DOCSLIB.ORG

Life History of Daphnia Galeata in a Hypertrophic Reservoir and Consequences of Non-Consumptive Mortality for the Initiation of a Midsummer Decline

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Life History of Daphnia Galeata in a Hypertrophic Reservoir and Consequences of Non-Consumptive Mortality for the Initiation of a Midsummer Decline Freshwater Biology (2002) 47, 2313–2324 Life history of Daphnia galeata in a hypertrophic reservoir and consequences of non-consumptive mortality for the initiation of a midsummer decline S. HU¨ LSMANN and H. VOIGT Institute of Hydrobiology, Dresden Technical University, Dresden, Germany SUMMARY 1. Field and laboratory investigations were combined in a 2-year study on the initiation of a midsummer decline of Daphnia galeata Sars in a hypertrophic reservoir. Quantitative field samples were taken twice a week, and, adult and juvenile mortality rates were calculated. Patterns of reproduction and survival of daphnids born during spring and early summer under fluctuating food conditions were determined in life-table experi- ments. 2. The abundance of Daphnia increased strongly in early May and declined in June 1998 (midsummer decline). In 1999, Daphnia density increased only slowly in spring and remained constantly high throughout the summer. 3. Food conditions (concentrations of POC<30 lm) for daphnids deteriorated in both years in response to increasing Daphnia densities, resulting in a clear-water phase of about 4 weeks. When Daphnia abundance declined in 1998, POC<30 lm concentrations increased greatly, whereas in 1999 food conditions improved only slightly and Secchi depth remained high. 4. Survival of daphnids in life-table experiments decreased greatly after food became rare and was strongly reduced in those animals born during the clear-water phase compared with those born later. In addition, age at first reproduction was retarded during the clear- water phase, resulting in very low population growth rates. Survivorship patterns in life- table experiments suggest a strong impact of non-consumptive mortality on Daphnia population dynamics. 5. Field data of mortality point to differences in mortality patterns between years, probably resulting from different predation impacts of juvenile fish. In both years, however, adult mortality contributed substantially to overall mortality at the end of the clear-water phase. As bottom-up effects on D. galeata were very similar in both years, the significance of non-consumptive mortality on the initiation of midsummer declines appears to depend largely on recruitment patterns before the clear-water phase. A high impact can be expected when Daphnia populations are dominated by a peak cohort of nearly identical age during the clear-water phase. Keywords: clear-water phase, Daphnia galeata, life history, midsummer decline, mortality Introduction The relative importance of bottom-up and top-down Correspondence: Stephan Huulsmann,€ Netherlands Institute of influences on Daphnia population dynamics and the Ecology, Centre for Limnology, PO Box 1299, 3600 BG Maarssen, induction of midsummer declines of Daphnia abun- the Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] dance has been the focus of numerous studies (e.g. Ó 2002 Blackwell Science Ltd 2313 2314 S. Huulsmann€ and H. Voigt Luecke et al., 1990; De Stasio et al., 1995; Mehner ment patterns of D. galeata Sars observed in a year et al., 1998a). Predation has been suggested to be the with a midsummer decline (Huulsmann€ & Weiler, main driving force by some investigators (Mills & 2000). Forney, 1983; Cryer, Peirson & Townsend, 1986); Meaningful extrapolation of age-specific mortality others have stressed on the importance of bottom-up patterns from laboratory populations to field situa- effects (Lampert et al., 1986; Boersma, van Tongeren tions is impracticable. Conversely, death rates calcu- & Mooij, 1996). However, only in a few cases could lated from field data encompass all sources of the predominant role of predation be demonstrated mortality and are confounded by large uncertainties by detailed comparisons of consumption and mor- (George & Edwards, 1974; Taylor, 1988). An approach tality patterns (Mills & Forney, 1983; Vijverberg simulating in situ conditions while precluding preda- et al., 1990). Consequently, many investigators con- tion hence would be preferable for estimating the cluded that the combined effects of food limitation importance of non-consumptive mortality