UW Study Abroad OUAVM Summer Joint Program 2019

【UW Study Abroad×OUAVM Summer Joint Program 2019】

~ Food Systems and the Environment in Northern Japan ~

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【UW Study Abroad×OUAVM Summer Joint Program 2019】

Contents

UW Study Abroad OUAVM Summer Joint Program 2019 ...... 1 １．Foreword ...... 3 2. Introduction ...... 4 2-1. About this program ...... 4 2-2. Professors in OUAVM ...... 5 2-3. Participants of this program ...... 6 3. Program Schedule ...... 7 4. Accommodation ...... 9 5. Transportation ...... 9 5-1. Taxi ...... 9 5-2. Bicycle rental ...... 9 6. Internet Service ...... 10 6-1. WiFi in Hokkaido ...... 10 6-2. WiFi on Campus ...... 10 7. Currency and Price of Goods ...... 11 7-1.Currency ...... 11 7-2. Price of goods and services ...... 12 8. What to Wear? ...... 13 9. Emergency ...... 14 9-1. When you get sick or injured… ...... 14 9-2. Earthquakes ...... 14 9-3. Emergency phone number ...... 15 9-4. Emergency contact in the University ...... 15 10. Map around OUAVM campus ...... 16 11. Lecture materials ...... 17

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１．Foreword Summer 2019

Welcome to the second year of offering of Food Systems and the Environment in Obihiro, Hokkaido, in Northern Japan! As you may know, Madison and Obihiro are sister cities, a relationship which has fostered friendship and citizen to citizen exchange programs for many years. The formal collaboration between the University of Wisconsin (UW‐ Madison) and Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (OUAVM) was initiated with a visit by Professor Palta in early 2013 to share technology for the improvement of quality and production of potatoes in the Tokachi and Kamikawa regions in Hokkaido. After several visits by exchanged by the faculty and administration from the two institutes a memorandum of agreement for collaboration and scientific exchange was signed in fall of 2014. At present we have vibrant collaborative activities between the two institutions in areas of Soil Science, Food Science, Plant Pathology, Entomology and Animal Science, involving the commercial potato and dairy industry. Several faculty and post‐doctoral researchers from UW‐Madison and OUAVM are conducing joint research. Last year we started the Japan study abroad program to extend of our collaborative effort and learning to students. We had a very good feed‐back from our 2018 offering of this program and have implemented changes from this feed‐back to provide even better opportunities for learning and experiencing Northern Japan. This study abroad program was designed to be a truly bilateral program between the two institutions. In this program students from OUAVM and UW‐Madison will be paired to learn beyond the scope of this course. You will have the chance to learn not only about the food system and environment, but also an excellent opportunity to become familiar with the culture and share your knowledge and experience with one another. You will learn from professors with diverse research backgrounds and will have the unique opportunity to participate on many site visits throughout Hokkaido that will complement what is taught in the classroom. We hope that you will take full advantage of this program by being open to new ways of learning and to forming new friendships with students from UW‐Madison and OUAVM. Once again, welcome to Obihiro! Sincerely,

Jiwan Palta Aurelie Rakotondrafara Toshihisa Kanayama Akio Miyamoto Professor, UW‐Madison, Assistant Professor, UW‐Madison, Professor, OUAVM, Professor, OUAVM, Department of Horticulture Department of Plant Pathology Director, Global Department Chief, AgroMedicine Global AgroMedicine Research Center Research Center

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2. Introduction

2-1. About this program

Description

In this program, you will learn the mechanisms of food systems on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido. In the first part of the course, an overview of the natural resources and historical background will be provided to help you build an understanding of underlying natural and human influences on current food production systems in Hokkaido. You will see volcanic activities strongly influencing local agriculture. The combination of lectures and field visits to local farms and processing sites will enhance your knowledge from scientific research, farm management and food processing through to the consumer. Lectures and discussions will be linked to practical site/field visits involving local growers, animal agriculture, dairy production facilities and organizations in Tokachi region.

Learning Objectives

I. Recognize social, economic, and environmental influences on local agricultural systems and find suitable approaches to analyze them

II. Develop an understanding of the scientific and technological advances, as well as traditional practices, adopted in the local agricultural environment, and critically assess and contrast with food systems in Wisconsin

III. Cultivate cultural competency by observing the local natural resources, as well as studying the social, political, economic, and technological aspects of agriculture in the area

VI. Enhance intercultural communication skills by working with students from Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine who will attend the course

V. Evaluate opportunities for professional careers in the international food production industry

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2-2. Professors in OUAVM

Lecture and Discussion 1: Environment and Agriculture in Hokkaido

Masayuki TANI Kazumitsu ONISHI Takumi AKASAKA Soil Science Plant Breeding Ecology Conservation Lecture and Discussion 2: Soil and Crops in Hokkaido

Daigo AIUCHI Rintaro KINOSHITA Jun KASUGA Entomology and Soil Science Plant Physiology Plant pathology Lecture and Discussion 3: Dairy Production and Farming in Hokkaido

Kenji FUKUDA Tatsuhiko GOTO Naoki FUKUMA Milk Hygiene Animal Genetics and Breediing, Gut Microbiology and Applied Animal Science Animal Nutrition Lecture and Discussion 4: Environment of Hokkaido and Food System

Hiroichi KONO Tadashi KISHIMOTO Hiroyuki IWAMOTO Agricultural Economics Environmental and Agricultural Economics Agricultural Engineering Japanese Language

Noriko CAMPBELL

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2-3. Participants of this program

This is the list of participants of this program. Your partner in this program is in the same line of the list

Study Abroad 2019 "Food Systems and the Environment of Northern Japan"

