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Traditional Dwellings: an Architectural Anthropological Study from the Walled City of Lahore

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Traditional Dwellings: an Architectural Anthropological Study from the Walled City of Lahore Int'l Journal of Advances in Agricultural & Environmental Engg. (IJAAEE) Vol. 4, Issue 1 (2017) ISSN 2349-1523 EISSN 2349-1531 Traditional Dwellings: An Architectural Anthropological Study from the Walled City of Lahore S. Gulzar Abstract—Traditional dwellings were planned in response to II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ecological, cultural and economic factors as major determinants. For this architectural anthropological research, the focus of These in results formulate the architectural style of the area in the region. The shape and form of the traditional dwellings were also study is the traditional dwellings or residential architecture of dervied in harmony to the determinants and not concieved as an the Walled city of Lahore, Pakistan, a city with a rich cultural isolated element. The traditional dwellings were found to be the background. The selected area is well known for its traditional symbolic representation of beliefs, cultural norms, social dwellings following the historic continuity over the years even principles, political systems and economic logics of their time. in this modern period of 21st. century. In the present scenario, Therefore this interdisciplinary research was initiated through the house design trends are continuing to become more and architectural anthropological methodology to study the traditional dwellings in the Walled City of Lahore and for the more westernized in a pattern that is not suitable for the region documentation of the interventions/ modifications with the because of their inability to provide comfortable living passage of time. environments and life-enriching spaces as was in the past [1]. For the development of the climate compatible sustainable Keywords—Anthropological, Architectural, Dwelling, architecture in this modern era the architectural anthropological Traditional, Lahore, Walled City analysis was performed in the Walled City of Lahore. The following three case studies were selected as representative I. INTRODUCTION sample for the study of traditional dwellings in the Walled City Traditional dwellings or architecture (materiality of built of Lahore as shown in Figure 1, 2 and 3. form) is an expression of technology in combination with art for the satisfaction of human desires (ecological, cultural and III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS economic). A traditional dwelling interact with the surrounding A. Traditional Dwellings of Lahore environment and brings together the impacts of social, cultural, natural territorial, regional and climatic features in the form of The studied traditional dwellings clearly depicted the particular architectural style. The increasing globalization and regional architecture following the natural terrain, advancement in science and technology have caused us to move environmental setting, climate, local materials and traditional away from our traditional architecture. And the standardization construction style fully incoroporated with socio-cultural norms and comfortable living spaces with the use of passsive of built environments globally results in lack of cultural and design strategies [4]. The selected houses represented the regional identity [1]. The use of same building methods, building typology of regional courtyard houses locally known materials and styles globally, challenges our ability to achieve as “ Haveli” [5, 6].The architectural elements like high roofs, sustainable living necssary for the climate responsive thick walls with ventilators, screens, verandah, balcony, shades architecture which is evident in present residential architecture in the form of overhangs, wide openings with orientation and of Pakistan. The western style is considered more acceptable natural hard/soft landscape were used for sustainable climate for the name of modernization leaving behind the traditional compatible constructions [7]. style. The modern houses usually follow environment intensive modern style to achieve comfort rather than the inclusion of B. Spatial Structural Analysis of Traditional Dwellings natural phenomenon [2]. The spatial structural analysis of traditional dwellings The houses, now being built, are losing their relevance to (Table-I) showed the interplay of natural elements with the their region by creating uncomfortable living environments. placement of house location, design and layout [8]. The The artificially generated indoor environments are isolated, architectural fabric also followed the natural settings while cutting off our connection with nature [3]. accomodating the complex socio-cultural principles (imbedded with the beliefs) and economic conditions [9]. Manuscript received Feb. 21, 2017. This work was supported