Education in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Home , Bath Spa railway station, Douai School, Education in Wales, Eton Group, Free education, Public Schools Act 1868

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «ОРЛОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИМЕНИ И.С. ТУРГЕНЕВА»

А.П. Александрова

EDUCATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

Part II

Учебное пособие для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов

Орёл – 2018

УДК 811.111(075.8) + 37(410) Печатается по решению редакционно- ББК Ш143.21я73 «Страноведение» издательского совета ФГБОУ ВО + Ч34 (4 Вел) «Орловский государственный А465 университет имени И.С. Тургенева» Протокол №8 от 24.05.2018г.

Рецензенты: доктор филологических наук, профессор кафедры английской филологии Орловского государственного университета имени И.С. Тургенева Л.П. Семененко;

кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных и русского языков Орловского юридического института Министерства внутренних дел Российской Федерации имени В.В. Лукьянова В.Н. Шашкова

А465 Александрова А.П. Education in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Образование в Соединенном Королевстве Великобритании и Северной Ирландии), часть 2: учебное пособие для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов / А.П. Александрова. – Орёл: ФГБОУ ВО «ОГУ им. И.С. Тургенева». – 2018. – 91 с.

Вторая часть пособия по системе образования в Соединенном Королевстве Великобритании и Северной Ирландии представляет собой лингвострановедческий тематический словарь по избранной теме. Словарь содержит наиболее важные и интересные реалии, описывающие факты из истории развития системы образования страны, акты, повлиявшие на становление и развитие этой системы, знаменитые учебные заведения, реалии, связанные с иными аспекты системы образования, а также тематическую лексику. Предназначено студентам языковых вузов для самостоятельной подготовки к практическим занятиям по дисциплинам «История и география стран изучаемого языка (Великобритании и США)» и «Культура стран первого изучаемого языка (Великобритании и США)». Может быть полезным для преподавателей вузов и школьных учителей, ведущих практический курс английского языка, студентов педагогических вузов, а также для всех, кто владеет достаточными навыками чтения на английском языке и интересуется вопросами страноведения Великобритании.

Foreword

The second part of the manual on the education system in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a linguistic and cultural thematic dictionary, which helps to understand the texts suggested in the first part, and simplifies the work with it. The dictionary presents the most important and interesting realities describing the facts from the history of the development of the country’s education system, the acts that influenced the formation and development of this system, famous educational institutions, and the realities associated with other aspects of the education system, as well as thematic vocabulary. The dictionary has 405 entries in alphabetical order. It is intended for students of language universities who study the history and culture of the English speaking countries. It can be useful for university teachers and school teachers who conduct practical English courses, students of pedagogical universities, as well as for those who have sufficient reading skills in English and are interested in the UK studies.

Education tells you what are you and why you are here.

Education is just a name of adopting good, kind behaviour and a way to speak politely.

Great knowledge does not mean that one is so educated but his actions are the symbols of being educated.

Absence the state or condition of being away or not А present that is marked in register (a book with a list of the pupils’

full names, addresses and dates of Abbreviation a shortened birth) by teacher. form of a word or phrase used in Academic lacking headings, lists which gives a immediate practical value; slipshod impression and shows a theoretical. lack of respect for the teacher who Academic a person is to mark the work; it is usually engaged in academic work, either used in headings, lists, and so on. university teaching or research, or Abbotsholme School a both. It is a broad term and is only prestigious coed public school in used in certain situations, to Staffordshire, founded in 1889. distinguish those engaged in Cecil Reddie, the Scottish university work from those in academic and educationist, other spheres of activity, such as established it as an experiment for industry, or politics. his progressive educational Academician a member of philosophies and theories. The an academy. The term usually school was opened to boys aged refers in practice to members of 10 to 19. From the very foreign academies, such as the beginning, the school departed French Academy, or the Soviet from the structure of the Academy of Sciences. traditional public school in favour Academic tenure of a less rigid environment and primarily intended to guarantee more liberal education. Top the right to academic freedom: it hats and “Eton collars” were protects teachers and researchers abandoned in favour of a more when they dissent from prevailing comfortable and practical opinion, openly disagree with uniform, and English, French and authorities of any sort, or spend German were taught in place time on unfashionable topics. of Classics (Latin and Greek). The Thus academic tenure is similar to fine arts were introduced as core the lifetime tenure that protects subjects, which was unusual at some judges from external that time as music and art were pressure. Without job security, the mostly taught at cathedral schools scholarly community as a whole or specialist art institutes. might favor “safe” lines of Practical skills such as animal inquiry. The intent of tenure is to husbandry and carpentry were allow original ideas to be more integrated into the curriculum. It likely to arise, by giving scholars has been coeducational since the intellectual autonomy to 1969; girls now make up over one investigate the problems and third of pupil numbers. solutions about which they are

5 most passionate, and to report College and their affiliate their honest conclusions. In schools. Edward Alleyn economies where higher education established his “College of God’s is provided by the private sector, Gift” with twelve pupils. Alleyn’s tenure also has the effect of School is a direct descendant of helping to ensure the integrity of Edward Alleyn’s original the grading system. Without foundation and was established as tenure, professors could be a boys’ school in 1882. It still pressured by administrators to exists as part of a foundation issue higher grades for attracting alongside Dulwich College and and keeping a greater number of JAGS; it split with Dulwich students. College after the “Dulwich Academic year the period College Act” of 1857, with the of a year in which school, college upper school of the original or university courses run. In foundation moving to a new site Britain the academic year usually further south and the lower school begins in September or October staying put, becoming an and ends in July or June, with independent boys’ school in 1882 holidays at Christmas and Easter. and later also moving to its own Academy an institution of site. learning, often private or Allhallows College, specialized. previously known as Allhallows Adam Charles Roberts School was an independent public (born 30 June 1965) is an school for boys in Devon. academic, critic and British Predominantly a boarding school, science fiction and fantasy but with some day boys, it was novelist. He teaches English founded in Honiton about 1515, literature and creative moved to a new home writing at Royal Holloway, at Rousdon in the 1930s, and was University of London. closed in 1998, after a fall in the After-school activities number of boys had led to a those which are not part of the financial crisis. Around 1970 the curriculum such as clubs, choirs, school became one of the first dramatic productions, educational public schools to admit girls and it visits. prospered into the 1980s. Alleyn’s School a However, in the 1990s it went into coeducational public school in a decline, with the number of London, founded in 1619. It is a pupils decreasing significantly, registered charity and was from almost 300 to fewer than originally part of the Alleyn’s half that number. One reason for College of God’s Gift charitable this may have been the school’s foundation, which also remote location, at a time when included James Allen’s Girls’ parents expected to see a lot more School (JAGS) , Dulwich of their children than had been

6 traditional in the old public school University of Edinburgh – era. founded 1583 (Scotland) Almonry school medieval University of Dublin – founded English monastic charity school 1592 (Ireland; only ancient supported by a portion of the university outside the UK) funds allocated to the almoner. Due to their sheer age and The practice began in the early continuous academic and 14th century when a form of scientific output, all of the ancient scholarship was established that universities are very reputable. provided attendance at the The two top universities in UK, cathedral school, housing, and which are continuously found in food for boys at least 10 years old first and second place of the who could sing and read. They British league tables, are Oxford sang in the cathedral choir and and Cambridge. Together they are acted as page boys to the monks. known as Oxbridge and share a Their teachers were the secular century old rivalry, which dates clerks of the monastery. Such back to when Cambridge was schools have now largely founded by dissident Oxford disappeared, although a few scholars. survived into the 20th century. Oxbridge is often Ancient Universities in the compared to the American Ivy United Kingdom and Ireland were League universities, but it is founded during the Middle Ages important to note that all Ivy and the Renaissance. Since no League institutions are private universities were founded in the universities, while Oxford and United Kingdom and Ireland Cambridge are state-owned. between the 16th and 19th Both universities are century, the term “ancient divided into more than thirty university” generally refers to colleges. Since each college at institutions of higher education Oxford only offers a certain range that were established before the of subjects, the choice of college 19th century. often depends on the field of The ancient universities study. At Cambridge, on the other (in order of formation) are: hand, all colleges give students to University of Oxford – founded opportunity to study any subject before 1167 (England) offered by the university as a University of Cambridge – whole. founded 1209 (England) Yet in spite of the University of St Andrews – differences and rivalries, there is founded 1413 (Scotland) also much cooperation between University of Glasgow – founded Britain's two oldest academic 1451 (Scotland) institutions. Most Oxford colleges University of Aberdeen – founded have a sister college in 1495 (Scotland) Cambridge. Some colleges even

7 share a common name, but are not Apply to ask for admission necessarily sister colleges. There to a university or college. is for instance a Trinity College at Application an act of Oxford (sister college: Churchill applying or the request itself College, Cambridge) as well as a which is usually made by filling in Trinity College at Cambridge an application form giving all the (sister college: Christ Church, necessary details about oneself. Oxford). Applicant a person Andrew George who formally requests something, Lehmann (17 February 1922 – 9 especially a job, or to study at a July 2006) was a literary college or university. critic, academic, and seminal Arnold, Thomas a author and essayist in French headmaster of Rugby School Symbolism, and the intellectual (1829-42). Arnold was an early history of European supporter of the Broad Romanticism. Naturalized a Church Anglican movement. He is British citizen and educated famous for his reforms of British at Dulwich College, London, public-school education. These and The Queen’s College, Oxford, reforms that were widely copied he demonstrated impressive by other prestigious public intellectual and athletic schools, redefined standards of capabilities. masculinity and achievement. Angus Lindsay Ritchie Arnold was involved in many Calder (5 February 1942 – 5 June controversies, educational and 2008) was a Scottish academic, religious. As a churchman he was writer, historian, educator and a decided Erastian, and strongly literary editor with a background opposed to the High Church party. in English literature, politics His 1833 Principles of Church and cultural studies. He was a man Reform is associated with the of the Left, and in his highly beginnings of the Broad influential book on the home front Church movement. In 1841, he in the Second World War he was appointed Regius Professor of complained bitterly that the Modern History at Oxford. postwar reforms of the Labour Arnold’s chief literary works are government, such as universal his unfinished History of health care and nationalization of Rome (three volumes 1838–42), some industries, were an and his Lectures on Modern inadequate reward for the wartime History. Far more often read were sacrifices, and a cynical betrayal his five books of sermons, which of the people’s hope for a more were admired by a wide circle of just postwar society. pious readers including Queen Answer to answer specific Victoria. questions or to reproduce material Art those branches of read at home. learning which originally were

8 taught to all university students as Education Department, in an act a general intellectual preparation of 1872.) for more advanced study or for Ballpoint a pen that has a profession. small ball in its tip which transfers Assignment a piece of ink from a reservoir to the writing work imposed, exacted, or surface; ballpoint pen. undertaken as a duty or the like, a Bishop’s Stortford College portion of study imposed by a a public school for boys in the teacher, a lesson to be learned or town of Bishop’s Stortford, Hert- prepared. fordshire, founded in 1868. Assistant head teacher an Block release a system of educator who assists a head training for a particular job in teacher who is responsible for which you spend some time running a school working and some time studying Assistant a teacher at college. responsible for his or her own Bluecoats referred the lessons that must consult his or uniforms which were first her head of department on all introduced on a large scale during important matters. the reign of King Henry VIII. They consisted of long trench- coat-style jackets dyed blue. Blue was the cheapest available dye and showed humility amongst all B children. The first school to introduce this uniform was

Christ’s Hospital and it is the Bachelor a person who oldest uniform of any school. has earned a four-year college Boarding school is a degree which is followed by the school where some or all pupils name of the faculty (bachelor of study and live during the school arts, bachelor of laws). year with their fellow students and Bag a bag used for possibly teachers and/or carrying textbooks, copy-books. administrators. The word Baker day one of a number ‘boarding’ is used in the sense of of days during the usual school “bed and board,” i.e., lodging and year when teachers receive meals. Some boarding schools training and children do not attend also have day students that attend school the institution by day and return Balfour’s Act an act of the off-campus to their families in the Parliament of the United Kingdom evenings. affecting education in England British Chevening and Wales. (Education in Scotland Scholarships annual scholarships. had always been separate and had Preference is given to candidates been brought under the Scotch already in a career. Selection is

9 carried out overseas by British one year to a limited number of Embassies/High Commissions. students. Grants cover round-trip One should be resident in their travel, maintenance, approved home country when they apply. tuition fees and an incidental British Council an allowance. organization representing Britain’s Lecturing or Advanced interests abroad. It employs Research awards are also teachers of English and supports available for a minimum of three educational visits between Britain months. Programmed awards and other countries, and also following specific requests from libraries, art events and UK institutions and grants in aid exhibitions. made on a competitive basis are British Council available. Fellowship Programme grants for There is also a Faculty postgraduate study or research. Exchange Programme award for They are awarded by local British exchange teaching purposes. Council Director. One should Fellowships are offered for apply to the British council Office research librarians and academic in their home country and you will administrators to spend three be interviewed in their home months gaining relevant country. experience in the UK. Arts British Marshall fellowships and professional Scholarships fellowships are awarded for Foreign and periods of six to nine months Commonwealth Office study in the UK. Awards for undergraduate Commonwealth Nassau study in the UK are open to US Fellowship citizens who are graduates of US A scheme for non-white universities and are under 26 years South African students to study in of age. Selection is through Britain. Preference is given to regional committees in the US. postgraduate students who have Awards, which cover fares, tuition not already obtained a first degree. fees, maintenance, book, theses This offers a number of and travel allowances are usually scholarships to students from for two years renewable to cover a Southern Africa (Mostly Namibia third year in certain and South Africa) especially those circumstances. students who are unable to study Department for Education in their home country due to and Employment and the US political or educational Government discrimination. Open to US graduates for Buffet a place where study in the UK. NO subject or students have their meals that sells age restriction. Awarded are for hot and cold drinks, sandwiches. nine months with a renewal for Bursar is a treasurer.