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary University of Wisconsin-Madison Medicine First Current Majors Last Name First Name Current SIS Majors Last Name Name (or Interests)

Coady Joshua Botany BA, Forest Science BS Kitadume Kai Food Science

Groh Samantha Food Science BS Fujimori Miho Animal Science

Dairy Science BS, High School Hinchley Anna Special, Business Mgmt ALS Abe Ryoko Animal Science UCrt

Lee Ty Horticulture BS Sugiya Masaru Plant Science

Genetics & Genomics BS, So- Mildenhall Frederick Horticulture BS, Biocore Horiguchi Animal Science Ichiro Curriculum Honors UCrt

Environmental Studies BA, Rossen Alexandra Environmental Studies BMAJ, Ito Ayano (Environmental Science) International Studies BA

Schmidt Emma Environmental Sciences BS-ALS Ishida Yurino Soil Science

No Major Code BA, Honors in Sprouse Garrett Kobayashi Sho Agricultural Economics the Liberal Arts BA

Studio Art UCrt, Animal Sciences Torres Kaori Takahashi Rio Animal Science BS

Wood Alexandra Intended: Nutritional Sci BSD Morita Kanae Plant Science

Biocore Curriculum Honors UCrt, Yang Chao Kondo Shu (Animal Science) No Major Code ALS

Global Health UCrt, Nutritional Zellman Amy Hori Kanako Entomology Sciences BSDN

Matsushita Koki Food Science

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3. Program Schedule

Date Time Main Activities Place to stay

8/18 Arrival at Obihiro

(Sun) Two arrival locations: Tokachi-Obihiro Airport and Obihiro Train Station Hotel Nupka 8:30 - 9:00 Move to the city hall (on foot) 9:00 - 9:30 Courtesy call on the Mayor

9:30 - 10:00 Move to Obihiro University (Bus)

10:00 - 11:00 Program Orientation 1

11:00 - 12:00 Language Basic 1

12:00 - 13:00 Lunch with the Japanese students 8/19 (Mon) 13:00 - 13:30 Courtesy call on the President of OU

13:30 - 14:30 Program Orientation 2

14:30 - 15:30 Language Basic 2

15:30 - 17:00 Campus Tour

17:00 - 18:30 Welcome Reception on campus

18:30 - 19:00 Move to the hotel Hotel Nupka

8:30 - 9:00 Move to OU

Lecture and Discussion 1 9:00 - 12:00 Environment and Agriculture in Hokkaido

8/20 (Tue) 12:00 - 13:00 Lunch

13:00 - 13:30 Move to Obihiro Centennial City Museum

13:30 - 15:00 Visit to Obihiro Centennial City Museum

15:00 - 17:00 Move to Lake Akan Hotel Gozensui

Plan1: Mt. Meakan Hiking 8:30 - 9:00 Move to Onnneto

9:00 - 15:00 Hiking to Mt Meakan

Plan2: Tour around Lake Akan 8/21 (Wed) 9:00 - 10:30 Boat tour on Lake Akan

10:30 - 13:00 Walking tour around Lake Akan

13:00 - 13:30 Move to Onneto

13:30 - 15:00 Walking tour around Onneto

15:00 - 17:30 Move to the hotel Hotel Nupka

8:30 - 9:00 Move to OU

Lecture and Discussion 2 9:00 - 12:00 8/22 Soil and Crops in Hokkaido (Thu) 12:00 - 13:00 Lunch

13:00 - 14:00 Move to Shimizu Town

14:00 - 16:00 Visit to Sato Farm Hotel Nupka

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16:00 - 17:00 Move to the hotel

8:30 - 9:00 Move to OU

Lecture and Discussion 3 9:00 - 12:00 Dairy Production and Farming in Hokkaido

8/23 (Fri) 12:00 - 13:00 Lunch

13:00 - 14:30 Move to Shintoku Town

14:30 - 16:30 Visit to Kyodogakusha Shintoku Farm

16:30 - 18:00 Move to the hotel Hotel Nupka

8:30 - 9:00 Move to OU

9:00 - 12:00 Interim Summary and presentation preparation

12:00 - 13:00 Lunch 8/24(Sat) 13:00 - 13:30 Move to Banei Horse Racecourse

13:30 - 15:30 Visit to Banei Horse Racecourse

15:30 - 16:00 Move to the hotel Hotel Nupka

8/25 (Sun) Free Hotel Nupka 8:30 - 9:00 Move to OU

Lecture and Discussion 4 9:00 - 12:00 Environment of Hokkaido and Food System 8/26 12:00 - 13:00 Lunch (Mon) 13:00 - 14:00 Move to Shikaoi Town

14:00 - 16:00 Visit to Biogas Plant

16:00 - 17:00 Move to the hotel Hotel Nupka

8:30 - 9:00 Move to OU

9:00 - 12:00 Final Presentation and Discussion

12:00 - 13:00 Lunch

8/27 (Tue) 13:00 - 14:00 Closing

14:00 - 14:30 Move to the hotel

14:30 - 18:00 Free time

18:00 - 19:30 Farewell Party Hotel Nupka

8/28 Leave Obihiro (Wed)

※There might be a small change in schedule.

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4. Accommodation

Place to Stay Hotel Nupuka Hotel Gozensui Date to Stay Aug 18-19, Aug 21-28 Aug 20-21 Address 20-3, W2-S10, Akankoonsen 4-5-1, Akancho, Obihiro, Hokkaido Kushiroshi, Hokkaido Phone Number 0155-20-2600 0154-67-2031 Meals Breakfast is served. Dinner and breakfast are served.

Remarks No smoking -

5. Transportation

If you plan to use public transportation, there are route buses. However the bus routes are quite complicated, and unfortunately, English language service is not good enough for short-term tourists. We recommend you to use taxi or bicycle if you would like to go out in your free time.