in part by the University of Management and Technology, Lahore-Pakistan. Dr. S. Gulzar (Associate Professor) (Author) is with the Department of Architecture in the School of Architecture and Planning, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, PAKISTAN https://doi.org/10.15242/IJAAEE.AE0317113 152 Int'l Journal of Advances in Agricultural & Environmental Engg. (IJAAEE) Vol. 4, Issue 1 (2017) ISSN 2349-1523 EISSN 2349-1531 Fig. 1. House No-1 (Lal Haveli) in the Walled City of Lahore-Pakistan (Gulzar, 2016) https://doi.org/10.15242/IJAAEE.AE0317113 153 Int'l Journal of Advances in Agricultural & Environmental Engg. (IJAAEE) Vol. 4, Issue 1 (2017) ISSN 2349-1523 EISSN 2349-1531 Fig. 2. House No-2 (Nawin Haveli) in the Walled City of Lahore-Pakistan (Gulzar, 2016) https://doi.org/10.15242/IJAAEE.AE0317113 154 Int'l Journal of Advances in Agricultural & Environmental Engg. (IJAAEE) Vol. 4, Issue 1 (2017) ISSN 2349-1523 EISSN 2349-1531 Fig. 3. House No-3 (Lahori Haveli) in the Walled City of Lahore-Pakistan (Gulzar, 2016) https://doi.org/10.15242/IJAAEE.AE0317113 155 Int'l Journal of Advances in Agricultural & Environmental Engg. (IJAAEE) Vol. 4, Issue 1 (2017) ISSN 2349-1523 EISSN 2349-1531 TABLE I: SPATIAL STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF TRADITIONAL DWELLINGS OF WALLED CITY LAHORE-PAKISTAN Spatial Indicators House No-1 House No-2 House No-3 Conclusions Environ- Placement in ment Setting narrow winding and covered streets as climate responsive, Internal and External open spaces on all sides, Openings to achive Sustainable Designs Beliefs Perimeter high walls, Public areas separated Male and Female Concept of Islamic ventilators, Internal from outside, accessible areas Values through courtyards with Restricted internal division, openings division of spaces, openings, surrounded movements, walled directions Height of walls, by verandah high on street side and Shared Values ventilators Materiality of Inner circulations, Built Form courtyards, Projected Balcony, Clusters Socio-Cultural Cultural lifestyle of Inner Courtyards for Access within the Public and Private Principles Joint family system family interaction and house and outside areas segregation, where 2-3 generations functions, social center, based on Privacy Extended Family live together in these Interaction within factor, Gender Structures, Privacy, houses, Extended Clusters segregation Gender Separation, domestic spaces Economic Locally abundant Balcony as shading Porous nature of Simple Structure materials, Thick walls devices, Summer sun materials helps in Constructions, Low for sustainable block and winter sun evaporative cooling cost materials based designs, Natural penetration through on Temporary heating and cooling screens Living Concepts https://doi.org/10.15242/IJAAEE.AE0317113 156 Int'l Journal of Advances in Agricultural & Environmental Engg. (IJAAEE) Vol. 4, Issue 1 (2017) ISSN 2349-1523 EISSN 2349-1531 TABLE II: BUILDING TYPOLOGY AND CONSTRUCTION STYLE OF TRADITIONAL DWELLINGS OF WALLED CITY LAHORE-PAKISTAN Built Form House No-1 House No-2 House No-3 Conclusions Indicators Historical Courtyard houses in South facing Historical style Traditional Perspective/ continuation with courtyards, constructions for the Dwellings Concept Continuity history Traditions followed collection of evoloved from daylight history Materials and Brick and Lime Simple and plain Brick and lime core Traditional Construction Plaster with typical elevations with structure with construction with traditional brickwork dressed brickwork local materials construction style decoration Built Form Central Location, Accessibilty All openings into Courtyard Housing Typology Access through through courtyards the courtyard Typology courtyard Space Layout Entrance-Public Entrance-Public Entrance-Public 3 Step Space Layout zone, zone, zone, Philosophy Courtyard-Central Courtyard-Central Courtyard-Central zone than Private zone than Private zone than Private zone zone zone Natural Landscape Fountains, Biophilic Focussed with light, Safe and private Naturally Operated Elements Design sound and water with sustainable Systems for Heating design and Cooling [10] TABLE III: ARCHITECTURAL SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF TRADITIONAL DWELLINGS OF WALLED CITY LAHORE-PAKISTAN Architectural House No-1 House No-2 House No-3 Conclusions Element Indicators Architectural Simple and plain Arches mainly with Arched openings Traditional Vocabulary facades with balcony, with perforated elements with local wooden balconies geometrical designs patterned screens architectural vocabulary Space Ordering Public, semi-private Accessible, through Male dominant, Space ordering and private areas passage, mix, Female followed inaccessible areas dominant areas socio-cultural pattern Symbolic Human High Roofs, wide Inviting entrances, Feeling of Spaces planned for Dimensions openings, punctured Large windows vastness-connecting Human comfort
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