Business and Technology willow trees drown their branches Education Council, the (BTEC) into the water. The colleges line the British body which awards the right bank. There are beautiful vocational qualifications. BTEC college gardens with green lawns was formed in 1984 from the and lines of tall trees. The oldest Business Education Council college is Peterhouse, which was (BEC) and the Technician founded in 1284, and the most Education Council (TEC). BTEC recent is Robinson College, which qualifications are undertaken in was opened in 1977. The most vocational subjects ranging from famous is probably King’ s Business studies to Engineering College because of its magnificent and even Animal Care. chapel, the largest and the most Butler Act of 1944 beautiful building in Cambridge Education Act which introduced and the most perfect example left the compulsory education for of English fifteenth-century children aged from 5 to 15; named architecture. Its choir of boys and after Richard Austen Butler, undergraduates is also very well Minister of Education from 1941 known. to 1945. The act promised The University was only «secondary education for all». It for men until 1871, when the first attempted to achieve this goal by women’s college was opened. In raising the school leaving age and the 1970s, most colleges opened dividing the all-age elementary their doors to both men and education into primary and women. Almost all colleges are secondary schools. now mixed. Manу great men studied at Cambridge, among them Desiderius Erasmus – the great C Dutch scholar, Roger Bacon – the philosopher, Milton – the poet,

Oliver Cromwell – the soldier, Cafeteria a place which is Newton – the scientist, and sometimes used if there is self- Kapitza – the famous Russian service system. The type of dishes physicist. available is usually the same as in refectory or dining room. Candidate a person applying for a job or position. Cambridge (University) the oldest university in Britain founded in the middle ages. It started during the 13th century and grew until today. Now there The universities have over, are more than thirty colleges. On а hundred societies and clubs, the banks of the Cambridge 11 enough for every interest one Charterhouse, originally could imagine. Sport is part of The Hospital of King James and students’ life at Oxbridge. The Thomas Sutton in Charterhouse, most popular sports are rowing or more simply Charterhouse, is and punting. an English collegiate independent Campus the grounds and boarding school (also referred to buildings of a university or as a public school) situated at college, as a whole. Godalming in Surrey. Canteen a place where the Certificate a document children have their midday meal, which officially declares or it can be a separate building; it is certifies something. also used in some schools. Chancellor an official Captain a sort of leader, head of an English university. representing the form as a whole Charitable trust some when necessary and acting as a group of, concerned with, or link between the form teacher and intended for charity. the form. Cheat a dishonest Cardiff University behavior. For example, in an (Welsh: Prifysgol Caerdydd) a examination context it usually leading research university located means having a book open under in the Cathay’s Park area of the desk or using notes or copying Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom. from someone else. It received its Royal charter in Cheltenham Ladies’ 1883 and is a member of the College, the an independent Russell Group of Universities. boarding and day school for girls The university is consistently aged 11 to 18 in Cheltenham, recognized as providing the best Gloucestershire, England. The university education in Wales. In school was founded in 1853 after the 2008 Research Assessment six individuals, including the Exercise, almost 60 per cent of all Principal and Vice-Principal of research at Cardiff University was Cheltenham College for Boys and assessed as world-leading or four other men, decided to create a internationally excellent – 4 and 3 girls’ school that would be similar the top two categories of to Cheltenham College for Boys. assessment. Ranked number 122 On 13 February 1854, the first 82 of the world's top universities, students began attending the Cardiff University celebrated its school, with Annie Procter serving 125th anniversary in 2008. Before as the school’s Principal. The August 2004, the university was school gives pupils a choice in officially known as University of what they study. The school offers Wales, Cardiff (Welsh: Prifysgol the International Baccalaureate Cymru, Caerdydd), although it Diploma at Sixth Form. Tutors are used the name Cardiff University full-time academic members of publicly. staff and advise girls on matters

12 relating to their academic work governmental and private sector and progress, including university bodies, with which the FCO or its advice and applications. Most overseas Posts have partnership students go on to continue higher agreements. The programme is education. The college was the top managed by the British Council, girls boarding school and 6th on behalf of the FCO, both in the overall in UK rankings for the UK and overseas. International Baccalaureate Christ’s Hospital a school Diploma in 2017. The Good in England where the pupils wear Schools Guide described the long dark blue coats and yellow school as “a top flight school with stockings and which was strong traditional values and a originally built as a hospital for clear sense of purpose. For the children with no parents but soon bright and energetic all rounder became a school and moved to this school offers an exceptional Sussex in 1902. education that is both broad and Choirboy a boy who sings deep, with endless opportunities in a church choir Cultural Note In for fun and enrichment along the Britain, choirboys are often way.” shown, esp. in humorous Cherwell School a state drawings, as being very sweet and secondary school on the Marston looking like little angels, but in Ferry Road in Oxford, England. fact having a strong sense of The current school site was built mischief. in 1963. Along with later Choir school a preparatory expansions, in 2003, and as part of school or school attached to a a citywide reorganisation, it church, cathedral or chapel merged with the Frideswide (especially that of a college at Middle School, and is now a split Oxford University or Cambridge site school of 1,700 pupils aged University), in which certain between 11 and 19. pupils, apart from receiving a Chevening programme, normal school education are the has, over 26 years, provided trained to sing in the choir of the more than 30,000 Scholarships at church, cathedral or chapel; Higher Education Institutions compare cathedral school. (HEIs) in the UK for postgraduate Christine Lee an English students or researchers from medical researcher. She is countries across the world. Emeritus Professor of Largely funded by the Foreign and Haemophilia at the University of Commonwealth Office (FCO), the London, and founding Editor Scholarship scheme also receives of Haemophilia. She trained in significant contributions from medicine at the University of HEIs and other organisations in Oxford, where she was awarded the UK, and from a wide range of First Class Honours and was the overseas sponsors including first female scholar of

13 the University of Oxford Medical powerful people. It includes the School. She was awarded a following schools: Charterhouse, Doctorate of Science (Medicine) Eton, Harrow, Merchant Taylors’, by the University of London in Rugby, Shrewsbury, St Paul’s, 1996. Westminster and Winchester. Church school a place of Classes a set of lessons for education, the precise nature of a group of students in a particular which varies from one national subject, or one lesson of such a jurisdiction to another. set. City and Guilds of Clifton also Clifton London Institute (City & Guilds), College a leading public school in the a leading United Kingdom Bristol, founded in 1862 (named vocational education organisation. for its location on Clifton Down). City & Guilds offers more than This co-educational independent 500 qualifications over the whole school was founded in 1862. In its range of industry sectors through early years it was notable 8500 colleges and training (compared with most public providers in 81 countries schools of the time) for worldwide. Two million people emphasising science rather every year start City & Guilds than classics in the curriculum, qualifications, which span all and for being less concerned with levels from basic skills to the social elitism, e.g. by highest standards of professional admitting day-boys on equal terms achievement. Founded in 1878 by and providing a dedicated the City of London and 16 livery boarding house for Jewish boys. companies – the traditional College a part of guardians of work-based training university or a separate institution – to develop a national system of which gives more practical and technical education, City & Guilds vocational education. has been operating under Royal Common Entrance Charter (RC117), granted by Examinations taken by some Queen Victoria, since 1900. children in the UK as part of the City Technology College a admissions process for college in Britain for young academically selective secondary people over 16 which specializes schools at age 13 or (for girls) 11. in technical education. Its money Most of the secondary schools that comes partly from the government use Common Entrance for and partly from industrial admission are public schools; companies. The first such college most of the schools that routinely opened in 1987. prepare their pupils for Common Clarendon Nine nine most Entrance are preparatory schools. privileged and oldest schools in Both kinds of schools are Britain, which produce a large normally fee-paying, that is, they number of the country’s most are particular kinds of

14 independent schools. The name Composition fairly short comes from the fact that, unlike and simple essay usually narrative many other selective secondary or descriptive. schools which each set their own Comprehension (exercise) entrance examinations, the an exercise designed to test secondary schools concerned understanding. agree to use a common set of Comprehensive school a examination papers. However, the state school that does not select its marking of the scripts and all intake on the basis of academic other aspects of the admissions achievement or aptitude. This is in process is still done independently contrast to the selective school by each secondary school. system, where admission is Commonwealth restricted on the basis of selection Scholarship and Fellowship Plan criteria. The term is commonly (CSFP) Overseas Development used in relation to the United Administration and the Foreign Kingdom, where comprehensive and Commonwealth Office schools were introduced in 1958. A person may be eligible The idea of comprehensive if he/she is a citizen of either a education, supported by the Labor Commonwealth country (not the Party, was to give all children of Commonwealth of Independent whatever background the same States) or a British dependent opportunity in education. territory. He/she must be under 25 About 90% of British years of age, be a permanent pupils attend comprehensive resident of their country and hold schools. a university degree or equivalent Compulsory education qualification. It may sometimes be refers to a period of education that possible to apply to a first-degree is required of all persons. course under this scheme if no Continuous assessment appropriate programme of study is the system of judging the quality available in their home country. of a student's work at every stage Grants are for one or three of a course, rather than only in years and usually cover travel, exams at the end of the course. tuition fees and living expensed. This is an important part of the Financial help with books or GCSE. clothes is sometimes available as Controlled school a British in allowance to help a person with voluntary school for which the the cost of maintaining you local education authority is spouse. financially responsible, and whose Community home (in managers do not have control over Britain) a special school for young religious education; compare aided people who have broken the law. school, voluntary school. They live and receive training Convent school a school, there. esp. one for girls, that is run by

Catholic nuns and often has severe Cranleigh (School) a rules of behaviour that must be public school for boys in Surrey, obeyed. founded in 1865 as a boys’ school CPVE examination (the ‘to provide a sound and plain Certificate of Pre-Vocational education, on the principles of the Education.) was introduced in Church of England, and on the 1983, and a short‐lived forerunner public school system, for the sons to the General National of farmers and others engaged in Vocational Qualification, although commercial pursuits’. It grew designed for a slightly different rapidly and by the 1880s had more type of student; in this case for than 300 pupils although. 16–18‐year‐olds who had left the Cranleigh started to admit girls in schooling system with few the early 1970s and became qualifications. It was developed in fully co-educational in 1999. response to an initiative from the Creche a public nursery Department of Education and for infants where they are taken Science, and offered young people care of while their mothers are at an opportunity to experience work. different types of college‐based Crib to copy dishonestly. vocationally related training as Criticize to judge with well as providing them with an regard to flaws and strengths. element of work experience. Its Cross out to mark failure to recruit widely was something which is completely attributed at the time to the fact wrong, or, in some cases, that, unlike the youth training something which should not be schemes then on offer, it did not there at all. carry a financial incentive in the Curriculum a set of form of weekly payments to the required or prescribed courses of student. study, in other words, it means Corrections corrected what is taught in an educational mistakes. institution, usually the subjects Council school a school taught, in other words, this means provided by public tax money what is taught in an educational County school a state institution, usually the subjects school provided and maintained in taught. a county by the local education Cut (lectures) to miss authority. lectures. Course book a book Cyril Jackson was Dean giving information that develops of Christ Church, Oxford 1783– slightly every lesson, that is used 1809. Jackson was born in regularly during a whole set of Yorkshire, and educated at lessons, e.g. during a whole term Manchester Grammar School, or year. Westminster School and the University of Oxford. In 1771 he

16 was chosen to be sub-preceptor to a D.Phil at Oxford in 1984. From the two eldest sons of King 2004-06 she was President of George III, but in 1776 he was the London Mathematical Society, dismissed, probably through some the second-youngest president in household intrigues. He then took the society’s history. orders, and was appointed in 1779 Date a specific day or to the preachership at Lincoln’s point in time described by Inn and to a canonry at Christ indicating the month, day, and Church, Oxford. In 1783 he was year. elected dean of Christ Church. His Day-book a book in which devotion to the college led him to the transactions of the day are decline the Bishopric of Oxford in entered at once in the order in 1799 (which was instead taken by which they occur. his younger brother William) and Daygirl a girl who comes the Primacy of All Ireland in to the boarding school only to the 1800. He took a leading part in lessons. framing the statute which, in Day nursery a person who 1802, launched the system of takes children from two month to public examinations at five years, and is run by the local the University of Oxford, but health authority, it minds children otherwise he was not prominent in while their parents are at the work. university affairs. On his Day pupil a pupil who lives resignation in 1809 he settled at at home but goes to a school Felpham, in Sussex, where he where some of the pupils live. The remained till his death. He was pupils who live in the school usu. buried in Felpham churchyard. regard day pupils as less important. Day release a system in which people who work can study one day a week at a college D Day release student a person who works can study one

day a week at a college. Dame Frances Clare Dayroom a public room Kirwan, DBE FRS (born 1959) is for reading, writing, and a British mathematician, currently amusement in schools, military a Professor of Mathematics at camps, hospitals. the University of Oxford. Her Day school an fields of specialisation independent school which is not are algebraic and symplectic divided into primary and geometry. Kirwan was educated secondary, like state school which at Oxford High School, and is open for instruction on studied maths as an undergraduate weekdays only. at Clare College in the University of Cambridge. She took 17