5-1. Taxi

Taxis are more expensive than buses, but they can be much more convenient, especially in Obihiro. Taxi Fares Basic fare (1.6 km) ¥650 to ¥670

5-2. Bicycle rental

Bicycle rental services are available at Obihiro Bus Terminal. They can be the best for travelling short distances within a town or city.

【Bicycle rental in Obihiro】 Place to rent: Information office “Rikuru” in Obihiro Bus Terminal TEL: 0155-23-5920 Business hours: 9:30-17:30 Fees: ¥100 to ¥300/hour, ¥1,000/night

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【Types of Bike】 Town Rider Cross Bike Road Bike

Tire size: 26 inch Size: 400, 440, 480 Size: 480 Derailleur: 6 speed Derailleur: 3×9 speed Derailleur: 2×8 Speed Fee: 100 JPY/ hour Fee: 200JPY/hour Fee: 200JPY/hour

Please follow the rules of the road when you ride a bicycle. Cyclist are basically required to follow the same traffic rules as drivers:

Basic rules of the road

・Cyclists ride on the left hand side of the road. ・Riding dangerously, failing to stop at a stop light, or riding with broken brakes carries a maximum penalty of a ¥500,000 fine and/or three months in prison. ・Cycling under the influence of alcohol is forbidden and carries a maximum penalty of five years in prison and a ¥1,000,000 fine. ・Cycling on sidewalks is forbidden, except where indicated by shared sidewalk signs. (The rules outlined above exist, but are hardly enforced. For example, most cyclists ride on the sidewalks and almost never on the road. In fact, traffic police will occasionally direct road-riding cyclists onto the sidewalk regardless of the fact that this is actually illegal. )

6. Internet Service

6-1. WiFi in Hokkaido

Compared to Tokyo and other big cities, Hokkaido has very few WiFi hotspots, and the situation usually gets worse the farther you go into rural areas. If you’d like to stay connected to the internet at all times, we recommend buying a prepaid SIM card. Purchasing procedure is fairly simple and you can choose a plan that fits your length of stay. A 7-day access with 1 GB costs around 2,000 JPY. You need an unlocked smartphone or device to use the SIM card. Prepaid SIM cards can be purchased at electronics stores and some convenience stores. If you are having difficulty finding WiFi hotspots, you can try searching at train stations, convenience stores, fast food chains or other shops. Note that the WiFi services at these places may have certain usage limitations and may also require user registration.

6-2. WiFi on Campus

All PCs being used at OUAVM must be registered to use OUAVM’s network. To register, please fill in the registration form and submit to the staff in charge of this program at the orientation. WiFi PASSWORD: chikudai

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7. Currency and Price of Goods

7-1.Currency

The Japanese currency is the Yen (¥). Cash payment is common in Japan, although many stores accept credit cards. Checks are not used in Japan.

Currency exchange

You can exchange foreign currency at the airport, certain banks (Hokuyo, Hokkaido, Hokuriku, etc.) and post offices. Please note that banks and post offices are open only on weekdays. Post office banking services usually close at 4:00 PM.

Credit card

Major credit cards are generally accepted at large hotels, restaurants and commercial centers. Smaller, privately- run establishments rarely accept credit cards, so confirm in advance before making a payment.

ATM

You can use major credit cards to withdraw Japanese yen from ATMs at banks, Japan Post Office Bank and convenience stores. A Japan Post Office Bank ATM is located at the Co-op.

Name of bank Business hours (on campus) Weekdays 10:00-18:00 Japan Post Office Bank Saturdays, Sundays and National Holidays 9:00-17:00

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7-2. Price of goods and services

Food & drink

Onigiri (rice ball): about ¥150 (US $1.50) Pastry at a bakery: about ¥200 (US $2) Bowl of soba or udon noodles: about ¥200 - ¥700 (US $2-$7) Ramen: about ¥700-¥1000 (US $7 - $10) Inexpensive sushi meal: about ¥1,000 - ¥2,000 (US $10-$20) A lunch “set” (teishoku): about ¥800 - ¥1,200 (US $8-$12) Michelin-starred restaurant meal: ranging widely from about US $150 - $400 per person Dinner and drinks at an izakaya (drinking place): about ¥3,000 - ¥6,000 (US $30 - $60) Tea: Tea is provided for free at many restaurants Bottled water: about ¥120 (US $1.20) Coffee: about ¥200 - ¥500 (US $2 - $5), depending on the quality and the shop

Clothes

1 pair of jeans (Levis 501 or similar) about ¥7,000 (US $65) 1 summer dress in a High Street Store (Zara, H&M or similar retailers) about ¥4,000 (US $37) 1 pair of sport shoes (Nike, Adidas, or equivalent brands) about ¥8,500 (US $80)

Personal care

Cold medicine for 6 days (Tylenol, Frenadol, Coldrex, or equivalent brands) about ¥1,200 (US $11) 1 box of antibiotics (12 doses) about ¥1,000 (US $9) 1 box of 32 tampons (Tampax) about ¥500 (US $5)

Entertainment

Hot spring (onsen or sento) ¥500 (US $5) Cinema ¥1,800 (US $17)

※There is generally no tipping in Japan.

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8. What to Wear?

Summers in Hokkaido are less humid and more comfortable compared to mainland Japan, but temperatures can still go over 30°C (86 ºF). Evenings and early mornings can be somewhat chilly, so wear layers and use breathable fabrics like cotton or linen. The jacket or lightweight fleece can be good for sunshade during the day and for protection against cold at night. Sneakers are suitable during the program as you will visit many places in the afternoon. Sandals or slipper- style shoes are also convenient after the program or during your stay at hotel.