in field and predation drive Daphnia populations to decline populations. Most studies that have analysed Daphnia in summer (Luecke et al., 1990; Wu & Culver, 1994; life-history patterns under in situ conditions focused Mehner et al., 1998a). It remains largely speculative, on growth or reproduction (Weglenska, 1971; however, as to how exactly these interactions work, Threlkeld, 1979, 1980, 1985; Langeland, Koksvik & although effects of size-selection and timing of top- Olsen, 1985; Larsson et al., 1985; Muuller-Navarra€ & down and bottom-up factors might be especially Lampert, 1996) and neglected mortality. In situ experi- important (Post et al., 1997; Mehner et al., 1998b; ments related to midsummer declines (Threlkeld, Benndorf et al., 2001). 1979, 1985; Larsson et al., 1985) focused only on the Bottom-up effects influence Daphnia dynamics in actual decline phase. If, however, non-consumptive different ways. Starvation-induced mortality may be mortality of adults and preadults is important for the expected especially in juvenile stages (Threlkeld, 1976; decline, the life history of the daphnids born during Tessier et al., 1983) and has been suggested as the the build-up of the population or during the period of main cause of midsummer declines in several lakes high Daphnia abundance would be most critical. (e.g. Boersma et al., 1996), although this mechanism Gries & Guude€ (1999) recently gave evidence of the might not hold for every species and situation significance of non-consumptive mortality for the (Matveev & Gabriel, 1994). Reduced fecundity owing dynamics of D. galeata in Lake Constance. High to food limitation during the spring clear-water phase population losses resulting from sedimentation were is commonly regarded as key mechanism (Lampert attributed to an unidentified infection. However, size– et al., 1986; Sommer et al., 1986). This mechanism is frequency distributions of D. galeata in that study difficult to demonstrate, however, because birth and point to ageing effects as a partially alternative death rates must be considered simultaneously and explanation. That is, it is possible that the infection both parameters are related in a complex way invol- ‘only’ influenced reproduction, whereas mortality ving time lags (e.g. George & Edwards, 1974). The resulted simply from senescence. question remains therefore: Which part of the popula- The exact mechanism leading to midsummer tion dies during a decline and why? Although declines of Daphnia remains speculative as long as mortality of older and larger specimens of Daphnia is the life history under natural conditions is not commonly attributed to selective predation (Gliwicz known. Therefore, the main goal of this study was & Pijanowska, 1989), the synchronous die-off of a to elucidate the life-history pattern of D. galeata peak-cohort might also be an important source of during spring and early summer in a reservoir. Data adult mortality and contribute to the induction of a from life-table experiments approximating field con- midsummer decline (Huulsmann€ & Weiler, 2000; ditions were related to population dynamics and Benndorf et al., 2001). The proposed mechanism demography of D. galeata between May and July in involves a reduced mean life span of a peak cohort two successive years, one with a midsummer decline caused by interactions between starvation-induced and one without. The mortality of juveniles and and age-specific mortality (Threlkeld, 1976). Evidence adults was calculated from both field data and for this idea came from the analysis of long-term data estimates of juvenile growth, and compared with (Benndorf et al., 2001), and the mortality and recruit- Daphnia survival in life-table experiments to get Ó 2002 Blackwell Science Ltd, Freshwater Biology, 47, 2313–2324 Life history of Daphnia galeata Sars 2315 insight into the relative importance of non-con- where Nti+1,obs., Nti,obs. is observed abundance at ti+1 sumptive and consumptive mortality for the initi- and ti, respectively and Nti+1,calc., the calculated )1 ation of a midsummer decline. abundance at ti+1. Mortality rates (m) (day )of juvenile and adult daphnids were calculated by subtracting r from r¢, which results in: Methods À 1 m ¼ðln Nti þ 1;calc: À ln Ntiþ1;obs:ÞDt ðday Þð3Þ Field sampling and determination of population parameters Life-table experiments Daphnia galeata and particulate organic carbon A total of nine life-table experiments were per- (POC l ) were sampled twice a week