Dean the head of the of age, fluent in English language, faculty. not employed by your government Defend one’s thesis to or by an international produce arguments to support organization. one's thesis. Department of Education Degree an academic and Science, the the department qualification awarded on which is concerned with the completion either of higher formation of national policies for education course or a piece of education. It is responsible for the research. maintenance of minimum national Deliver a lecture to give standard of education. In a lecture and is usually used in exercising its functions the DES is very formal situations. assisted by Her Majesty’s Department for Education Inspectorate. The primary and Employment a British functions of the Inspectors are to government department which is give professional advice to the responsible both for the UK’s Department, local education education system and for making authorities, schools and colleges, laws about workers’ rights, and discuss day-to-day problems organizing training programmes with them. for people without jobs, etc. Design the art of creating Department of Education drawings. (DENI) the devolved Northern Desk a piece of furniture Ireland government department in used for writing, pupils’ desks are the Northern Ireland Executive. not usually double nowadays, but The minister with overall for one pupil only, teacher’s desk responsibility for the department is larger and may differ in other is the Minister of Education. respects. Department for Diary a written account of International Development events, sometimes daily, (DfID) sometimes at irregular intervals or Shared Scholarship a little notebook with a calendar at Scheme (formerly ODASSS) – the front and a small section for Joint funding by the DfID and every day of the year which is participating universities in the usually used for making a note of UK appointments (or engagements). To be eligible one must Dictation the speaking or come from a developing reading of words for a person to Commonwealth country and their write down. chosen course is unavailable in Dictionary a reference book their home country. Awards are that contains a list of words of a usually for taught courses at particular language, in postgraduate level. A person alphabetical order and should normally be under 35 years supplemented with information

18 about the spelling, pronunciation, the title or status of doctor on the and meaning of each word. recipient; doctor’s degree. Dig a place where those The doctoral degree, or students who cannot get a place in doctorate, is awarded for in-depth a hall residence can live. This original research in a specific field means that the landlady provides that makes a real contribution to his meals (at least breakfast and knowledge. Students carry out evening meal), either separately or independent research (under with the family. supervision of a professor), and Diner bell a bell rung e.g. write up their results and at school to let people know the conclusions as a thesis. dinner is ready Postgraduate research can be in Dinner lady a woman who almost any subject. All serves meals to children in a universities award the degree of school. Doctor of Philosophy for both arts Dining room/hall a place and science doctorates. where students have their meals, In some universities, the room generally suggests a smaller title awarded is DPhil, though in place than hall. most cases it is PhD. Dinner hour a longer A doctorate usually takes break in the middle of the day, three years to complete, but can from 12.30 or 1 o’clock about 2 take much longer. Most doctorates o’clock, for the pupils to have include some coursework, but the their dinner, either at school or at doctorate is usually awarded home. entirely on the thesis. A PhD is Diploma a vocational not an easy option. To succeed qualification awarded by a non- you need ability, commitment, university institution, or, if by a motivation and self-discipline university, after a short course. Research degrees demand Dissertation a sort of considerable individual extended essay based on some motivation and organization. As independent study or the emphasis of a research degree investigation. differs from a taught course, so Distinction a mark or the methods of study differ. feature that distinguishes or sets Research students attend only apart; difference. those classes that are particularly Doctor a person who has relevant to their research. For the received the highest degree at a most part they work individually college or university. under the personal guidance of a Doctorate the highest supervisor (though some scientists academic degree, awarded for on big projects may work in completion of advanced work at teams). the graduate level, or as an Doctoral thesis the honorary degree, and conferring writing-up of at least three years

19 of intense research, and is book- has been compared to that of the like in length. Indeed, many theses traditionalist Philip Larkin, but are later adapted for publication. other works are more influenced In addition to submitting their by Ezra Pound. He is featured in thesis, PhD candidates are the Oxford Book of Contemporary examined on their research in an Verse (1980). oral examination, which is known Double first a degree as a viva. awarded to those who have Document case a flat studied two subjects to an equally case of a similar type, but without high standard and got a first in a handle and carried under the both. (This is possible only at arm. It is a rather specialized term some universities) and not widely used in Douai School a boys’ conservation. public school for Catholics in Don any member of the Staffordshire, founded in 1615 academic stuff. Douai – a city in northern France Donald Alfred Davie (17 where there were colleges for July 1922 – 18 September 1995) Roman Catholics exiled from was an English Movement poet, England in the reign of Elizabeth and literary critic. His poems in I). general are philosophical and Downe House a well- abstract, but often evoke various known public school for girls in landscapes. Berkshire, founded in 1907. He often wrote on the The Good Schools Guide technique of poetry, both in books described Downe House as an such as Purity of Diction in “Archetypal traditional girls’ full English Verse, and in smaller boarding school turning out articles such as ‘Some Notes on delightful, principled, courteous Rhythm in Verse’. Davie’s and able girls who go on to make criticism and poetry are both a significant contribution to the characterized by his interest in world”. modernist and pre-modernist Drama school an techniques. Davie claimed ‘there establishment for training actors, is no necessary connection directors. between the poetic vocation on the Driving school an one hand, and on the other establishment which employs exhibitionism, egoism, and instructors who give driving licence’. He writes eloquently and lessons and prepare people for sympathetically about British their driving test. modernist poetry in Under Dulwich College a leading Briggflatts, while in Thomas public school for boys in the Hardy and British Poetry he district of this name in southeast defends a pre-modernist verse London, founded in 1619. It was tradition. Much of Davie’s poetry founded by Edward Alleyn,

20 an Elizabethan actor, with the a writer whom he self-consciously original purpose of educating 12 imitated. poor scholars as the foundation of Edmund Cosyn (Cosin) “God’s Gift”. The school has a (dates uncertain) was an English very extensive archive, especially Catholic academic and Vice- of material relating to drama and Chancellor of Cambridge the arts. University of the middle sixteenth Duty a particular task or century. He was born in function pupil is required to Bedfordshire and entered King’s perform. Hall, Cambridge, as a Bible clerk. He received the degrees of B.A. early in 1535, M.A. in 1541, and B.D. in 1547. Being a Catholic, he E refused to conform when Elizabeth I of England came to the

throne, and hence in 1560 was Edexcel a UK company, is forced to resign all his one of England, Wales and preferments. He went in 1564 to Northern Ireland’s five main live in retirement in Caius examination boards, and is wholly College, Cambridge. Four years owned by the private-sector later, summoned to answer before Pearson PLC, a UK-based media the Lords of the Council to a and publishing conglomerate. Its charge of non-conformity, he went name is a portmanteau word into exile rather than forswear his derived from the words faith. He was living on the “educational” and “excellence”. Continent in 1576 but no further The company offers a variety of definite records of his career are qualifications, including A levels available. (GCEs), GCSEs and the BTEC Educated guess a guess suite of vocational qualifications. based on certain amount of It also offers work-based learning information, and therefore likely qualifications. to be right. Edinburgh Academy a Education Act 1918 (8 & Scottish independent (fee-paying) 9 Geo. V c. 39), often known as secondary school similar to an the Fisher Act, is an Act of the English public school. It was Parliament of the United founded in 1824. Kingdom. It was drawn up by Edmund Candler (1874 – Herbert Fisher. Note that the 1926) was an English journalist, “Education Act 1918” applied to novelist and educator notable for England and Wales, whereas a his literary depictions of colonial separate “Education (Scotland) India. His fictional tropes and Act 1918” applied for Scotland. settings are comparable in many This raised the school leaving age ways to those of Rudyard Kipling, to fourteen and planned to expand

21 tertiary education. Other features Authorities. Financial control of the 1918 Education Act would be handed to the head included the provision of ancillary teacher and governors of a school. services (medical inspection,  The National nursery schools, centers for pupils Curriculum (NC) was introduced. with special needs, etc). • Key Stages (KS) were Education Act, the 1944 introduced in schools. At each key (7 and 8 Geo 6 c. 31) is the Act stage a number of educational which changed the education objectives were to be achieved. system for secondary schools in  An element of choice England and Wales. was introduced, where parents Education Act, the 1872 could specify which school was gave control over schools to the their preferred choice. State of Victoria. • League tables, publishing Education Reform Act of the examination results of schools, 1988, the is widely regarded as were introduced. the most important single piece of  Controls on the use of education legislation in England, the word ‘degree’ were introduced Wales and Northern Ireland since with respect to UK bodies. the Butler’ Education Act 1944. • Academic tenure was (Scottish education legislation is abolished for academics appointed separate from that of the rest of on or after November 20, 1987. the UK.) It also forms the basis Educational is connected for [the United States’ No Child with education or promoting Left Behind Act of 2001]. smb.’s education, instructive. The main provisions of the Educationalist a Education Reform Act are as specialist in educational theory follows: and/or practice, often a writer on  Grant Maintained the subject. Schools (GMS) were introduced. Educator a more Primary and secondary schools dignified and formal synonym of could, under this provision, teacher (a person who teaches). remove themselves fully from Educate to receive one’s their respective Local Education education. Authorities and would be Educational Supply completely funded by central Association a company which government. Secondary schools makes stationery. It was founded also had limited selection powers in 1874. at the age of 11. EFL English as a Foreign • Local Management of Language; English as it is taught Schools (LMS) was introduced. to people who do not speak it as This part of the Act allowed all their first language; compare ESL, schools to be taken out of the ESP. direct financial control of Local

Elementary schools the teaching English language state schools established by the including Business English, Elementary Education Act of Technical English, Scientific 1944 for children from five to English, English for medical thirteen, after the Education Act professionals, English for waiters, of 1944 these schools became English for tourism, English for secondary modern schools. Art Purposes, etc. It is taught to Eleven-plus examination people who wish to learn it for a refers to the age at which children particular limited use, e.g. reading transfer to secondary school, scientific documents. Aviation rather than to the age at which English as ESP is taught to pilots, they take the examination, there is air traffic controllers and civil no national examination, each aviation cadets who are going to local education authority devises use it in radio communications. its own. ESP can be also considered as an Ellesmere College is a avatar of language for specific public school for boys in purposes. Shropshire, founded by Canon English language Nathaniel Woodard in 1879. teaching (ELT) a widely-used Originally called St Oswald’s teacher-centred term, as in the School, the College opened on 5 English language teaching August 1884 with 70 boys and divisions of large publishing four masters. Education was based houses, ELT training, etc. The on Anglo-Catholic values within a abbreviations TESL (teaching traditional public school English as a second language), framework. The College was TESOL (teaching English to intended to provide education at a speakers of other languages) and low cost for the sons of families TEFL (teaching English as a with limited finances. foreign language) are also used. During World War II the College Erasmus stored a number of notable Programme, the (EuRopean paintings from the Walker Art Community Action Scheme for Gallery including Dante’s Dream. the Mobility f University Students) Since 1980 the College has been a European Union (EU) student home to a Schulze Organ, exchange programme established originally installed at St in 1987. Erasmus+, or Erasmus Mary’s, Tyne Dock. Plus, is the new programme ELT English Language combining all the EU’s current Teaching; the teaching of the schemes for education, training, English language to people whose youth and sport, which was started first language is not English. in January 2014. The Erasmus Compare TESL. Programme, together with a English for Specific number of other independent Purposes (ESP) is a sphere of

23 programmes, was incorporated support for poor members of the into the Socrates programme medical profession such as established by the European pensioners and orphans, Epsom’s Commission in 1994. The long-standing association with Socrates programme ended on 31 medicine was estimated in 1980 as December 1999 and was replaced having helped almost a third of its with the Socrates II programme on 10,000 alumni enter that 24 January 2000, which in turn profession. The college caters for was replaced by the Lifelong both boarding and day pupils. Learning Programme 2007– Eraser an object, made of 2013 on 1 January 2007. rubber or felt, that is used to erase ESL English as a Second writing or marks; eraser, eraser is Language; English taught to or a synonym of rubber, but is studied by people whose mother confined to very formal style. tongue is not English but who are Essay it is usually longer living in an English-speaking than usual composition. It country. In Britain, many adults expresses ideas, and opposed to and children from Asian simply telling a story or backgrounds take ESL lessons as describing something, or, if it is well as others coming from abroad narrative or descriptive it should either for work purposes or as have some literary merit. refugees. Estimate to predict or to Elementary schools state evaluate. schools established by the Eton College, often Elementary Education Act of referred to simply as Eton, is a 1944 for children from five to British independent school for thirteen, after the Education Act boys aged 13 to 18. It was of 1944 these schools became founded in 1440 by King Henry secondary modern schools. VI as “The King’s College of Our Engineering the Lady of Eton besides Wyndsor”. profession, art, or study of It is located in Eton, near Windsor applying scientific and in England, north of Windsor mathematical knowledge to Castle, and is one of the original practical ends, such as the design nine English public schools and building of structures, (which also includes Harrow engines, electrical equipment, and School, Westminster School and the like. Charterhouse School) as defined Enter to begin, to study. by the Public Schools Act 1868. Entrance admission. Eton collar a broad stiff Epsom College a co- white collar worn outside the educational Independent school jacket. for pupils aged 11 to 18 near Eton jacket a short black Epsom, Surrey. Founded in 1853 jacket, as worn by boys at Eton as a boys’ school to provide College.