Courtesy call

In this program, you will have a courtesy call on Mayer of Obihiro city. It would be good to bring a one-piece dress for lady and shirt for man which can be used both casually and formally.

Field trip in the afternoon

When you go on field trips, you should wear lightweight comfortable walking shoes. You could bring a small towel as well since it can get pretty hot outside!

Mountain hiking

If you try mountain hiking on August 21, you need to bring the gear below as a climbing route is relatively hard: ・Long-sleeved shirt ( Quick-dry synthetic fabrics would be suitable. Please avoid cotton products) ・Long pants (Same as above) ・hat ・Sunglasses ・Trekking boots(ones that cover your ankles and have secure soles) ・Waterproof jacket and pants ・Outer garment for cold weather (such as a fleece jacket or wool sweater) ・Drinks that you can drink while climbing ・Portable snacks (Chocolate bars, salty candies, etc…) ・Thin gloves ・Towels ・Trekking poles (Not a requirement but would be useful)

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9. Emergency

9-1. When you get sick or injured…

When you get sick or injured, please report to the professor in charge immediately. Professors in charge Phone no. Akio MIYAMOTO 090-7648-4880 Masayuki TANI 090-6268-2989 Rintaro KINOSHITA 080-4341-0249

Medical Clinics near OUAVM that offer services in English

Name of Facility Specialty Address Ｔel. Internal Medicine, Inochi no Ki Clinic 13-1, Minami no Mori-9, Obihiro 0155-49-3622 General Surgery Internal Medicine, Hokuto Hospital Surgery, Pediatrics, Inada-cho, Ki-sen 7-5, Obihiro 0155-48-8000 Plastic Surgery, etc. There are more medical facilities that offer English services. For further information, please refer to the website of Obihiro City Hall. Website︓ http://www.city.obihiro.hokkaido.jp/shiminkatsudoubu/shinzenkouryuuka/e010108_2.html

9-2. Earthquakes

The following is the minimum information that you should know in order to be prepared for an earthquake.

What to do when an earthquake occurs

If inside a house or building • Shut off the stove (heat) and the main gas valve • Open your windows and doors. • Take cover under a desk or table. • Keep a safe distance away from bookshelves and other furniture that may tip over. • Use the stairs, not an elevator.

When Outside

• Watch out for window glass or objects falling and move to a safe place. • Stay away from unstable structures such as vending machines and walls. • If you are driving, slowly reduce speed and stop the car on the left side on the street. • If you are on the train or bus, hold on to the strap or rail and follow the instruction of the conductor or driver.

When near the sea

• If you feel tremors at the beach, leave and go to a nearby hill immediately. • Even weak tremors can cause a tsunami, so leave the beach immediately.

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9-3. Emergency phone number

Police Department・・・１１０

Dial 110 (toll free) for 24-hour police service and be ready to tell the police officer the following information: • The accident or crime • The location or address • Your name

Fire and Ambulance・・・１１９

In case of a fire or if you need an ambulance, dial 119 (toll free) for 24-hour emergency service, and be ready to provide the following information: • Fire or ambulance • The location or address • Your name

Explain where the incident occurred by giving the address or the name of the place. Point out a landmark or prominent building, so that the fire truck/ambulance can arrive quickly.

When calling from a public telephone, first push the red button for emergency, and then dial. You can dial for free from a public telephone (so there is no need to insert money or card).

9-4. Emergency contact in the University

Working hours (Monday – Friday, 8:30 – 17:15)

International & Regional Collaboration Section Phone extensions: 5348, 5311 From off campus: (0155) 49-5348 or 49-5311

Outside working hours, Saturdays, Sundays and National Holidays

Security Guard Office 1F, General Research Building (service in Japanese only) Extension: 5253 From off campus: (0155) 49-5253

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10. Map around OUAVM campus

They are the nearest useful stores from our university.

1. Grocery store “Daiichi” and pharmacy “Tsuruha Drug”

You can find not only grocery but also bento (lunch box) at store Daiichi. Tsuruha Drug provides wide variety of medicines and daily necessities.

2. Obihiro Minamimachi Post office

You can use major credit cards to withdraw Japanese yen from ATM.

3・4. Convenience stores (LOWSON・Seven-Eleven)

Both stores are open 24 hours.

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11. Lecture materials

Aug.20: Lecture and Discussion 1 ~Environment and Agriculture in Hokkaido~

 Nature of Hokkaido

 Agriculture in Hokkaido

 Landscapes and Geology of Hokkaido

Aug.22: Lecture and Discussion 2 ~Soil and Crops in Hokkaido~

 Movement of water and calcium in plants

 Food Production under Volcanic Ash Soils

Aug.23: Lecture and Discussion 3 ~Dairy Production and Farming in Hokkaido~

 Let’s make a cheese!

Aug.26: Lecture and Discussion 4~Environment of Hokkaido and Food System~

 Environment of Hokkaido and Food System

 Animal waste and Biomass Fuel

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Lecture and Discussion 1 Environment and Agriculture in Hokkaido

 Nature of Hokkaido  Agriculture in Hokkaido  Landscapes and Geology of Hokkaido

Nature of Hokkaido

The aim of this lecture Think about differences‐similarities of Landscape and Nature between US and Japan.

Takumi Akasaka

JAPAN: How do you imagine ?

The Diverse Vegetation & Animals JAPAN: ■ Forest How do you imagine ? ■ Agriculture ■ Urban ■ Freshwater □ Others

Agricultural area: 12.2 % of inland area

Where on the Earth are we??

A B C ?

Scale ?