from May <30 m formed in 1998 and 1999. Large, fecund individuals to July 1998 and 1999 in the pelagic zone of Bautzen of D. galeata from Bautzen Reservoir were obtained Reservoir, Germany. Samples were taken with a tube by net tows (780 lm) and kept in filtered reservoir sampler (diameter 95 mm, 2 L; Limnos, Finland) at water for 12 h. Six to ten neonates were then placed 1-m intervals over the whole water column. Samples individually in glass vessels (15 mL) filled with from three stations with a similar water depth reservoir water. Water was changed daily (1998) or (10–12 m) were pooled. Secchi depth was recorded every other day (1999), but gently stirred everyday. and water temperature was measured in depth At least three additional neonates were taken to intervals of 1 m. Daphnids from zooplankton samples estimate the initial length of the experimental were enumerated in at least three subsamples. About animals. All experiments were run at 18 ± 0.5 °C 100 individuals were measured and the number of and a 16 : 8 h light–dark cycle. eggs in the brood pouch, as well as their develop- Depth-integrated water samples from the reservoir mental stage (Threlkeld, 1979) was recorded. The were collected twice a week and stored in the dark proportion of adult daphnids was calculated after at 4 °C. In 1998, the water was passed over a 30-lm determination of the size at maturity (SAM) according screen to remove non-edible size fractions of the to Stibor & Lampert (1993). seston. In 1999, a 250-lm screen was used to mimic Juvenile growth was estimated once per week in more closely the food situation experienced by flow-through chambers at 18 °C.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Witch-Cult in Western Europe, by Margaret Alice Murray This Ebook Is for the Use of Anyone Anywhere at No Cost and with Almost No Restrictions Whatsoever
    20411-0 The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Witch-cult in Western Europe, by Margaret Alice Murray This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Witch-cult in Western Europe A Study in Anthropology Author: Margaret Alice Murray Release Date: January 22, 2007 [EBook #20411] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WITCH-CULT IN WESTERN EUROPE *** Produced by Michael Ciesielski, Irma THE WITCH-CULT IN WESTERN EUROPE _A Study in Anthropology_ BY MARGARET ALICE MURRAY OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1921 Oxford University Press _London Edinburgh Glasgow Copenhagen New York Toronto Melbourne Cape Town Bombay Calcutta Madras Shanghai_ Humphrey Milford Publisher to the UNIVERSITY PREFACE The mass of existing material on this subject is so great that I have not attempted to make a survey of the whole of European 'Witchcraft', but have confined myself to an intensive study of the cult in Great Britain. In order, however, to obtain a clearer understanding of the ritual and beliefs I have had recourse to French and Flemish sources, as the cult appears to have been the same throughout Western Europe. The New England records are unfortunately not published _in extenso_; this is the more unfortunate as the extracts already given to the public occasionally throw light on some of the English practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Flea Daphnia Sp. ILLINOIS RANGE
    water flea Daphnia sp. Kingdom: Animalia FEATURES Phylum: Arthropoda Water fleas are compressed side to side. The body Class: Branchiopoda of these microscopic organisms is enclosed in a Order: Cladocera transparent shell that usually has a spine at the end. Four, five or six pairs of swimming legs are present. Family: Daphniidae One pair of antennae is modified for swimming and ILLINOIS STATUS helps to propel the organism through the water. The end of the female’s intestine is curled, while the end common, native of the male’s intestine is straight. Water fleas have a single, compound eye. BEHAVIORS Water fleas can be found throughout Illinois in almost any body of water. They prefer open water. These small arthropods migrate up in the water at night and down in the day, although a few live on the bottom. Water flea populations generally consist only of females in the spring and summer. Reproduction at these times is by parthenogenesis (males not required for eggs to develop). In the fall, males are produced, and they mate with the females. Fertilized eggs are deposited to “rest” on the bottom until hatching in the spring or even many years later. Water fleas