Eton suit a school number of years to pay for the uniform, or a suit resembling it, costs of study. worn at Eton College and some Exhibitioner a student other schools. It consists of a who receives an exhibition. black jacket resembling a black Extended School is a waistcoat and tie, black trousers school that provides a range of with narrow stripes, a white shirt services and activities, often and a detachable stiff collar. beyond the school day, to help European Union (EU) meet the needs of its pupils, their Schemes exchange schemes for families and the wider students and staff include community. It acknowledges that SCRATES and ERASMUS there is no blueprint for the types programmes. There are also some of activities that schools might European Commission (EC) provide, or how they could be awards for students from organised. Working with local developing countries. partners, schools can develop Evaluation a report that provision that they think is tells the value or quality of suitable and that will be utilised something. by their own community. Evaluate to determine the level, value, or worth of; appraise. Examination a test used to evaluate knowledge, ability. F Examining board a group, or committee, of examiners. Faculty a structural Examine to set and mark subdivision of a department the papers in a written covering the main subject examination or to conduct an oral groupings. examination. Fail used with reference to Examiner a person who the result; to be unsuccessful, or sets and marks a written to judge that someone has examination, or conducts an oral. been unsuccessful, in a Excellent mark a mark test or exam. which is given when a pupil Failing school is a school makes something outstanding, which is not able to give its pupils which could hardly be improved an acceptable standard of on. education. Exeat time when one has Faith School a school permission to be absent from a organized around promoting and college, school. defending one particular religious Exhibition money tradition. allowance to a student from Fellow a resident member school or college funds for a of the academic staff of an Oxford or Cambridge college who is also 25 a member of the governing body and acting as a link between the and therefore has certain rights form teacher and the form. and privileges. Form room any room in Fellowship the position of which teaching is done, the term is a fellow (a teacher of high rank at mainly restricted to secondary a college); an amount of money schools where it usually denotes a that is given to postgraduates to room used by a particular form for allow them to study a subject at registration and for some lesson. an advanced level. Forster Act the first Felt a writing material that Education Act in England and has become very popular in recent Wales which introduced the idea years. of the state system of compulsory Field a large grass- education of children aged 5-12 in covered area for outdoor games, elementary school (named after the term is used when the context W. Forster, MP) makes it clear. Fresher a colloquial word File some sort of a used in some English universities cardboard container for papers to denote new students. that has metal rings or strings Further and Higher inside, on which papers are put in Education Acts 1992, the the act some sort of order. which made changes in the Fisher Act the 1918 Act funding and administration of introducing free education and further education and higher raising the school-leaving age to education within the United 15 (named after H. A. L. Fisher, Kingdom. The most visible result Minister of Education) was to allow thirty-five Folder is a container for polytechnics to become papers. universities. In addition the Act Foreign and created bodies to fund higher Commonwealth Office, the (‘the education in England – HEFCE – FCO’ or ‘the Foreign Office’ for and further education – FEFC. short) the government department Universities in Scotland and which is responsible for Wales which had previously been promoting British interests funded by one UK-wide overseas and supporting our Universities Funding Council citizens and businesses around the were the subject of other Acts that globe. created higher education funding Form period the unit of councils in each country. The act time allotted to one lesson, this is abolished binary line, created usually 35-45 minutes. national unitary funding councils, Form prefect-captain a removed colleges of further sort of leader representing the education from local government form as whole when necessary control, and created quality assessment arrangements.

Further education (often Despite its use as a formal abbreviated FE) a term mainly graduation hymn, it is a jocular, used in connection with education light-hearted composition that in the United Kingdom and the pokes fun at university life. The Republic of Ireland. It is post- song is thought to originate in a compulsory education (in addition Latin manuscript from 1287. It is to that received at secondary in the tradition of carpe school), that is distinct from the diem (“seize the day”) with its education offered in universities exhortations to enjoy life. It was (higher education). It may be at known as a beer-drinking song in any level above compulsory many early universities and is the education, from basic training to official song of many schools, Higher National Diploma or colleges, universities, institutions, Foundation Degree. student societies and is the official Further Education anthem of the International Funding Council for England, University Sports Federation. the (FEFC) a non-departmental General Certificate of public body of the Department for Education, the (GCE) an Education and Skills in the United academic qualification that Kingdom which distributed examination boards in the United funding to Further Education and Kingdom and a few of the Sixth Form Colleges in England Commonwealth countries, notably between 1992 and 2001. It was Sri Lanka, confer to students. The created by the Further and Higher GCE traditionally comprised two Education Act 1992 and abolished levels: the Ordinary Level (O by the Learning and Skills Act Level) and the Advanced Level (A 2000, being replaced by the Level). More recently Learning and Skills Council examination boards also offer an Full-time (student) a intermediate third GCE level, the student that studies in some Advanced Subsidiary Level (AS department and takes full-time Level) replacing the earlier courses. Advanced Supplementary level. General Certificate of Secondary Education, the (GCSE) an academic qualification G awarded in a specified subject, generally taken in a number of

subjects by students aged 14–16 in Gaudeamus Igitur an old secondary education in England, student song; the hymn of many Wales and Northern Ireland and is public schools. It is a popular equivalent to a Level 2 (A-C) and academic commercium song in Level 1 (D-G) in Key Skills. (In many Western countries, mainly Scotland, the equivalent is the sung or performed at Standard Grade.) university graduation ceremonies. 27

General knowledge Grammar school a knowledge of facts from a number school which provides of different subjects, e.g. the predominantly academic capitals of countries, political education and prepare pupils events or people, historical events, mainly for higher education. famous books, people in sports. Grant-maintained General Teaching schools state schools in England Council for Scotland, the (GTC) and Wales between 1988 and the council which is responsible 1998 that had opted out of local for disciplinary procedures under government control, being funded which teachers guilty of directly by a grant from central professional misconduct may be government. Some of these removed permanently or schools had selective admissions temporarily from the register. procedures. Gordonstoun School a coeducational independent school for boarding and day pupils in H Moray in North East Scotland.

Named after the 150-acre (61 ha) Haberdashers’ Aske’s estate originally owned by Sir (School) a public school for boys Robert Gordon in the 1600s, the in Hertfordshire; was set up in school now uses this estate as its 1690 on funds left by Robert campus. It is located near Duffus Aske, a member of Haberdashers' to the north-west of Moray’s Company. county town of Elgin. Hadow, Sir William It was founded in 1934 by Henry (27 December 1859 – 8 the German educationalist Kurt April 1937) was a leading Hahn (1886-1974) with the aim of educational reformer in Great developing a pupil’s all-round Britain and a musicologist. He capabilities, physically as well as studied at Malvern College, academically, so that he should followed by Worcester College, become a good citizen. It is a well- Oxford where he taught and known public school, where some became Dean (1889). As chairman members of the royal family were of several committees, he educated. Gordonstoun was published a series of reports on attended by the Duke of education, notably The Education Edinburgh (Prince Philip) before of the Adolescent (1926) which he joined the Royal Navy, as well called for the re-organization of as by his sons the Prince of Wales elementary education, the (Prince Charles) and Prince abandonment of all-age schools, Andrew (now Duke of York). and the creation of secondary Grammar lesson a lesson modern schools. These became spent on grammar. known as the Hadow Reports. He was a leading influence in English 28 education at all levels in the 1920s girls (prefects) in controlling the and 1930s. younger ones, and to represent the Haileybury (Haileybury) school on public occasions. School a public school for boys HESA the official agency in Hertfordshire, founded in 1862; for the collection, analysis and originally a cadet corps training dissemination of quantitative officers for colonial service in the information about higher East. education in the United Kingdom. Half term a school holiday, HESA was set up by agreement usually two or three days, in the between the relevant government middle of a school term. departments, the higher education Hall a large room in which funding councils and the meetings, dances, etc. can be held universities and colleges in 1993, or the name of some colleges in a following the White Paper university, such as Trinity Hall, “Higher Education: a new Cambridge; the short title of a hall framework”, which called for of residence; the dining room in a more coherence in HE statistics, college and the 1992 Higher and Further Harrow School is one of Education Acts, which established the leading public schools for an integrated higher education boys, at Harrow-on-the-Hill, NW system throughout the United London. It is one of the most Kingdom. expensive and prestigious public Higher education schools in Britain. There is some institutions the institutions which evidence that there has been a receive funding from HEFCE. school on the site since 1243 but There are 19 colleges of the the Harrow School we know today University of London directly was officially founded by John funded by HEFCE. Lyon under a Royal Charter of Higher Education Funding Elizabeth I in 1572. It is a Council for England, the traditional rival of Eton College. (HEFCE) an organization that Harrovian a pupil of distributes public money for Harrow School. teaching and research to Headmaster the main universities and colleges. In doing teacher in charge of a school. so, it aims to promote high quality Head boy the most education and research, within a important boy in a school, chosen financially healthy sector. The to lead a team of older boys Council also plays a key role in (prefects) in controlling the ensuring accountability and younger ones, and to represent the promoting good practice. It was school on public occasions. created by the Further and Higher Head girl the most Education Act 1992, which also important girl in a British school, created the Further Education chosen to lead a team of older Funding Council for England

(FEFC), and replaced in 2001 by High school a secondary the Learning and Skills Council. school for children, often for girls, Scotland merged its further and aged between 11 and 18. higher education funding bodies Houseparent a person in 2005. who acts as a parent to children Higher Education who have no families or need Funding Council for Wales, the special care, and who live together (HEFCW) an Assembly in a special home. Government Sponsored Body, and House point a mark given an intermediary body between the to pupils in some schools as a Welsh Assembly Government and reward for good behavior or for the higher education sector in doing well at sport, studies. Wales. HEFCW is responsible for funding higher education in Wales. It distributes funds for education, research and related I activities at eleven higher education institutions, including Imperial College London the teaching activities of the Open a university of world class University in Wales. It also funds scholarship, education and higher education courses at further research in science, engineering education colleges. Its vision is to and medicine, with particular develop and sustain regard to their application in internationally excellent higher industry, commerce and education in Wales, for the benefit healthcare. Established in 1907, it of individuals, society and the is located in the heart of London. economy, in Wales and more It is consistently rated among the widely. United Kingdomэs top three Higher, post-secondary, universities, and was ranked 5th in tertiary, or third level education the world by the Times Higher refers to the stage of learning that Education Supplement in 2009. occurs at universities, academies, The College has over colleges, seminaries and institutes 3,000 academic and research staff of technology. Higher education and almost 14,000 students from also includes certain collegiate- over 120 different countries. Our level institutions, such as reputation for excellence in vocational schools, trade schools, teaching and research in science, and career colleges, that award engineering, medicine and academic degrees or professional business attracts students and staff certifications. of the highest international High master a teacher calibre. Imperial College staff are who is in charge of Manchester frequently consulted by Grammar School or of St Paul’s governments, and also act as School in London. members of professional bodies, 30 advise industry, and offer go to independent schools but informed comment to the media. some of these, esp. the public Imperial nurtures a can-do schools, are considered very entrepreneurial culture and as a important and influential. result has an enormous amount of Independent Office for intellectual capital. It has about 90 Standards in Education, the spin-out companies to date and is advises the Secretary of State on adding to this by an average of quality, standards and efficiency, two per month. and regulates a system of school Imperial has three inspections. Faculties, of Engineering, Natural Infant a very young Sciences, Medicine; the Imperial schoolchild. College Business School; and a Infant school a term used Humanities Department. primarily in the United Kingdom Interdisciplinary research is for school for children between promoted through several the ages of four and seven years. Institutes, for example the It is usually a small school serving Grantham Institute for Climate a particular locality. Change and the Energy Futures International General Lab. The college provides Certificate of Secondary undergraduate and postgraduate Education an internationally teaching in all branches of recognized qualification for science, engineering and school students in the age of 14- medicine. Two Graduate Schools, 16. Engineering and Physical Science, Interview panel a way for and Life Sciences and Medicine, the organization to judge the provide training in a broader range communication level, interaction of student skills. College with a group and to assess the skill accommodation is provided for level of the candidate. A candidate undergraduate students in their is asked prepared questions from first year. all the panel members. All the Independent fee-paying candidates are asked the same schools (preparatory schools) questions so that their answers can schools which prepare children for be compared. the Common Entrance Initial teaching alphabet a Examination set by the phonetic alphabet used to teach independent secondary schools. children to read English. Usually parents prefer state primary schools – 95 % and only 5% prefer independent. Independent school a J private school which does not receive money from the govern- Junior a child who goes to ment. Only a minority of children junior school. 31

Junior school a school for cities, including those of Can- children aged between 7 and 11. terbury, Chester, and Worcester. King’s School, Canterbury the oldest secondary school in Britain. It a selective British co- K educational independent school for both day and

boarding pupils in the English Key Stage a stage of the city of Canterbury in Kent. It is a state education system in England, member of the Headmasters’ and Wales, Northern Ireland and the Headmistresses' Conference and British Territory of Gibraltar the Eton Group. It is held to be the setting the educational knowledge oldest continuously operating expected of students at various school in the world, having been ages. The term Key Stage is also founded in 597 AD. It is a “public used in Hong Kong although the school” in the British sense of the ages at which each Key Stage term. applies differ from England.