? Why is the landscape of Hokkaido similar to the United states? History

Mr. Horace Capron Many U.S. people contributed to https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki land design in pioneer phase

One of Main Differences: Farmland grain size Topology

Broad Lowland area Limited Lowland area

Concentrated farmland Nature-human conflict: Crop damage Major crop damagers (vertebrates)

Invasive

Main Factors of Nature-human conflict

Topology Land use

Limited Area Abandonment Sociology

hunter population How is the nature different? Percentage of Endemic species Taxa United states Japan Total Endemic Total Endemic Mammal 462 107 130 51 Bird 990 93 633 30 Reptile 295 113 80 42 Freshwater 790 629 200 75 fish

Percentage of Endemic species is much higher in Japan than United states throughout Taxa

How is the nature different? Major biodiversity concern

Over use Under use Change in total fertility rate among industrialized countries

Declining total fertility rate indicated not only Japan but also many countries including USA will face population decline in near future.

Kushiro wetland

New strategies to conserve ecology are required in near future. Abandoned farmland Agriculture in Hokkaido

Kazumitsu Onishi Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Comparison of Arable land between Hokkaido and Other regions

“Hokkaido” “Other regions” Arable land area 1,147,000 ha Arable land area 3,349,000 ha

Upland 81 % Upland 34 % Lowland 19 % Lowland 66 % (Rice field) (Rice field)

Area (ha) / farm household Hokkaido 25.8 (Tokachi) 46.0 Other regions 1.6 Short History of Agriculture in Hokkaido

Edo-period Japanese mainlanders settled only in southern region, and the indigenous “Ainu” people had inhabited throughout Hokkaido.

1868 Meiji Restoration 1869 Extensive land cultivation began in Hokkaido The government promoted immigration into Hokkaido from across the nation for the development of the wild land.

Horace Capron, then commissioner of the US Department of Agriculture, was invited by Japanese government as a special advisor to develop Hokkaido’s economy He advised “Rice cultivation is not suitable in Hokkaido. It is better to develop the large scale farming of upland field crop and livestock”

Four regions in Hokkaido Agricultural output have different agricultural (billion yen) characteristics Other crops (100%) East and Other livestocks North Beef cattle East Milk cows Central Vegetable

Upland field Obihiro crop

Rice (0%) “Tokachi”

South “Tokachi” is the largest production area of upland field crop in Japan

9% 19% 4% 34% Wheat Soybean 35% Azuki bean 790,800 t 55% 238,000 t 36% 29,500 t 61%

47%

Tokachi 21% 33% 41% Hokkaido Potato Sugar beet (excluding Tokachi) 2,406,000 t 3,189,000 t 59% Other regions 46% In Japan （2015 or 2016）

Rotation of four major crop in Tokachi Wheat (mainly winter wheat)

Potato Sugar beet

Bean (Soybean, Azuki bean, common bean) Study Abroad 2019 Food Systems and the Environment of Northern Japan

Landscapes and Geology of Hokkaido

Professor in Soil Science Masayuki Tani Research Center for Global Agromedicine Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Where is Japan?  Total land area of Japan is approximately 378,000 km2,and much smaller than USA

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Islands and Prefectures in Japan  Japan is formed of four main islands and more than 6,000 small islands

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Tokyo in Japan Tokyo (2017) Land area 2,191 km2 (45th/47) Population 13,742,906 (1st/47) Population density 6,272 (1st/47)

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido in Japan Hokkaido (2017) Land area 83,424 km2 (22 %) Population 5,320,523 (8th/47) Population density 63.8 (47th/47)

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Geology of Japan Geomorphological Percentage of the Land Mountain (61.0 %) Rough lands Hill (11.8 %) Plateau (11.0 %) Flat lands Lowland (13.8 %) Inland water (2.4 %) Mountainous and Volcanic  Japan is a long and narrow archipelago and locates in the circum-Pacific volcanic zone Warm and Humid  Japan is under temperate humid climate with four distinct seasons and with large annual precipitation in rainy periods Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Topography of Japan Short and Steep Rivers  Since Japan shows a mountainous geomorphology and has a high precipitation, rivers are short and run in fast streams  The river suddenly runs broad as it enters the plain, and there will be flooding during rainy and typhoon seasons

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Topography of Flatlands Alluvial Fan and Delta

 Japanese rivers have strong powers to transport a lot of earth and sand from the upper of rivers (mountain) to the lower  The river suddenly runs broad as it enters the plain and sediments will be deposited ⇒ Alluvial Fan  The river runs slower as it enters the sea and sediments will be deposited ⇒ Alluvial Delta Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Climate of Japan Sub-Tropic ～ Temperate ～ Sub-Arctic  North and south regions of Japan are under sub-arctic and sub-tropic climates, respectively  Seasonal wind from the southeast and the northwest in the summer and winter, respectively, cause heavy rainfall on the Pacific side in the summer and heavy snowfall on the sea of Japan coast in the winter Annual mean temperature

Hokkaido Pacific side

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Topography of Hokkaido Mountains and Oceans  Hokkaido is surrounded by three Oceans with warm and cold currents, and divided into four zones by mountains and range Do-Hoku Rebun Island The Sea of Okhotsk Kitami Rishiri Island Mountain Taisetsu-Tokachi Volcanic Cluster Teshio Mountain Shiretoko-Akan Volcanic Cluster Do-Ou Central Basin Shikaribetsu Shokanbetsu Volcanic Cluster Volcanic Cluster Shikotsu-Toya Volcanic Cluster Ishikari Plain The Sea of Do-Tou Japan Konsen Plateau Shiranuka Hill

Yubari Mountain Tokachi Plain Kuromatsunai Do-Nan Okushiri Hidaka Range Island Basal Zone Oshima Pacific Ocean Peninsula Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Volcanoes in Hokkaido Active Volcanoes  There are 18 active volcanoes in Hokkaido (110 in Japan), four of them are ranked as class A (Very active) and six of them are ranked as class B (Active)