eat bacteria and algae. They have a life span of several weeks. ILLINOIS RANGE © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2021. Biodiversity of Illinois. Unless otherwise noted, photos and images © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. © Paul Herbert female with eggs Aquatic Habitats bottomland forests; lakes, ponds and reservoirs; Lake Michigan; marshes; peatlands; rivers and streams; swamps; temporary water supplies; wet prairies and fens Woodland Habitats bottomland forests; southern Illinois lowlands Prairie and Edge Habitats none © Illinois Department of Natural Resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Fagutredning, Prosjekt Nr
    Müller - Sars Selskapet – Drøbak Daphnia lacustris (v.ø.), D. l. alpina (h.ø.): store, lavpredasjonsdaphnier og Lough Slieveaneena, Irland; oceanisk lavpredasjoninnsjø med bare ørret og store D. longispina Vedvarende menneskeindusert spredning av bredspektret ferskvannsfisk til og internt i Norge: et holarktisk, økologisk perspektiv Rapport nr. 10-2009 Drøbak 2009 ISBN: 978-82-8030-003-4 Ekstrakt Menneskeindusert spredning av fisk med bredspektret fødevalg, som karpefisk og gjedde, påvirker nå følsomme økosystemer i store deler av Norge. Mens en pest-art som ørekyte (Phoxinus phoxinus) kan leve over et meget bredt temperaturområde, og finnes like vanlig i høyfjellet som i karpefiskområder i lavlandet og på kontinentet, har andre karpefisk og nordlig gjedde (Esox lucius) vanligvis et trangere temperaturområde, slik som de siste spredningsartene i Norge: sørv (Scardinius erythrophthalmus), suter (Tinca tinca) og regnlaue (Leucaspius delineatus). Arter som karpe, mort, karuss, gullvederbuk og stingsild kan og også spres med menneskers hjelp. I tillegg ble mataukfisk som kanadisk bekkerøye spredd under perioden med forsuring i Norge og regnbueørret er satt ut ulike steder i landet gjennom flere tiår. Spredning av ørekyte og de tidligere utsettingene av faunafremmede laksefisk blir gitt stor oppmerksomhet i forvaltning og forskning, mens spredning av øvrige karpefisk og gjedde til ekstremt sjeldne økosystemer i norsk lavland får utvikle seg relativt fritt i det ”oppvirvlede støvet” rundt ørekyte og laksefiskene. På grunn av landets steile topografi og lange, sammenhengende fjellkjeder mot invasjonssentre, og -regioner, var det alltid problematisk for ferskvannsfisk å spre seg over hele Norge, før menneskene ankom. Etter siste istid har imidlertid menneskene båret fisk over det meste av landet.
    [Show full text]
  • Scepticism and Belief in English Witchcraft Drama, 1538–1681
    SCEPTICISM AND BELIEF IN ENGLISH WITCHCRAFT DRAMA, 1538–1681 Scepticism and belief in English witchcraft drama, 1538–1681 ERIC PUDNEY Lund University Press Copyright © Eric Pudney 2019 The right of Eric Pudney to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Lund University Press The Joint Faculties of Humanities and Theology P.O. Box 117 SE-221 00 LUND Sweden http://lunduniversitypress.lu.se Lund University Press books are published in collaboration with Manchester University Press. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 9 1983 7686 9 hardback ISBN 978 9 1983 7687 6 open access First published 2019 This electronic version has been made freely available under a Creative Commons (CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, thanks to the support of Lund University, which permits non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction provided the author(s) and Lund University Press are fully cited and no modifications or adaptations are made. Details of the licence can be viewed at https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Lund University Press gratefully acknowledges publication assistance from the Thora Ohlsson Foundation (Thora Ohlssons
    [Show full text]
  • Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of the South-East of the Korean Peninsula, with Twenty New Records for Korea*