Kidbrooke School one of the first purpose- built comprehensive schools in Britain; opened in 1954 (and was L officially opened on 15 June 1955 by Countess Mountbatten of Lawnswood School a state Burma). comprehensive school in Leeds, Kimbolton School a public West Yorkshire, England. It has coeducational school in about 1500 male and female Cambridge shire, founded in pupils, aged 11-18. It is a 1600. specialist Maths and Computing King Edward VI’s College. The sixth form was Grammar School a school in deemed extremely well in the Stratford-on-Avon, where W. most recent Ousted inspection in Shakespeare studied; now a 2009, however, the school as a museum. whole was rated as inadequate and King’s College, Taunton a consequently placed into special public school for boys in Taunton, measures. However, the school is Somerset; one of Woodard said to be improving. During an schools; founded in 1522. early 2011 visit, the school was King’s School the name of judged to be “making good certain public schools, esp. former progress in all the key areas.” cathedral schools that were Local education reorganized by King Henry VIII authorities (LEA) an organization during the Reformation. Some of in the UK which is responsible for the schools are still in cathedral public education in a particular area. It is in charge of all the 32 schools in the area, except for help member states of the grant-maintained schools and European Union develop their private institutions, and it pays the own education and training wages of the teachers there, systems. Although the objectives maintains school buildings and are expressed in somewhat supplies school equipment and abstract terms, they are materials. It was set up under the underpinned by actions which 1902 Balfour Act. concentrate on the creation of League tables are used to links between people, institutions compare the academic and countries in education and achievements of different training – what the programme institutions, college and university describes as the “European rankings order institutions in Dimension” of education and higher education by combination training. of factors. The first university Local education authority league tables were published (LEA) an organization in the UK nearly 20 years ago and have which is responsible for public continued to be the subject of education in a particular area. It is vigorous debate among academics in charge of all the schools in the ever since. area, except for grant-maintained Lecturer a teacher who schools and private institutions, gives lectures, takes classes, and it pays the wages of the seminars and tutorials. This term teachers there, maintains school usually implies that the teacher buildings and supplies school concerned gives lectures, this is equipment and materials. It was not necessarily so. It depends on set up under the 1902 Balfour Act. the institution and the subject to. Local Management of Lifelong Learning Schools (LMS) schools which are Programme 2007–2013 allocated to school budgets. The the European Union programme LMS arrangements for the for education and training. It is the financing of schools were first single financial instrument introduced in 1991 and allow for available to the Commission for the delegation of financial and its directly managed education managerial responsibilities to and training policies during the schools. School budgets are period covered by the European determined by formula and Union’s current financial delegated to the Boards of perspective. The Programme Governors of individual schools to continues the main actions meet the on-going costs of launched under previous action running their school. The programmes. The Programme’s management of a school’s budget objectives are first, to support the is then determined by the Board of development of quality lifelong Governors and Principal who are learning ; and thereafter to best placed to make decisions on

33 relative priorities and the most have studied at LSE, and 30 effective use of resources in members of the House of accordance with their school’s Commons and 34 members of the needs. House of Lords have either London School of studied or taught at LSE. Economics and Political Science, The School maintains the (LSE) a world class centre for close links with government, its concentration of teaching and industry and the professions research across the full range of (many of which are situated close the social, political and economic by in the city of London), through sciences. Founded in 1895 by public meetings and seminar Beatrice and Sidney Webb, LSE programmes concerned with the has an outstanding reputation for dissemination of research findings academic excellence. in the context of public policy. LSE is an unusual Many staff are also actively university. Few university engaged in policy development institutions in the world are as through membership of advisory international. The study of social, bodies such as the Urban Task economic and political problems Force, Monetary Policy covers not only the UK and Committee, Low Pay Commission European Union, but also and the Press Complaints countries of every continent. From Commission. its foundation LSE has aimed to be a laboratory of the social sciences, a place where ideas are developed, analysed, evaluated M and disseminated around the globe. Matron a woman in a LSE has a cosmopolitan school where children live who is staff and student body, located in charge of medical care, repair within an urban, city centre of clothes, living arrangements. campus. There are nearly 7,500 Magdalen College School full-time students and around 800 an independent school for boys part-time students at LSE. Of aged 7 to 18 and girls in the sixth these about 36 per cent come from form, located on The the UK, 15 per cent from other Plain in Oxford, England. It was European Union countries and 49 founded as part of Magdalen per cent from more than 120 College, Oxford, by William countries around the world. 48 per Waynflete in 1480. The Good cent are women and 52 per cent Schools Guide described the are postgraduates. school as having “A comfortable The School has more than mix of brains, brawn and artistic 70,000 registered alumni. Around flair but demanding and 30 past or present heads of state challenging too,” adding, “Not 34 what you might expect a boys’ spoon) 237; about 100 candidates public school to look like or feel were awarded honours. The 300- like.” The school was named odd candidates below that level Independent School of the Year did not earn honours and were by the Sunday Times in 2004 and known as poll men. in 2008, the first boys’ school to Middle school a part of a attain this award twice. It was secondary school for children of founded in 1478 as a public about 14 and 15. school for boys. Mill Hill School a Mathematical Tripos, the coeducational independent day the mathematics course that is and boarding school located taught in the Faculty of in Mill Hill, north London. A Mathematics at the University of member of the HMC, it is one of a Cambridge. It is the handful of independent boarding oldest Tripos examined in schools in London. The school Cambridge University. In its educates approximately 640 classical nineteenth-century form, pupils, spread across ten day and the tripos was a distinctive written boarding houses. It was founded examination of undergraduate in 1807 as a public school for students of the University of boys. Cambridge. Prior to 1824, the Modern school the Mathematical Tripos was formally academic equal of the grammar known as the “Senate House schools, but specializing in Examination”. From about 1780 technical subjects. to 1909, the “Old Tripos” was Mundella’s Act the act distinguished by a number of which was established in 1880, features, including the publication and according to it education of an order of merit of successful became compulsory for the candidates, and the difficulty of children between ages of 5 & 10; the mathematical problems set for parents had to pay a few pence a solution. By way of example, in week in fees. 1854, the Tripos consisted of 16 MySQA is SQA’s (The papers spread over 8 days, totaling Scottish Qualifications Authority) 44.5 hours. The total number of online service designed to give all questions was 211. The actual candidates quick and easy access marks for the exams were never to their results. published, but there is reference to an exam in the 1860s where, out of a total possible mark of 17,000, the senior wrangler achieved N 7634, the second wrangler 4123, the lowest wrangler around 1500 National Association of and the lowest scoring candidate Schoolmasters/Union of Women obtaining honours (the wooden Teachers, the (NASUWT) a trade 35 union representing teachers, New Universities two including headteachers, types of universities are subsumed throughout the United Kingdom. under the term “New National computer-based Universities”. First of all the Educational Counselling and academic institutions founded in Credit Transfer Information the 1960s after the Robins Report. Service, the (ECCTIS) provides Besides recommending immediate prospective students and their expansion of universities, the advisers with quick and easy Report also suggested elevating access without charge to Colleges of Advanced Technology information on course to university status. opportunities at universities and Due to their modern colleges of higher and further architecture and the predominant education throughout Britain. use of large stretches of plate National Curriculum, the glass in steel or concrete frames, curriculum which is meant to be the institutions founded in the followed by all state schools in 1960s are often called “Plate England and Wales. The Glass Universities”. Some Plate government tells schools what glass universities such as York subjects must be studied and what and Warwick have by now out- standards should be achieved by performed some Red Brick the pupils. All pupils have universities, especially on the field examinations in these subjects at of research, which has improved the ages of 7, 11, 14 and 16. their reputation considerably. Schools must teach the national Here is a list of Plate Glass curriculum but may teach Universities with links to each additional subjects if they wish institution: and if they can afford it. The Aston University contents of the national Brunel University curriculum have caused some University of Bath disagreement between teachers University of Bradford and the government. University of Essex National Vocational Heriot-Watt University Qualifications (NVQs) these are University of Kent work based awards in England, University of Keele Wales and Northern Ireland that Loughborough University are achieved through assessment University of Salford and training. In Scotland they are University of Stirling known as Scottish Vocational University of Sussex Qualification (SVQ). To achieve University of Warwick an NVQ, candidates must prove New University of Ulster that they have the ability University of York (competence) to carry out their job The second group is the so to the required standard. called Post-1992 Universities. The

36 term refers to former polytechnics University of Paisley that were given university status University of Plymouth by John Major's government in University of Portsmouth 1992. They have the poorest Robert Gordon University reputation among British Sheffield Hallam University universities, and many of them South Bank University regularly appear in bottom Tenth Staffordshire University of league tables. University of Sunderland Here is a list of post-1992 University of Teesside universities with links to each Thames Valley University institution: University of the West of England Abertay University University of Westminster Anglia Ruskin University University of Wolverhampton University of Brighton Northern Ireland Council Bournemouth University Integrated Education, the University of Central England (NICIE) established in 1987, it is University of Central Lancashire a voluntary organisation that was Coventry University set up to develop, support and De Montfort University promote Integrated Education in University of Derby Northern Ireland. The University of East London underpinning principle of University of Glamorgan Integrated Education is the Glasgow Caledonian University belief that by bringing Catholics, University of Greenwich Protestants and children of other University of Hertfordshire faiths, and none, together in a University of Huddersfield shared learning environment, they Kingston University can learn to understand, respect Leeds Metropolitan University and accept each other. University of Lincoln (formerly Northern Ireland Higher University of Humberside) Education Council, the (NIHEC) Liverpool John Moores University established in 1993, it is a non- London Guildhall University (now executive advisory committee to part of London Metropolitan the Department for Employment University) and Learning (DEL). Members of University of Luton the Council meet on a quarterly Middlesex University basis to: Napier University • provide advice to DEL University of North London (now on strategic priorities, strategic part of London Metropolitan funding issues and policy and University) planning for all aspects of higher Northumbria University education; University of Northampton • advise the Department on Nottingham Trent University the relevance of higher education Oxford Brookes University provision to the economic,

37 cultural, social and intellectual life the same education system of Northern Ireland; (especially of the English public • help to secure strong schools), or the same wealthy collaboration and co-operation, in families favour each other in later particular, between the DEL, life and help each other to get higher education institutions and jobs. the private sector. Old girl a woman who is a Nursery education former pupil of a school. education for the under fives, Open-air school a special mainly from 3 to 5, is not school for children having compulsory and can be provided tuberculosis. in nursery schools and nursery Open University, the classes attached to primary Britain’s single distance-learning schools. Although they are called institution It was founded in 1986. schools, they give little formal In 2005 a total of 180,000 education. The children spend students, most of them based in most of their time in some sort of the UK, were enrolled, which play activity, as far as possible of made it the largest institution of an educational kind. In any case, higher education in the UK by there are not enough of them to student numbers. take all children of that age group. The Open University was A large proportion of children at rated top university in England this beginning stage is in the and Wales for student satisfaction private sector where fees are in 2005 and the Quality Assurance payable. Many children attend Agency for Higher Education preschool playgroups, mostly rated teaching at the Open organized by parents, where University as excellent that same children can go for a morning or year. Just as any other academic afternoon a couple of times a institution, the Open University, week. too, actively engages in research Nursery school a school and awards both undergraduate for young children of two or three and postgraduate degrees. to five years of age, where the Ordinary National children learn such things as Certificate, an (ONC) is a further numbers, letters, colours, etc., and education qualification in the may begin to read and write. United Kingdom, awarded by BTEC. It is at Level 3, equivalent to two A Levels. Oundle School a co- O educational British public school located in the ancient market town

of Oundle in Northamptonshire. Old-boy network the The school has been maintained system by which men who are by the Worshipful Company of former pupils of the same school, 38

Grocers of the City of London century it was poorer, because of a since its foundation in 1556, decline in trade and because of the making it one of the oldest terrible plague, which killed many surviving public schools in the people in England. The relations country. Oundle has eight boys’ between the students and the houses, five girls’ houses, a day townspeople were very unfriendly house and a junior house. and there was often fighting in the Together these accommodate over streets. 1100 pupils. Overseas Research Students Awards Scheme (ORSAS) these grants are for postgraduate registered research students. Selection is purely on academic merit and research potential. Grants, which are initially for one year but may be Nowadays there are about extended, cover the difference 12,000 students in Oxford and between home and overseas level over 1000 teachers. Outstanding of tuition fees. There is no scientists work in the numerous maintenance grant. colleges of the University Oxbridge a portmanteau of teaching and doing research work the University of Oxford and the in physics, chemistry, University of Cambridge in mathematics, cybernetics, England, and the term is now used literature, modern and ancient to refer to them collectively, often languages, art and music, with implications of perceived psychology. superior social status. Oxbridge can be used as a noun referring to either or both universities or as an adjective describing them or their students. Oxford one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in Great Britain. The first written record of the town of Oxford dates back to the year 912. Oxford Oxford University has a University, the oldest and most reputation of a privileged school. famous university in Britain, was Many prominent political figures founded in the middle of the 12th of the past and present times got century and by 1300 there were their education at Oxford. already 1,500 students. At that The Oxford English time Oxford was a wealthy town, Dictionary is well-known to but by the middle of the 14th students of English everywhere. It

39 contains approximately 5,000,000 formal than the pre-school entries, and there are thirteen education of nursery schools. volumes, including a supplement. They do not provide full time Oxford University Press, care, operating for only a few the publishing house which hours a day during school term produces the Oxford English time, often in the mornings only. Dictionary has a special They are staffed by nursery nurses department called the Oxford or volunteers, not by nursery Word and Language Service. teachers, and are run by private individuals or charities, rather than by the state or companies. Primary education P compulsory education begins at 5 when children in England and