Mashu Caldera (Lake Mashu) and Mt. Kamuinupuri

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Volcanic Deposits in Hokkaido Volcanic Ash and Pyroclastic Flow  Most of flatlands in Hokkaido are affected by the Quaternary (2.6 million years BP to present) materials, especially volcanic ash deposition and/or lava and pyroclastic flows

利尻火山屈斜路カルデラ Lava flow from the late Pleistocene to the Holocene 摩周カルデラ Pyroclastic flow from the late Pleistocene to the Holocene 阿寒カルデラ大雪火山群 Lava flow in the mid Pleistocene 十勝岳火山群支笏カルデラ Pyroclastic flow in the mid Pleistocene クッタラカルデラ洞爺カルデラ

渡島駒ケ岳火山濁川カルデラ銭亀海底火口

Lava flow in the early Pleistocene Pyroclastic flow in the early Pleistocene Debris flow, mud flow, and alluvial fan at volcanic foot Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Wetlands in Hokkaido Cool and Wet Conditions  Wetlands and peatlands are found in Hokkaido and Tohoku regions of northern Japan where the climate is relatively cool  Most of the Japanese peatlands are paludization-type, and are either fluvial peatland in the back swamp of an alluvial plain, or seepage peatland in marshy ground

(a) Seepage peatland (b) Fluvial peatland

steep slope natural levee spring water Seepage swamp river back swamp

natural peat land levee peat land river

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Arable Lands in Hokkaido Although Hokkaido experiences severe natural climatic conditions with cold temperatures and extensive snow, large- scale agriculture was established by focusing on rice cropping, upland farming, and dairy farming with beef cattle Hokkaido leads agriculture in Japan, proudly tops the production of rice, wheat, potato, beans, sugar beet, vegetables, and especially dairy products In Hokkaido, agriculture makes use of a large area of cultivated acreage, which accounts for 25% of Japan’s total cultivated area Arable Land Area in Japan, Hokkaido, and Tokachi (2010) Total Paddy Field Upland Field ha % ha % ha % Japan 4,561,000 100.0 2,474,000 100.0 2,087,000 100.0 Hokkaido 1,155,000 25.3 224,300 9.1 930,800 44.6 Tokachi 256,800 5.6 800 0.0 256,000 12.3 Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Arable Soils in Hokkaido Andisols (35%) Inceptisols (21%) Entisols (35%) Histosols (9%) (Volcanic Ash Soils) (Upland Soils) (Lowland Soils) (Peat Soils) Three Distinctive Soils in Hokkaido 北海道の耕地土壌図（地力保全基本調査(1959～1975)の土壌群にもとづき作図）岩屑土砂丘未熟土黒ボク土多湿黒ボク土 Volcanic Ash Soils (Andisols) 黒ボクグライ土褐色森林土灰色台地土グライ台地土暗赤色土褐色低地土 Peat Soils (Histosols) 灰色低地土グライ土黒泥土泥炭土 Heavy Soils (Inceptisols)

0 100km Soil Map of Arable Land in Hokkaido Hokkaido Research Organization Central Agricultural Experiment Station Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Agriculture in Hokkaido  Weather conditions vary between regions in Hokkaido. Each region of Hokkaido has unique agricultural practices

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Lecture and Discussion 2 Soil and Crops in Hokkaido

 Movement of water and calcium in plants  Food Production under Volcanic Ash Soils

Movement of water and calcium in plants - Why does calcium deficiency tend to occur in fruits or tubers? -

Assistant Professor Jun Kasuga (Plant Physiology)

Fruits and tubers are more susceptible to physiological disorder caused by calcium deficiency

Blossom-end rot appearance Blackspot bruise in a potato tuber in a tomato fruit • Calcium deficiency causes these disorders • Even if other symptoms of calcium deficiency were not observed on leaves and stems, fruits or tubers could show these symptoms Calcium ions move with water in plants Driving force of water movement in plants: Osmotic pressure

Root pressure Stem pressure

Luffa cylindrica Sugar maple

Loofah sap

Driving force of water movement in plants: Transpiration

<5%

>95% Transpiration hardly occurs from tubers and fruits

• Cutin and wax (hydrophobic • High relative humidity of air in compounds) deposition in skin soil of tomato fruits • Suberin and wax (hydrophobic compounds) deposition in skin of potato tubers

Compared with other organs, limited amounts of water and calcium ions are supplied to tubers and fruits

Roles of calcium in plant health • Cell wall strength • Membrane health • Signaling molecule

Pectin gel formation by calcium di-cation bridging To improve calcium contents in potato tubers

SPOON-FEEDING • appropriate fertilizer • appropriate position • appropriate timing Study Abroad Program 2019 Food Systems and the Environment of Northern Japan

Food Production under Volcanic Ash Soils

~Soil and Plant Nutrition~

2019/8/22 (Thursday) Research Center for Global Agromedecine Rintaro Kinoshita

Learning Goals

 Understand the major differences between Wisconsin and Tokachi soils

 Benefits and challenges of Tokachi soils for crop production

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Hancock, Tokachi, Wisconsin Hokkaido Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Soil Profile of Tokachi, Japan

Organic matter Minerals

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Global Soil Regions

(USDA-NRCS, 1998)

Volcanic Ash暗土 Soils =(Andisols) Ando = Dark/Black is only % Soilof ice-free land Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Arable Soils of Tokachi District

 Andisols is the Andisols dominant arable Histosols soils of Tokachi Inceptisols district ≈ 57 % of the Entisols arable land  Lowland soils (Entisols) are found around the rivers

