Science 004. Political of Data”. Journal Primary and Secondary 2018. Press, of Pennsylvania University womanist-a-guest-blog-by-ayesha-harunna-attah/ < 2011), Fall, 2, pp.65-89. Movement”. NOKOKO Feminist African with-ayesha-harruna-attah-the-hundred-wells-of-salaga/ Turkish World Studies Fusheini”, Fusheini”, islamictolerance/asantehistory/essays/3C-18E-0/salaga/ com/2009/02/ayesha-harruna-attah-interview/ Ghana c. 1900-39”. c. Anderson In Ghana 18C-15/ 2000. Currey, James Oxford: Kpembe 18C-14/ , J.A. and Goody and , J.A. http://doi:10.4172/2332-0761.S1-004 http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/wordhoard/vol1/iss1/4 , Simi. “Beyond an Epistemology of Bread, Butter, Culture and Power. Mapping the the Power. and Mapping Butter, Culture of Bread, Epistemology an “Beyond , Simi. . “20 questions with Ayesha Harruna Attah”. < Attah”. Harruna Ayesha with questions . “20 , Emmanuel. “Interview with Kpembewura, Chief of Kpembe, Alhaji Ibrahim Haruna”, Haruna”, Ibrahim Alhaji of Kpembe, Chief Kpembewura, with “Interview , Emmanuel. , Emmanuel. “An Interview with Salagawura, Chief of Salaga, Alhaji Kanyiti Osman Osman Kanyiti Alhaji of Salaga, Chief Salagawura, with “An Interview , Emmanuel. , Emmanuel. “Urbanization, Individualization and Gender Realtions in Colonial Colonial in Realtions Gender and Individualization “Urbanization, , Emmanuel. , Emmanuel. “Northern factors in Asante History. Salaga”. < Salaga”. History. 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