Wales go to infant schools or Parent Teacher departments; at 7 many go on to Association a group of parents junior schools or departments. In and teachers joined together for a some areas of England there are common purpose or by a mutual nursery schools for children under interest that aspire to improve 5 years of age. Some children conditions of studying. between 2 and 5 receive education Parochial school a private in nursery classes or in infant’s school which is run by, or classes in primary schools. Many connected with, a church. children attend informal pre- Polytechnics and Colleges school play-groups organized by Funding Council, the (PCFC) an parents in private homes. Nursery organization that distributed funds schools are staffed with teachers provided by central government to and students in training. There are polytechnics and colleges for the all kinds of toys to keep the provision of education and the children busy from 9 o’clock till 4 undertaking of research. o’clock p.m. – while their parents Postgraduate Certificate are at work here the babies play, in Education, the (PGCE) a one- lunch and sleep. They can run year course in England, Wales and about and play in safety with Northern Ireland for someone keeping an eye on them. undergraduate degree holders that For day nurseries which remain allows them to train to be a open all the year round the parents teacher. pay according to their income. Pre-school playgroup, or Most children start school in everyday usage just a at 5 years. A primary school may playgroup, is an organised group be divided into two parts – infants providing care and socialisation and juniors. At infants schools for children under five. The term reading, writing and arithmetic are is widely used in the United taught for about 20 minutes a day Kingdom. Playgroups are less 40 during the first year, gradually Quiz a set of questions increasing to about 2 hours in designed to amuse people, a sort their last year. There is usually no of game. written timetable. Much time is spent in modeling from clay or drawing, reading and singing. Primary school a school R for children between 5 and 11 years old in England and Wales Rankings of universities and between 5 and 12 in Scotland. in the United Kingdom are Private school a school published annually by The not supported by government Guardian, The Independent, The money, where education must be Sunday Times and The Times. paid for. In Britain a private The primary aim of the rankings is school is often called a prep to inform potential applicants school or a public school. Only a about UK universities based on a fairly small number of school-age range of criteria, including entry children attend public schools; standards, student satisfaction, most attend state schools. staff/student ratio, academic Professor a university or services and facilities expenditure college teacher in the highest per student, research quality, academic rank. proportion of Firsts and 2:1s, Provost a title of the head completion rates and student of some colleges and schools. destinations. All of the league Public school a private tables also rank universities on fee-paying British and esp. their strength in individual English secondary school where subjects. children usually live as well as The Complete University study. Guide is an independently

published ranking produced in association with The Independent. It was formerly known as The Q Good University Guide and was published for the first time in Qualified Teacher Status 2007. The rankings are compiled (QTS) required in England and by Mayfield University Wales to become, and continue Consultants, who previously being, a teacher of children in the compiled university rankings for state and special education The Times. sectors. The ranking uses nine Quarter a three-month criteria and a statistical technique period, although only from called the Z-transformation is January 1 to March 31 and so on. applied to each to create a total score for that criteria. The Z- 41 scores for each criterion are then beforehand, and is literary reading weighted by 1.5 for student from his lecture notes. satisfaction and research Reader very rare word assessment and 1.0 for the rest and which denotes a member of summed to give a total score for teaching stuff in some each university. Finally, these universities. total scores are transformed to a Redbrick university a scale where the top score is set at civic university because red brick 1,000 with the remainder being a was characteristic of their original proportion of the top score. buildings, in contrast to grey stone Student satisfaction – of Oxford, Cambridge and measure of the view of students of London, but it is not official term. the teaching quality at the These universities were university. founded in the industrial parts of Research assessment/ the cities during the Victorian era quality – measure of the average (1837-1901) and before the quality of the research undertaken Second World War. They are in the university. called “civic universities”, a Entry standards – the movement that started in 1851 average UCAS tariff score of new with Owens College, which later students under the age of 21. became the Victoria University of Student: staff ratio – Manchester and today is called measure of the average staffing University of Manchester. level in the university. The main difference Academic Services spend – between Red Brick and ancient the expenditure per student on all universities is that Red Bricks academic services. were so called non-collegiate Facilities spend – the institutions and admitted men expenditure per student on staff without regarding their religion or and student facilities. social background. Furthermore Good honours – they concentrated on teaching proportion of firsts and upper predominantly “practical subjects” seconds. often linked to engineering. Graduate prospects – Some Red Brick measure of the employability of a universities: university’s graduates. University of Birmingham Completion – measure of University of Bristol the completion rate of those University of Leeds studying at the university. University of Liverpool Read a lecture in the sense University of Manchester to give a lecture but this term is University of Sheffield used in the case if the lecturer has Refectory a traditional and written out his lecture in full specifically university word for

42 the place where students have dance, martial arts, sports, riding their meals. (in the early years), music and Refer back (a thesis) that drama. The Good Schools Guide some faults must be remedied stated that the “School has a before the thesis is accepted when healthy spirit and much to offer.” somebody awards higher degree The school incorporates a 320- by thesis. seat theatre, a heated indoor Reference book any book swimming pool and a chapel, as which is not intended to be read well as a range of workshops, from beginning to end, but only studios, laboratories and sports consulted such as dictionaries and pitches. Current school fees are encyclopedias. between £4,550 and £9,750 per Register a book with a list term, from the youngest day girls of the pupils’ full names, to the oldest boarders. This puts addresses and dates of birth. Roedean amongst some of the Registrar responsible for most expensive schools in the dealing with applications, United Kingdom. admission and registration of new Room a room where a students. certain subject is a taught to as Research Assessment many forms as possible, and Exercise, the (RAE) is an exercise where special equipment and undertaken approximately every materials needed for the teaching five years on behalf of the four of that subject are kept. UK higher education funding to Rough book an exercise evaluate the quality of research book in which schoolchildren do undertaken by British higher any work which is not be given in education institutions. for marking by the teacher, Return used when the whether done in class or at home. teacher gives the work back after Royal Society, the (The marking it, the term is used in President, Council and Fellows of more formal style than the term to the Royal Society of London for give up with the same meaning. Improving Natural Knowledge) Roedean School an the most famous of all learned independent girls’ school in society. Founded in November Roedean village on the outskirts 1660, it was granted a royal of Brighton, East Sussex in the charter by King Charles II. It is United Kingdom. The school the oldest national scientific overlooks the sea and is situated institution in the world. The close to the marina. Students society is the United Kingdom’s attend from many different parts and Commonwealth of of the world. As well as teaching Nations’ Academy of academic subjects, Roedean Sciences and fulfils a number of supports a wide variety of roles: promoting science and its extracurricular activities such as benefits, recognising excellence in

43 science, supporting outstanding children between the ages of 5 and science, providing scientific thirteen went to school. advice for policy, fostering Sandwich course a course international and global co- consisting of periods of study operation, education and public alternating with (or sandwiched engagement. The society is between) periods of work, usually governed by its Council, which is in industry. chaired by the Society’s President, Satchel what according to a set of statutes and schoolchildren traditionally carry standing orders. The members of their books in. It may have one Council and the President are long strip, and be carried on one elected from and by its Fellows, shoulder. the basic members of the society, Scholarships for Specified who are themselves elected by Nationals these scholarships for existing Fellows. study in the UK are for Royal Society Fellowships postgraduate courses. these fellowships enable key post- Sino-British Friendship doctoral scientists from a selection Scholarship Scheme: of countries to undertake research Hong Kong Industrialist, in the UK. Chinese Government and the Rugby School a co- DfID for postgraduate study educational boarding school Citizens of the People located in the town of Rugby, Republic of China are eligible to Warwickshire, in the United apply for this award for Kingdom. It is one of the oldest postgraduate research study or independent schools in Britain. research attachments in science, technology, medicine, humanities and social studies. The award may cover tuition fees for up to 3 years S plus a contribution to fares and UK costs.

Sir Edward Youde Sabbatical year a year’s Memorial Fellowships for vacation allowed to a university Overseas Studies teacher once in seven years and Outstanding Hong Kong used by him generally to study an students, intending to study aspect of his subject in greater postgraduate courses overseas, are detail or to bring himself up – to eligible to apply for this award. date on new developments in his Candidates must have a strong field, probably by travel abroad. commitment and intention to Sandon’s Act the act return to Hong Kong following which was established in 1876; completion of their studies where according to it, parents were given they will be expected to work for the responsibility of ensuring that a minimum of three years.

School an establishment £1.7 billion for the support of which train people for various learning and teaching, research occupations. and other activities. School uniform an outfit – Scottish Government a set of standardized clothes – Education Directorates a group worn primarily for an educational of the civil service directorates in institution. They are common in the Scottish Government. The primary and secondary schools in Directorates were entitled various countries. When used, Children, Young People and they form the basis of a school’s Social Care; Schools; and dress code. Lifelong Learning. They were Scottish Certificate of responsible for education in Education (SCE), the it was a Scotland; social work care for Scottish secondary education children and young people and certificate, used in schools from lifelong learning. In December 1962 until the late 1990s. It 2010 these functions were taken replaced the older Junior on by the Learning and Justice Secondary Certificate (JSC) and Directorate. Scottish Leaving Certificate Scottish universities the (SLC), and was the Scottish universities that were founded in equivalent of the General the 15 and 16 centuries and took Certificate of Education (or GCE) their traditions from the used in England, Wales and continental universities, among Northern Ireland. them are the universities of Scottish Further and Aberdeen, Edinburg, Glasgow and Higher Education Funding St. Andrews. Council (more commonly known Secondary education it as the Scottish Funding Council starts at the age of 11. Most (SFC)) the body in Scotland that children go to comprehensive distributes funding from the schools of which the majority is Scottish Government to the for both boys and girls. About country’s colleges and 90% of all state-financed universities. It was set up by the secondary schools are of this type. Further and Higher Education Most other children receive (Scotland) Act 2005, and was secondary education in grammar established on 3 October 2005 and secondary modern schools. when the Scottish Further (Until 1960s most children took Education Funding Council and an examination at the end of the Scottish Higher Education primary school (The 11+). Those Funding Council merged. The who passed it successfully went to Council’s main role is to distribute grammar schools while those who funding to colleges and did not go to secondary modern universities in Scotland. In 2009- schools. A few areas especially in 10, the Council allocated about the south of England still have

45 selective exams at the age of 11. Those schools offer education free During all the process of of charge, but are run by their education the child is taught in teachers and governors, order with the National independent from the local Curriculum. Even the schools council. They get their money which do specialize in different from central government through subjects – nowadays an increasing the Funding Agency of Schools. number – have to teach in order This includes a share of what the with the National Curriculum and local council would have spent on the parents are sure that their child administration. will have a broad-based education. Senate the chief academic Those schools usually do authority that coordinates and specialize in technology and often approves the work of the various are working with local business. faculties. Secondary school a school Share a flat to rent a flat for children 11-18 years old. with some other students. Secular School a school Shrewsbury school it has which doesn’t teach or promote a distinguished history: founded religion at all. by Royal Charter in 1552, and Secretarial college a identified as one of the ‘Great’ private college that trains girls to public schools by the Clarendon be secretarial. Commission in 1868. Since then – Selective school a school in line with the work of its most that admits students on the basis famous old boy, Charles Darwin – of some sort of selection criteria, the school has continued to evolve usually academic. The term may in an innovative and dynamic have different connotations in way, based on foundations of different systems. The opposite is traditional values. Most recently, a comprehensive school, which the successful introduction of a accepts all students, regardless of co-educational sixth form, in aptitude. The split between 2008, has prepared the way for a selective and comprehensive new period of expansion and education is mainly seen at achievement. secondary level; primary Sick room a room where education is rarely selective. At the children go if they feel ill or the university level, selection is have an accident and where almost universal, though some medical examinations are held. institutions practice open Sir is how the pupils in admissions or open-door nearly all schools call the men enrollment allowing students to teachers. attend regardless of prior Sir Robert Charles qualification. Evans M.D., DSc, (19 October Self-governing school a 1918 – 5 December 1995), was a school which is grant-maintained. British mountaineer, surgeon, and

46 educator. Born in Liverpool, he Programme 2007–2013. The was raised in Wales and became a countries participating in the fluent Welsh language speaker. programme were the then Educated at Shrewsbury School 25 European Union countries, the and Oxford University, where he then candidate countries studied medicine, he qualified as a Romania and Bulgaria; Iceland, doctor in 1942 and joined Liechtenstein, Norway and the Royal Army Medical Corps. Turkey. The programme is named His works are On Climbing. after the Greek philosopher Woodstock (1955), Socrates. Kangchenjunga: The Untrodden Special education Peak (1957). education which is adapted to the Sit for (an examination) a needs of pupils who are formal expression that is used in handicapped by a disability of the sense of invigilate. body or mind. Skills Funding Agency, Specialist schools the funds and regulates adult programme, the launched in 1993 Further Education (FE) and skills with the creation of technology training in England. It forms part colleges. These are state of a network of organizations in secondary schools which teach the the country that commission, National Curriculum but with a manage and market training for special emphasis on technology, adults. science and mathematics. Snack bar a traditional St Paul’s School a boys’ term for a place where pupils have independent school, founded in their meals; there are different 1509 by John Colet, located on a meals such as sandwiches, hot and 45-acre (180,000 m2) site in the cold drinks, cakes. London suburb of Barnes. It was Social science social one of the original nine English studies. public schools as defined by the Society a group of Public Schools Act 1868, students that has similar interests. originally located in the City of SOCRATES London. Since 1881 St Paul’s has programme, the was an had its own preparatory school, educational initiative of Colet Court, and from 1887, under the European Commission; 31 the direction of a new High countries took part. The initial Master, it expanded rapidly. Socrates programme ran from Staff meeting a communal 1994 until 31 December 1999 room for the stuff. when it was replaced by the Staff recruitment the Socrates II programme on 24 process of attracting, screening, January 2000, which ran until and selecting qualified people for 2006. This, in turn, was replaced a job. by the Lifelong Learning