Major Arable Soil Classes of Hokkaido (Hokkaido Research Organization Central Agricultural Experimental Station)

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Hancock, Tokachi, Wisconsin Hokkaido Entisols Andisols Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Potato ProductionTokachi, Hokkaido in WI and Tokachi

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Potato ProductionHancock, Wisconsin in WI and Tokachi

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Hancock, Tokachi, Wisconsin Hokkaido Entisols Andisols Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Volcanic Ash as a Parent Material  Volcanic ash is the major parent material in the region  Ash is small and hollow

渡島駒ケ岳火山濁川カルデラ銭亀海底火口

Volcanic ash from the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens (Dahlgren et al., 1997) Lava flow in the early Pleistocene Pyroclastic flow in the early Pleistocene Debris flow, mud flow, and alluvial fan at volcanic foot

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Minerals: Size and Structure

• Volcanic ash soils: allophane and imogolite as major minerals Small and Hollow • Central Sands of Wisconsin: quartz as a major mineral Large and Filled • Hollow structure makes both outer-surface and inner-surface accessible

Outer surface

Inner surface

(Theng and Yuan, 2007) Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Available Water Available Water Low High

Hancock, Tokachi, Wisconsin Hokkaido Entisols Andisols Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Problems of Andisols with a capital P

 Andisols adsorb high amount phosphate  Phosphorus (P) is the second most limiting nutrient for plant growth after nitrogen (N)  Applied fertilizer P is adsorbed and fixed on the soil surface  Example: fertilizer recommendation in Wisconsin and Tokachi • Target crop: potato

-1 -1 • Wisconsin : 73 kg P2O5 ha = 65 lbs P2O5 acre

-1 -1 • Tokachi : 200 kg P2O5 ha = 178 lbs P2O5 acre

(Laboski and Peters, 2012; Department of Agriculture, Hokkaido Government, 2015) Much higher rate of phosphate is recommended in Tokachi Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Opening Up Tokachi for Cultivation (circa. 1880)

 First settlers came to Obihiro and settled in the lowland ⇒Lowland soils (non-volcanic ash soil)  Soon, those lowlands were occupied and people settled in higher terraces ⇒Andisols (volcanic-ash soil) In the terraces, crops failed after a few years of forest clearing Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Which Soil Do You Want to Farm with?

Hancock, Tokachi, Wisconsin Hokkaido Entisols Andisols Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Sato Farm in Shimizu Town

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Lecture and Discussion 3 Dairy Production and Farming in Hokkaido

 Let’s make a cheese!

Summer Joint Program 2019

Let’s Make a Cheese!

http://www.yunphoto.net/en/photobase/yp2308.html

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Kenji Fukuda, Naoki Fukuma, Tatsuhiko Goto

Before starting cheese making…

Q1. What is milk? Milk: perfect food for infant

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318020.php

https://jigen.net/kanji/20083

Milk composition

Hennet, Thierry et al. “Decoding breast milk oligosaccharides.” Swiss medical weekly 144 (2014): w13927. Functions of Milk

Godhia M.L, Patel N. Colostrum - its Composition, Beneﬁts as a Nutraceutical - A Review. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci 2013;1(1):37-47

Q2. Who does secret milk? Maximilian J.T. et al., Phylogenomic Insights into Animal Evolution. Current Biology. 25:PR876-R887 (2015)

Laura A.H. et al., A new view of the tree of life. Nature Microbiology 1: 16048 (2016)

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/obl4he/ vertebratediversity/

http://mammals-locomotion.com/preface.html Approx. 6000 species Is milk a privilege of mammals?

Chen Z. et al., Prolonged milk provisioning in a jumping spider. Science 362: 1052-1055 (2018)

Q3. How is milk produced? Structures of mammary glands

Echidna Human

http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/PG/Beddard/Mammalia.htm McGuire K.P. (2016) Breast Anatomy and Physiology. In: Aydiner A., İğci A., Soran A. (eds) Breast Disease. Springer, Cham

Photo：Dr. Stewart Nicol（Tasmania Univ）、Prof. Tadasu Urashima（Obihiro University） Mammary epithelial cell

Acinus lumen

Mammary epithelial cells

1. exocytosis 2. lipid synthesis（apocrine） Blood vessel 3. direct transfer 4. transcytosis 5. paracellular pathway

Milk fat globule: 0.1~１０ μm Casein micelle: 0.1~0.5 μm Q4. When did human start utilization of animal milks?

History of domestication of wild animals

https://nemessica.tintagel.pl/apexblog/2017/10/24/Let%27s-talk-about-taming-domestication-and-consequences/

docil, obedient, good size for handling, etc Domestication of cows

Bos indicus Bos frontalis (gayal)

Bos taurus Hucai Z. et al. 2013. Morphological and genetic evidence for early Holocene cattle management in northeastern China. Nature Communications 4, article number: 2755

Ancient Egyptian Civilization (B.C. 3150~30)

http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub365/item1925.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/animal_gallery_11.shtml https://cowofgold.wikispaces.com/Milk Livestocks for milking Cow Water buﬀalo Yak

8000 kg 2000 kg 300 kg Camel Sheep Goat Horse

4000 kg 100 kg 200 kg 1000 kg （approximate milking amount, per head, per year）

Q5. How is cheese made? More than 1000 cheeses in the world!