    Zootaxa 3368: 50–90 (2012) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of the south-east of the Korean Peninsula, with twenty new records for Korea* ALEXEY A. KOTOV1,2, HYUN GI JEONG2 & WONCHOEL LEE2 1 A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Leninsky Prospect 33, Moscow 119071, Russia E-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea *In: Karanovic, T. & Lee, W. (Eds) (2012) Biodiversity of Invertebrates in Korea. Zootaxa, 3368, 1–304. Abstract We studied the cladocerans from 15 different freshwater bodies in south-east of the Korean Peninsula. Twenty species are first records for Korea, viz. 1. Sida ortiva Korovchinsky, 1979; 2. Pseudosida cf. szalayi (Daday, 1898); 3. Scapholeberis kingi Sars, 1888; 4. Simocephalus congener (Koch, 1841); 5. Moinodaphnia macleayi (King, 1853); 6. Ilyocryptus cune- atus Štifter, 1988; 7. Ilyocryptus cf. raridentatus Smirnov, 1989; 8. Ilyocryptus spinifer Herrick, 1882; 9. Macrothrix pen- nigera Shen, Sung & Chen, 1961; 10. Macrothrix triserialis Brady, 1886; 11. Bosmina (Sinobosmina) fatalis Burckhardt, 1924; 12. Chydorus irinae Smirnov & Sheveleva, 2010; 13. Disparalona ikarus Kotov & Sinev, 2011; 14. Ephemeroporus cf. barroisi (Richard, 1894); 15. Camptocercus uncinatus Smirnov, 1971; 16. Camptocercus vietnamensis Than, 1980; 17. Kurzia (Rostrokurzia) longirostris (Daday, 1898); 18. Leydigia (Neoleydigia) acanthocercoides (Fischer, 1854); 19. Monospilus daedalus Kotov & Sinev, 2011; 20. Nedorchynchotalona chiangi Kotov & Sinev, 2011. Most of them are il- lustrated and briefly redescribed from newly collected material. We also provide illustrations of four taxa previously re- corded from Korea: Sida crystallina (O.F.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Atlas of the Water Fleas, “Cladocera” (Class Crustacea) Recorded at the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve and State Nature Preserve, Ohio
    Taxonomic Atlas of the Water Fleas, “Cladocera” (Class Crustacea) Recorded at the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve and State Nature Preserve, Ohio by Jakob A. Boehler, Tamara S. Keller and Kenneth A. Krieger National Center for Water Quality Research Heidelberg University Tiffin, Ohio, USA 44883 January 2012 Taxonomic Atlas of the Water Fleas, “Cladocera” (Class Crustacea) Recorded at the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve and State Nature Preserve, Ohio by Jakob A. Boehler, Tamara S. Keller* and Kenneth A. Krieger Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for the assistance of Dr. David Klarer, Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve, for providing funding for this project, directing us to updated taxonomic resources and critically reviewing drafts of this atlas. We also thank Dr. Brenda Hann, Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Manitoba, for her thorough review of the final draft. This work was funded under contract to Heidelberg University by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. This publication was supported in part by Grant Number H50/CCH524266 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve in Ohio is part of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS), established by Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act, as amended. Additional information about the system can be obtained from the Estuarine Reserves Division, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Daphnia As an Emerging Model for Toxicological Genomics Joseph R
    165 Daphnia as an emerging model for toxicological genomics Joseph R. Shaw1,Ã, Michael E. Pfrender2, Brian D. Eads3, Rebecca Klaper4, Amanda Callaghan5, Richard M. Sibly5, Isabelle Colson6, Bastiaan Jansen7, Donald Gilbert3 and John K. Colbourne8 1The School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA 2Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill Road, Logan, UT 84322, USA 3Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA 4Great Lakes WATER Institute, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 East Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, USA 5School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, PO Box 68, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK 6Zoologisches Institut, Universita¨t Basel, Biozentrum/Pharmazentrum, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland 7Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch. De Beriostraat 32, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium 8The Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA Abstract. Daphnia are already an established model species in toxicology. This freshwater crustacean is used commonly for environmental monitoring of pollutants around the globe and plays an important role in establishing regulatory criteria by government agencies (e.g., US EPA, Environment Canada organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Environment Agency of Japan). Consequently, daphniids represent 8% of all experimental data for aquatic animals within the toxicological databases (Denslow et al., 2007). As such, their incorporation