State school a term that is Subject/specialist room a widely used in written and spoken room where a certain subject is English in the sense maintained taught to as many forms as school. possible and where special State university used in equipment materials needed for contrast to independent or private the teaching of that subject are in England. kept. Stipend fixed periodical Swot a slang word often money allowance for work done, used in connection with exams in salary. the sense of revise, mainly in Stream to be divided into schools; to study assiduously. the parallel classes or forms Syllabus a summary of described above according to what is to be taught in each pupils’ ability or achievement. subject on the curriculum, it is Streaming the practice of also used specifically in streams that denote parallel forms. connection with an examination, Student panel a group of meaning a list of the material on students chosen from a pool of which the candidates are to be trained members who are examined. welcome to ask a candidate Synopsis a specific word prepared questions during a job- that is used in the sense to interview. complete works. Students’ Union a union which provides recreational facilities for students and also has committees which represent the T student body in university or college affairs. Teacher training the name Study leave any period given to all courses for teachers given to study an aspect of his with the aim of making them subject in greater detail or to bring better teachers. himself on new developments in Teacher Training Agency, his field, probably by travel the responsible for accrediting abroad. training providers, financing Study trip a trip for any initial teacher training courses, purpose during the vacations. ensuring that national standards Subject teacher used are met and promoting teaching. among teachers and educationists In 1995 the Government asked the in cases where it is necessary to Agency to introduce a new distinguish those who teach a professional qualification for particular subject from. head-teachers. In 1996 the Subject specialist used in Government requested the Agency formal style in the sense subject to develop a national curriculum teacher. for initial teacher training 48 covering the core subjects of setting up of the TEC appear English, mathematics and merely to play with the vast sciences. It has also asked the problems involved. It is seriously Agency to produce a professional suggested that TEC should have a framework for teacher training full‐time staff of one or two. which would set out standards and Technical school the qualifications at key stages in the academic equal of the grammar profession. schools, but specializing in Teacher training college a technical subjects. college that trains teachers for Technology a broader posts in primary schools and for term than engineering and less specialised and less advanced includes all studies related to posts in secondary schools, other industry. posts being occupied by Tertiary college a university-trained. comprehensive school for children Teachers’ centre a form of 11-16 linked with sixth-form of in-service training where colleges for pupils who stay on teachers work together how they after 16. can put into practice new ideas Tie a tie for old boys of and techniques. some schools, mainly public Teaching hospital a schools, which shows that they hospital with its own medical went to Eton, for example, or school. Harrow. Teaching load an official Treasurer a person term that means number of classes responsible for the funds of a and different tasks during the public body, or of any term. corporation, association, society Technician Education or club. Council, the (TEC) the education Tripartite system a system service of the United Kingdom of secondary education that was which is famous, or perhaps introduced in 1944 and includes infamous, for its lack of national three types of school: grammar, educational planning. For many technical and secondary modern years the further education service schools. has been seeking a Further Truancy unauthorized Education Council having the absence from school for a whole resources which the National day or days. Advisory Council on Education Tuition teaching, for Industry and Commerce has instruction but its application is never had – namely to plan our more restricted, it is often used future sensibly and professionally. with reference to the cost of The recent proposals of the someone being taught, with fees. Department of Education and Tutor group a subdivision Science (DES) regarding the of a house, in comprehensive

49 schools the houses are very big which there are over 100 and are therefore sometimes departments, institutes and divided into smaller units called research centres. UCL’s main tutor groups. campus is located in the Tutorial weekly meetings Bloomsbury area of Central of tutors and their students. London, with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals located elsewhere in Central London. The UCL School of U Energy and Resources is based in Adelaide, Australia. UCL is a

major centre for biomedical UK School Games an research; it is part of three of the annual sporting competition for 12 biomedical research centres elite school-age athletes in the established by the NHS in United Kingdom. The event was England and is a founding inaugurated in 2006 and is based member of UCL Partners, the on an Olympic Games model, largest academic health science with multiple sports events held centre in Europe. For the period across an intensive four-day 1999 to 2009 it was the 13th most- period. The Games are organised cited university in the world (and by the Youth Sport Trust and from the most-cited in Europe). UCL 2008 receive funding from Legacy had a total income of £762 million Trust UK, a charitable trust set up in 2009/10, of which £275 million to ensure that the 2012 Summer was from research grants and Olympics generate a lasting contracts. legacy across the UK. UCL has over 4,000 University College academic and research staff and London (UCL) a public research 648 professors, the highest university located in London, number of any British university. United Kingdom and the largest There are currently 36 Fellows of constituent college of the federal the Royal Society, 26 Fellows of University of London. Founded in the British Academy, 10 Fellows 1826, UCL was the first university of the Royal Academy of institution to be founded in Engineering and 78 Fellows of the London and the first in England to Academy of Medical Sciences be established on an entirely amongst UCL academic and secular basis, to admit students research staff. There are 25 Nobel regardless of their religion and to Prize winners and three Fields admit women on equal terms with Medalists amongst UCL’s alumni men UCL became one of the two and current and former staff, the founding colleges of the most recent being Sir Charles K. University of London in 1836. Kao, who received the Nobel UCL is organised into Prize for Physics in 2009.UCL is eight constituent faculties, within 50 ranked 21st in the world (and 3rd higher education funding councils in Europe) in the 2010 Academic (HEFCE (England), SFC Ranking of World Universities, (Scotland), HEFCW (Wales), and 4th in the world (and 2nd in the Department for Employment Europe) in the 2010 QS World and Learning in Northern Ireland). University Rankings and 22nd in University of Bath, the the world (and 5th in Europe) in founded in 1966, it is the 2010 Times Higher Education unmistakably modern in both World University Rankings. appearance and outlook. It is UCL is a member of the firmly established as one of the Association of Commonwealth best Universities in the UK, Universities, the European regularly appearing in the top ten University Association, the G5, of national surveys and has an the League of European Research impressive record of research. The Universities, the Russell Group, research portfolio of the UNICA and Universities UK. It University now amounts to £42 forms part of the ‘Golden million, with funding coming Triangle’ of British universities. from Research Councils, the Universities Funding European Union, charities, Council, the (UFC) a UK body business and industry world-wide. established under the Education The Library is the only 24 hour Reform Act 1988 replacing the academic library in the UK, and University Grants Committee. It stocks all the major scientific distributed funds provided by journals. There are 400 PCs for central government to universities student use in the recently opened for the provision of education and Learning Centre, which is the undertaking of research. It was conveniently part of the Library. wound up by the Further and All the PCs and also 35 dedicated Higher Education Act 1992 UNIX work-stations, are available which replaced its function by the for use 24 hours a day, 7 days a Higher Education Funding week. Access to numerous Council for England, the Higher scientific databases is provided in Education Funding Council for this way. Wales and the Scottish Higher The University, which is Education Funding Council. situated on a single campus a mile University Grants from the city of Bath, is one of the Committee, the was an advisory smaller universities in Britain, committee of the British supporting a hard-working, hard government, which advised on the playing community approaching distribution of grant funding some 10,000 students, including amongst the British universities. It over 700 international students as was in existence from 1919 until well as a cosmopolitan 1989. Its functions have now postgraduate community of over largely been taken over by the 3,000. It is designed as a compact,

51 self-contained complex of successor to Mason Science academic buildings, student College and the 1825 Birmingham accommodation and sports Medical School. Birmingham was facilities, on a 200 acre campus. the first Redbrick university to Outstanding sports facilities gain an official royal charter. include a sports training village, a University of Bristol, the a floodlit 8 lane running track, a 50 university in Bristol, England. metre swimming pool, tennis One of the so-called “red brick” courts and squash courts. universities, it received its Royal The City of Bath, with its Charter in 1909, although its magnificent Georgian buildings predecessor institution, University and some of the finest Roman College, Bristol, had been in remains in Europe, is a United existence since 1876. Bristol is Nations World Heritage City. The the most popular multifaceted Bath Music Festival each June is university in the UK, with over 14 recognised as one of the most applicants vying for each place, prestigious in Europe, and there and average A-level attainment of are countless other Arts activities successful entrants of just under 4 interspersed throughout the year. grades. As for some of the most The compact city centre contains popular courses, such as several cinemas, Bath Abbey, the Economics and Law, the applicant elegant Theatre Royal, and to place ratio is often as high as numerous fascinating shops and 40:1. The University has an museums. Bath is a city of history, annual turnover of £347m and is of floral displays and busking, the largest independent employer shopping and browsing. Bus links in Bristol. between the University and the University of Cambridge city are excellent, and by train (informally Cambridge from Bath Spa railway station University or simply Cambridge), there is easy access to the rest of the a public research university in the country – Bath to London Cambridge, England. It is the takes 1.25 hours and Bristol is second-oldest university in both only 15 minutes away. England and the English-speaking University of Birmingham world, and the seventh-oldest (informally Birmingham globally. In post-nominals the University, or simply university's name is abbreviated as Birmingham), the a British Cantab, a shortened form of Redbrick university located in the Cantabrigiensis (an adjective city of Birmingham, England. It is derived from Cantabrigia, the a member of the prestigious Latinised form of Cambridge). Russell Group of research University of Durham, the universities and a founding (commonly known as Durham member of Universities 21. It University) a university in received its charter in 1900 as a Durham, England. It was founded

52 by Act of Parliament in 1832 and Scotland, United Kingdom and a granted a Royal Charter in 1837. UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was one of the first universities The University is deeply to open in England for more than embedded in the fabric of the city, 600 years and has a claim towards with many of the iconic buildings being the third in the historic Old Town oldest belonging to the University. It was university in the fourth university to be England. established in Scotland and is Durham is widely regarded as one of the a collegiate most prestigious universities in university, with Europe, having been consistently its main placed amongst the leading functions divided between the universities in the world. academic departments of the Edinburgh receives approximately University and 16 colleges. In 47,000 applications every year, general, the departments perform making it the third most popular research and provide lectures to university in the UK by volume of students, while the colleges are applicants. Entrance is intensively responsible for the domestic competitive, with 12 applications arrangements and welfare of per place in the last admissions undergraduate students, graduate cycle. students, post-doctoral researchers University of Lancaster, the and some University staff. a British university in Lancaster, The University is seen as Lancashire, England. The very prestigious and is University was established in consistently one of the highest 1964 and was initially based in St ranked universities in the UK. Leonard's Gate until moving to a “Long established as a leading purpose-built 300 acre campus at alternative to Oxford and Bailrigg in 1968. Lancaster Cambridge”, the University expanded rapidly and now has the attracts “a largely middle-class 11th highest research quality in student body” according to The the United Kingdom and is the Times Good University Guide. 16th highest ranking research The University was named institution according to the 2008 Sunday Times University of the Research Assessment Exercise. Year in 2005, having previously The University has an annual been shortlisted for the award in income of £177 million, 3,025 2004. staff and 12,695 students. Along University of Edinburgh, the with the universities of Durham, founded in 1583, it is an Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, internationally renowned centre Newcastle, Sheffield and York, for teaching and research in Lancaster is a member of the N8 Edinburgh, the capital city of Group of research universities.

Lancaster was ranked 6th in the in the UK by number of full-time 2011 Guardian University Guide, students, with 135,090 campus- 8th in the 2011 Complete based students and over 45,000 in University Guide, 8th in the the University of London Times Higher Education Table, International Programmes. 10th in the 2011 Good University University of St Andrews, Guide and 124th in the The World the (informally referred to as St University Rankings 2010-2011. Andrews) the oldest university in Lancaster is a collegiate Scotland, and the third oldest in university, with its main functions the United Kingdom and the divided between four central English-speaking world after faculties and nine colleges. In Oxford and Cambridge. general, the faculties perform St Andrews is considered one research and provide centralised of the United Kingdom's best lectures to students, while the universities. Prince William, colleges are responsible for the Duke of Cambridge, when he domestic arrangements and recently returned to launch its welfare of undergraduate students, 600th Anniversary Campaign, graduate students, post-doctoral described the University of St researchers and some University Andrews as by ‘far and away the staff. best University in the world’. University of Liverpool, the World-class reputation in teaching a teaching and research university and research consistently place St in the city of Liverpool, England. Andrews as the top university in It is a member of the Russell Scotland and often amongst the Group of large research-intensive top five in the UK, according to universities and the N8 Group for annual league tables produced by research collaboration. Founded in The Times, Sunday Times and 1881 (as a University college) it is The Guardian. The Times Higher also one of the six original “red Education World Universities brick” civic universities. The Ranking named St Andrews university has produced eight among the world’s Top 20 Arts Nobel Prize winners and offers and Humanities universities in more than 230 first degree courses 2010. across 103 subjects. It has an St Andrews has a diverse annual turnover of £340 million, student body and cosmopolitan including £123 million for character due to its over 30% research. intake of international students University of London, the a from well over 100 countries, with federal university made up of 31 15% of the current student body affiliates: 19 separate university coming from North America. institutions, and 12 research Throughout its more recent institutes. As such, the University history, St Andrews has of London is the largest university maintained strong links with

54 leading academic institutions in trainee directly develops expertise the United States and Canada, in a particular group of techniques including members of the Ivy or technology. League. Voluntary school a school Undergraduate (student) a founded by a church or other person who is studying for a first collective body but now partially degree and has therefore not yet controlled by the local education graduated. authority. Uppingham School (referred to colloquially as ‘Uppingham’) a co-educational independent school of the English public school W tradition, situated in the small town of Uppingham in Rutland, Warwick a major research England. The school was founded university that is consistently in 1584 by Robert Johnson, the ranked the top 10 universities in Archdeacon of Leicester who also the UK. Most of their 24 academic established Oakham School. The departments have been rated school’s current Headmaster, “Excellent” in teaching, and lead Richard Harman MA, is a member their respective fields. Aside from of the Headmasters’ and its academic excellence, Warwick Headmistresses’ Conference and is known for its entrepreneurial the school is a member of the zeal and vibrant university life. Rugby Group of independent Nearly 20% of the student schools in the United Kingdom. population is international,

making Warwick a truly cosmopolitan environment in which to study. V Student life is closely tied to campus: Most students live on Vice-chancellor an effective campus in residence halls and head of the university and an Warwick has one of the biggest eminent academic who is Students’ Unions in Europe. With responsible for the general policy more than 250 student clubs and and organization of the university. societies, and as well as social Vocational education / facilities, a nightly entertainment vocational education and program, and its own student training (VET) prepares trainees cinema, radio station and for jobs that are based on manual newspaper, the or practical activities, traditionally Union is the non-academic, and totally related social center of to a specific trade, occupation, or Warwick. The vocation. It is sometimes referred campus boasts to as technical education as the extensive indoor 55 and outdoor athletic facilities, as excellent shopping facilities and a well as more than 70 sports lively nightlife. Central London is societies ranging from basketball only 80 minutes from Coventry by to mountaineering to hockey. express train service. The University of Warwick Winchester College an is surrounded by beautiful and independent school for boys in the historic countryside. There is British public school tradition, plenty to see and do in the situated in Winchester, surrounding area, and the Hampshire, the former capital of University’s central location England. It has existed in its makes it an ideal base for present location for over 600 years exploring the rest of the UK. and claims the longest unbroken Nearby are the storied towns of history of any school in England Warwick, Royal Leamington Spa, (see List of the oldest schools in Kenilworth and Stratford-upon- the United Kingdom). It is the Avon. Just 10 minutes from oldest of the original nine English campus is Coventry, a medieval public schools defined by the town devastated during World Public Schools Act 1868 which War II, that has been substantially also included Eton, Harrow and rebuilt into a bustling industrial Charterhouse. centre. Birmingham, England’s Wrangler (at Cambridge ‘Second City’, is nearby and its University) one placed in the first attractions include some of the class in the mathematics tripos. UK's top venues for international events, concerts, as well as

Appendix

1. https://revisesociology.com/2017/07/01/education-schools-uk- statistics/

Education in the UK – Key Facts and Stats

Official Statistics on schools, teachers and educational achievement provided by the United Kingdom government provide an overview of the education system. They are useful for providing an ‘introduction to the state of education in the U.K’, before embarking on the core content of any sociology of education course and providing a basis for comparing the U.K. education system to the education systems of other countries, which would be relevant to the module on global development. I will also provide a brief discussion of the validity and representativeness of the official statistics below, tying this into research methods. I only deal with state-schools in this post, I’ll do a separate post in future on private, or independent schools in comparison to state schools.