Tons of diﬀerent combinations of material milks, processing methods, and bacterial starters. General protocol for natural cheese making

Raw milk

pasteurization, cooling Starter bacteria Rennet Cutting, mixing, incubation

Whey Curd

Mold, Press, etc Penicillium camemberti, Penicillium Bacteria（ Salt roqueforti, Brevibacterium inens, etc） Ripening

Cheese

Lecture and Discussion 4 Environment of Hokkaido and Food System

 Environment of Hokkaido and Food System  Animal waste and Biomass Fuel

Environment of Hokkaido and Food System Professor KONO Hiroichi

1) Food System 2) Food Valley Tokachi 3) Globalization and food system 4) Food safety and food system 5) Aging society and mechanization 6) Environment and food system 1) Food system

Successor Population Globalization

Food Wholesale Agriculture processing market

Food Food Consumer Service retailer industry

Food safety Climate change Environment

Packing Chinese yam Obihiro wholesale market Butadon 2) Food valley Tokachi

Original idea;

Wageningen University in Silicon valley in California Netherland

• Changing agriculture/aquaculture/forestry sector into growth industry

• Improving food value added

• Marketing attractiveness of Tokachi

Agglomeration of food and agro-related industry in Asia ３）Globalization and food system

Trillion yen

Domestic production of all industries Trillion yen Domestic sales amount of Japanese food industries Restaurant

Food distribution

Food industries

Fiscal year Billion yen

Asian Other countries countries

Overseas sales amount of Japanese food industries 4) Food safety and food system

• 2001：BSE(Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) • 2002：Intentional mislabeling of imported beef • 2003: Food Safety Basic law • 2004: Beef Traceability law • 2009: Rice Traceability law

Why and How “Food Safety” ? Ear tag

NLBC Web site

Individual ID What is traceability? the ability to follow the movement of a food through specified stages of production, processing and distribution . Codex Alimentarius Commission in June 2004

Production Distribution Retailer stage stage stage

Record and Record and Record and Preserve Preserve Preserve •When? •When? •When? •When? •To where? •From where? •To where? •From where? •What item? •What item? •What item? •What item? •What amount? •What amount? •What •What (Shipment (Arrival amount? amount? information) information)

NLBC* Reports on births, transfers etc. Individual Cattle

On‐site inspections by MAFF Producer Identification Register Individual ID No. Attachment of ear tag etc. Collection of reference Scientific confirmation Abattoirs, Meat samples from all carcasses Wholesalers Indication of DNA testing Individual ID or lot

Meat retailers Collection of samples for testing Indication of Individual ID or lot

Consumers, etc. Public disclosure via Internet *National Livestock Breeding Center ４）Aging society and mechanization

The number of farms and agricultural mechanization

Smart agriculture 5) Environment and food system

Livestock farmers and excrement in Hokkaido (2018) Farm Excrement amount (Thousand ton) Dairy cattle 6,310 12,320 Beef cattle 2,610 4,763 Pig 211 1,447 horse 2,149 330 Others 74 520 Total 19,380

Livestock excrement → environmental burden

2004; Law of livestock excrement proper management

Compost shed under the law Biogas plant in Hokkaido Biogas

By Tadashi Kishimoto

 Visit to Shikaoi town biogas plant

 Retrieve “Biogas” from animal waste by anaerobic fermentation  Producing electricity, hydrogen, heat …

 Growing mango and raising sturgeon with heat from the plant  Recycling of Nitrogen and Carbon compost, slurry, animal feed

 Energy retrieving heat, electricity, fuel  Biomass - Animal waste  Anaerobic fermentation – without O2  Methane bacteria

 Methane 60%, Carbon dioxide 40％  Flammable － Use as gas fuel (Gas engine, boiler, vehicle…)

 Six Green House Gases GWP Carbon dioxide 1 Methane 21-23 Nitrous oxide 310 Sulfur hexafluoride 23900 Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs) 11700 Perfluorocarbons（PFCs） 6500 Composition

 Methane 60％ CH4 62.2%  Carbon dioxide 40％ CO2 36.29% N 1.19%  Hydrogen sulfide 2 H2S 0.047%  Nitrogen gas Others 0.273%

Days in Digester

Mesophilic （37 ℃）３０days Thermophilic （55 ℃）１５days  Biogas contains hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen sulfide ⇨ metal corrosion ↓ Engine trouble, gas tube failure “Desulfurization”  Saturated steam High moisture content “Dehydration”

 Generator -electricity  Boiler － heat Vehicle fuel  Charging to a cylinder  CO2 extraction ⇨ High heat content Higher heating Lower heating value value Gasoline 46.9 MJ/kg 44.0 MJ/kg Diesel 42.7 MJ/kg Kerosene 46.5 MJ/kg 43.5 MJ/kg Fuel oil (A type) 45.2 MJ/kg 42.7 MJ/kg Methanol 22.6 MJ/kg 20.1 MJ/kg Ethanol 26.8 MJ/kg Methane 35.6 MJ/m3（N) City supply gas (13A) 45.0 MJ/m3（N) 40.6 MJ/m3（N)

 Methane calorific value → 35.6 MJ/m3（N)

 Methane concentration: 60% 35.6×0.6＝21.4 MJ/m3（N)

 City supply gas(13A, 40.6 MJ/m3（N)）

CO2 separation is expected. CO2 separation ↓ Methane: 93％ or more (High heat contents)

High pressure （not liquefied） ↓ Cylinder, Transportable  Methane (CH4) → Hydrogen (H2)

Fuel cell vehicle  Inverse reaction of “Electrolysis”

 Electrolysis

Water 2H2O ⇨ 2H2+O2

 Fuel cell

FC: 2H2+O2 ⇨ 2H2O+electricity  We are very happy to retrieve biogas and generate electricity!!

 Almost same amount of digested slurry (animal waste) remains in a digester tank…

How do you manage the slurry?

After anaerobic fermentation (Thermophilic 55 ℃, 14 days)

Digested slurry  Nitrogen: mineralized  Viscosity: low  Odor: low  Weed seed: killed  Pathogen: killed