    [Show full text]
  • Religion and the Return of Magic: Wicca As Esoteric Spirituality
    RELIGION AND THE RETURN OF MAGIC: WICCA AS ESOTERIC SPIRITUALITY A thesis submitted for the degree of PhD March 2000 Joanne Elizabeth Pearson, B.A. (Hons.) ProQuest Number: 11003543 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11003543 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 AUTHOR’S DECLARATION The thesis presented is entirely my own work, and has not been previously presented for the award of a higher degree elsewhere. The views expressed here are those of the author and not of Lancaster University. Joanne Elizabeth Pearson. RELIGION AND THE RETURN OF MAGIC: WICCA AS ESOTERIC SPIRITUALITY CONTENTS DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix ABSTRACT xi INTRODUCTION: RELIGION AND THE RETURN OF MAGIC 1 CATEGORISING WICCA 1 The Sociology of the Occult 3 The New Age Movement 5 New Religious Movements and ‘Revived’ Religion 6 Nature Religion 8 MAGIC AND RELIGION 9 A Brief Outline of the Debate 9 Religion and the Decline o f Magic? 12 ESOTERICISM 16 Academic Understandings of
    [Show full text]
  • A Midsummer Night's Dream" Alexandra Larkin College of the Holy Cross, [email protected]
    The Criterion Volume 2018 | Issue 1 Article 5 5-8-2018 Forgotten Fairies: Traditional English Folklore in "A Midsummer Night's Dream" Alexandra Larkin College of the Holy Cross, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://crossworks.holycross.edu/criterion Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, Folklore Commons, Literature in English, British Isles Commons, and the Rhetoric and Composition Commons Recommended Citation Larkin, Alexandra (2018) "Forgotten Fairies: Traditional English Folklore in "A Midsummer Night's Dream"," The Criterion: Vol. 2018 : Iss. 1 , Article 5. Available at: https://crossworks.holycross.edu/criterion/vol2018/iss1/5 This Essay is brought to you for free and open access by CrossWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in The rC iterion by an authorized editor of CrossWorks. Ali Larkin 12/7/17 Shakespeare Forgotten Fairies: Traditional English Folklore in A Midsummer Night’s Dream One of the most popular sets of characters in Shakespeare’s comedy A Midsummer Night’s Dream is the powerful and mysterious fairies, whose magical antics drive the action of the play. Based in traditional English folklore, the fairies stand in contrast to the upper class Athenians and the Athenian peasant players. The play, which is set in Athens, follows in part the marital discord of Oberon and Titania, King and Queen of the Fairies and their servants, which reflects the aristocratic tendencies both of the Athenian court and the patrons of Shakespeare’s work. The two fairies rule over the woods outside of Athens, and yet their lives are extremely intertwined with those within the city.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Web Topology and Parasites in the Pelagic Zone of a Subarctic Lake
    Journal of Animal Ecology 2009, 78, 563–572 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01518.x FoodBlackwell Publishing Ltd web topology and parasites in the pelagic zone of a subarctic lake Per-Arne Amundsen1*, Kevin D. Lafferty2, Rune Knudsen1, Raul Primicerio1, Anders Klemetsen1 and Armand M. Kuris3 1Department of Aquatic BioSciences, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; 2US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, c/o Marine Science Institute, UC Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; and 3Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, UC Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA Summary 1. Parasites permeate trophic webs with their often complex life cycles, but few studies have included parasitism in food web analyses. Here we provide a highly resolved food web from the pelagic zone of a subarctic lake and explore how the incorporation of parasites alters the topology of the web. 2. Parasites used hosts at all trophic levels and increased both food-chain lengths and the total number of trophic levels. Their inclusion in the network analyses more than doubled the number of links and resulted in an increase in important food-web characteristics such as linkage density and connectance. 3. More than half of the parasite taxa were trophically transmitted, exploiting hosts at multiple trophic levels and thus increasing the degree of omnivory in the trophic web. 4. For trophically transmitted parasites, the number of parasite–host links exhibited a positive correlation with the linkage density of the host species, whereas no such relationship was seen for nontrophically transmitted parasites. Our findings suggest that the linkage density of free-living species affects their exposure to trophically transmitted parasites, which may be more likely to adopt highly connected species as hosts during the evolution of complex life cycles.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of the Contribution of Studies with Cladocerans
    Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 2015, 27(2), 145-159 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X3414 An overview of the contribution of studies with cladocerans to environmental stress research Um panorama da contribuição de estudos com cladóceros para as pesquisas sobre o estresse ambiental Albert Luiz Suhett1, Jayme Magalhães Santangelo2, Reinaldo Luiz Bozelli3, Christian Eugen Wilhem Steinberg4 and Vinicius Fortes Farjalla3 1Unidade Universitária de Biologia, Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste – UEZO, CEP 23070-200, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] 2Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Florestas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro – UFRRJ, CEP 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] 3Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, CEP 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 4Institute of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences I, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12437, Berlin, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Cladocerans are microcrustaceans component of the zooplankton in a wide array of aquatic ecosystems. These organisms, in particular the genusDaphnia , have been widely used model organisms in studies ranging from biomedical sciences to ecology. Here, we present an overview of the contribution of studies with cladocerans to understanding the consequences at different levels of biological organization of stress induced by environmental factors. We discuss how some characteristics of cladocerans (e.g., small body size, short life cycles, cyclic parthenogenesis) make them convenient models for such studies, with a particular comparison with other major zooplanktonic taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcript Dead Ladies Show Podcast Episode 26 Doreen Valiente & Martha Maxwell
    Transcript Dead Ladies Show Podcast Episode 26 Doreen Valiente & Martha Maxwell (Dead Ladies Show Music - ‘Little Lily Swing’ by Tri-Tachyon) SUSAN STONE: Welcome to the Dead Ladies Show Podcast. The Dead Ladies Show celebrates women both overlooked and iconic who achieved amazing things against the odds. And we do it through live history storytelling. I'm Susan Stone, and I'm here with Dead Ladies Show co- founder Katy Derbyshire. KATY DERBYSHIRE: Hi, Susan! SUSAN STONE: We're in Berlin, but sometimes the Dead Ladies Show finds another home far from our shores. KATY DERBYSHIRE: It does. We have a sister show now in New York City, and it's hosted by Molly O'Laughlin Kemper at the KGB Bar Red Room. Molly and her team have recently celebrated their one-year Dead Ladies Show anniversary. We're really pleased -- congratulations! SUSAN STONE: Yay! Red Room. It just sounds so spooky -- Red Room, Red Room -- doesn't it? In fact, in this episode with help from our New York pals, we're going to get a little spooky ourselves. Now just because we have the word 'dead' in the title of the show doesn't mean we're scary, usually. Although for some, there's nothing more terrifying than the idea of a woman doing whatever she wants, achieving great things, and even changing the world. To get ready for today's recording, I've worn my scary lady skeleton hand hair-clip in glorious rhinestones. And Katy has a timely homage in brooch form. KATY DERBYSHIRE: Yeah, so I have made this brooch out of a safety pin and a plastic spider which just lives in my kitchen in honor of Lady Hale, who if you've been following Brexit news, you'll be exhausted by now, but Lady Hale is the very senior judge in the UK who ruled that putting the parliament on hold -- so-called prorogation was illegal -- and they all had to go back to the Houses of Parliament and she did so wearing this beautiful glittering spider brooch, inspiring many memes.
    [Show full text]