The Government spent 83.4 billion on education in 2015-16, or 4.4% of GDP, a decrease from 5.3% in 2011-12

The above chart, from the Institute for Fiscal Studies (link below), clearly shows you the extent of the Tory funding cuts to education since 2010. There are 32, 142 schools in the U.K.

For an overview of the different types of school please see this post: different types of school in England and Wales (forthcoming post). The majority of schools in England and Wales are state funded, and there are 5 times as many primary schools as secondary schools.

 There are 21000 primary schools  There are 4100 secondary schools

This means primary schools are lot smaller in scale in that each of them has, on average, fewer pupils in them, and should be more ‘locally based for most parents; while secondary schools are a lot larger, will have many more pupils in them, have more of an ‘education factory’ feel to them and be more widely dispersed, meaning children will have to travel further to them. There are 5.5 million pupils in primary schools in the U.K. and 3.8 million secondary school pupils (figures for state maintained schools)

 The number of pupils in secondary schools decreased by 2.4% between 2011 and 2015  The number of pupils in primary schools increased by 8.3% between 2011 to 2015.  This probably reflects demographic trends in the United Kingdom (although by all means do verify this); if this is the case, it means we might reasonably expect to see an increase in secondary school numbers over the next few years.

There are 122 000 pupils in special schools, and 15 000 in pupil referral units

The numbers of pupils in both special schools and pupil referral units are increasing: between 2012 and 2016:  the number of students in special schools increased by 17,000, or 21%,  the number of students in pupil referral units increased by 2600, or 16.2% A total of 14.4% of pupils have Special Education Needs

but only 2.8% of them have an SEN statement with a further 11.6% receiving SEN support, mostly within mainstream maintained schools. Between 2010 to 2015 the number of pupils with special educational needs fell from 21% to 15%

NB – if you read this in conjunction with the previous chart, then it suggests that special educational needs students are becoming increasingly segregated into special schools and/ or pupil referral units, rather than being dealt with in mainstream secondary schools. Another thing to note about the chart above is that it’s highly unlikely that the number of statemented SEN children are increasing while there’s been a fairly sharp decrease in non-statemented SEN kids, this has got ‘change in labelling’ written all over it as an explanation (no pun intended).

In 2015 the proportion of 16-18 year olds in education and work- based learning was 81.6%

This is the highest level since consistent records began in 1994  At age 16 the participation rate was 94.1%  At age 17 it was 87.8%.  At age 18 it was 63.8% (but of course, most of the ‘missing’ 36.2% will be in paid-work!)

NEETS – The number of 16-24 year-olds Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET) across the UK has fallen to around 15%

There were 1.3 million students studying towards their first degree in 2015/16, an 8% increase since 2010/11

In 2015 there were 456 900 full time equivalent teachers in England and Wales

The overall number of teachers has increased over the last five years, but this increase is mainly in primary teachers. The number of secondary school teachers has actually decreased.

13% of qualified teachers drop out after just one year of teaching, and 30% drop out after five years of teaching

The current number of qualified teachers aged under 60 (and not in receipt of a pension from the Teachers’ Pension Scheme) that have worked in state funded schools in England and were not employed as at December 2013 is 227 100.

How useful are these education statistics?

Such statistics are a useful starting point if we wish to make cross- national comparisons between the U.K. education system and the rest of the world, which would be useful for students of global development, given that education plays a key role in development. Indeed if we wish to compare the relationship between education and development in several countries, statistical rather than qualitative comparisons may be the only way of doing so. From an arrogant, modernisation theory perspective, these statistics provide an indication of the level of investment required in terms of expenditure and teachers, and the types of outcome that less developed countries should be aiming for. Most of the education statistics above count as ‘hard statistics’, i.e. there’s little room for disagreement over the ‘social facts’ which they show – for example, it’s hard to argue with the stats on ‘number of schools’ and ‘number of qualified teachers’. However, others are much softer, and have more validity problems, and can be criticised for being social constructions rather than reflecting 65 underlying reality: the statistics on special educational needs clearly come under this category – there is simply no way the underlying numbers of students with ‘SEN’ have decline from 21 to 15% in 5 years while the number of certificated SEN kids have increased – what’s really happened is that the number of kids which schools categorise as having Special Education Needs has decreased in the last 5 years, probably because the Tory’s cut previously existing funding for this category of student in 2010 (ish).

2. https://www.oxford-royale.co.uk/articles/british-schools- different-from-schools-abroad.html

10 Fascinating Differences Between British Schools and Schools Abroad

The impression given around the world of what British schools are really like can vary widely.

There’s the Enid Blyton view, of mischievous schoolgirls sneaking out of boarding schools for midnight feasts. There’s the Harry Potter view, of arcane rituals and odd desserts. And at the other end of the spectrum, there’s the impression given by TV series such as The Inbetweeners, of low-level anarchy and not much learning going on. The reality is more mundane. And yet it can be hard to explain exactly where the differences lie in going to school in one country rather than another unless you’ve experienced it – and many students who move schools regularly will be shifting between different international schools, which have their own distinct culture, separate from that of the country within which they are located. As a result, we’ve looked at how schools in the UK differ from their counterparts in other countries, from the big, noticeable differences to the small, ordinary things that might nonetheless startle you when you first make the switch.

1. British school students usually wear uniforms

Green is a surprisingly popular colour for school uniforms. This is probably the most noticeable, and most remarked-upon, difference between British schools and the majority of their counterparts abroad. While students in most other countries can wear more-or-less what they want, students in Britain are usually required to wear something that looks a little like cabin crew uniform as designed by someone who really,

67 really hates flying. More traditional schools will have blazers and ties (with different ties or pins for students who have won awards or succeeded in sports), while more modern schools might only insist on a polo shirt or sweatshirt with neutral trousers. What’s the point of uniform? Conspiracy theorists suggest that it serves to suppress students’ individuality and create a herd mentality, and seen more positively, there’s perhaps something in that, in that wearing the same things encourages school spirit of a kind. More importantly, it cuts down on distinctions between students from different backgrounds that might otherwise cause tension; it’s harder to show off your wealth when everyone’s wearing a uniform. And while some teachers complain that they spend a disproportionate amount of time telling students off for issues with their uniform (untucked shirts, missing ties, customised blazers…), others observe that students with a rebellious streak are much better off taking it out on their uniforms than on their teachers, school property or their classmates.

3. Almost everything you need for school is provided for you

As the school provides your exercise books, woe betide you if you lose one. In Germany, a crucial part of the back-to-school routine is the great stationery shop, where students buy stacks of brightly-coloured exercise books to call their own. In the UK, it’s somewhat different. Students are expected to buy their own bags, uniform (as well as sports kit) and pens and pencils, but that’s all. Textbooks and exercise books are provided by the school, for free. For the first three years of primary school, all students get free school lunches as well. Whether this seems generous or stingy will depend on which school system you’re used to. With everyone wearing the same uniform and using the same textbooks and exercise books, it’s certainly the case that school students in the UK can be a more homogeneous group that in other countries – what can be different is that in the UK, each school will have its own distinct identity and branding, so while all students from that school will be dressed

68 the same and using the same materials, they could also be quite distinct from the school just down the road.

4. You start school at 5, or younger

Children start school relatively young in the UK. Schools in the UK differ from many countries in Europe in that students start semi-formal education at the age of 5 or younger (with students frequently starting in September of the school year in which they will turn 5). This isn’t structured learning with memorisation and whiteboards – there’s a lot of colouring-in and storytime – but students are nonetheless expected to manage a school day from 9am until 3.30pm or thereabouts. The complexities of the British school system, with its mixture of state and private schools, is also reflected in the division of ages later on. In state schools, it’s the norm to attend primary school until the age of 11, and then to go on to secondary school. In private schools, the first school is referred to as prep school rather than primary school, which you don’t leave until the age of 13. A final possible division is that at the age of 16, some students leave their secondary school and go to a sixth form college for the last two years of their education; these last two years, known as the sixth form, are usually quite distinct from the rest even in secondary schools that educate their students up to the age of 18. 5. A school day lasts from 9 until around 3.30

Hometime for British students.

The length and timings of a school day can vary considerably around the world. A Brazilian school day might start at 7am but end at noon. Chinese school days can be very long, from 7.30am to 5pm or even later. French school days last longer than British ones, running from 8am to 4pm – but that includes two hours for lunch. British school days start around 9am, usually with a 15 minute break mid-morning, and an hour for lunch. There are a wide variety of implications from a shorter or longer day, such as how much time parents will have to take to look after their children, or whether it’s normal for children to go home for lunch, or help out with a family business in the afternoon, or the level of extra-curriculars or free time it’s usual for school students to enjoy during the school week. In the UK, the majority of families have both parents working, and it’s unusual for students to work during the week, though many students have weekend jobs.

6. It’s very unusual to repeat a year

Students in the same class are likely to all be the same age. One way in which the British school system differs considerably from that of other countries is that it is virtually unknown for students to repeat a year. While in other countries, a student who hasn’t got up to the required level in a particular school year will simply be required to do the whole thing again in the company of a new set of classmates a year younger than them, in Britain this is exceptionally rare, and usually only happens in fringe cases at the primary school level (such as in the case of a student born in August who would have been in the year below had they been born in September). More normal is for a particularly bright student to be moved up a year, so that they will be among classmates who are a year older than them. This is still relatively rare – so the majority of the time, you can expect to be in a class filled exclusively with people who are the same age in a British school.

7. Individual schools are unusually autonomous

Two different state schools, even within the same local authority, are likely to be quite distinct from one another. In many countries across the world, most of the ways in which state schools are run is dictated to them by an external body, such as a local or state-level authority. This isn’t the case in the UK. While all schools are required to follow the national curriculum, an individual school has the freedom to decide which exam boards it will use, which optional subjects it will teach (e.g. which languages), whether it will have a uniform and what sort of uniform that will be, which foreign exchanges it puts in place, how it spends its budget on things like new buildings and facilities, the exact mechanism it uses for selecting students if it’s oversubscribed and all decisions to do with hiring and firing staff. Recently introduced new types of schools, called free schools and academies, have even more individual flexibility than this. The main consequence for students is that two schools in the same area with a similar sort of intake can in fact be quite different depending on the choices made by the headteacher and the school’s governing body; and a new headteacher can also make some quite significant changes to a school.

8. Teachers are treated respectfully, but don’t earn respect by default

The expectations pupils and teachers have of one another aren’t necessarily the same in the UK as elsewhere. Compared to some parts of the world, the teacher/student relationship in the UK is quite informal. While it’s still the norm in the vast majority of British schools that teachers are addressed by title and surname – and in most they will also be called “Sir” and “Miss” as convenient shorthand – other conventional trappings of respect are less common. For instance, only the most old-fashioned teacher will expect the class to stand up when they enter a room. The class will be expected to be quiet and pay attention when the teacher is speaking, but if the teacher makes a factual mistake of some kind, someone in the class will point it out. Whether respectful behaviour is based on genuine feelings of respect is a different question. Unlike in some countries, British students are unlikely to be deferential of their teachers outside the classroom unless the teacher has earned their respect (which most do). So it can be quite usual for students to spend a break time talking among themselves about how a particular teacher is lacking in ability, authority or dress sense – but to be respectful, quiet and disciplined in that teacher’s class all the same. While some countries take the idea that a teacher is in loco parentis to be all- important, in the UK the relationship between teacher and pupil is more like that between a boss and an employee: when they aren’t around, they might be criticised, but their instructions will still be obeyed.

9. You study fewer subjects than in many other countries

A student planning on studying Engineering might take only Maths, Further Maths and Physics A-levels. At the start of secondary school, a British student might study a dozen subjects: English, Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Geography, History, Religious Studies, Art, Computing, Technology, Physical Education and one or two languages. At the age of 14-15, this would drop down to the core subjects of English, Mathematics and the sciences, plus another three or four of the rest. So far, so in line with most other countries. However, at the age of 16-17 – the start of the sixth form, students taking A-levels (the most popular school leaving exams in the UK) usually 72 take a mere three or four subjects entirely of their own choice – so after the age of 16, they could focus entirely on sciences, and never study humanities again, or vice versa. The consequence is to make students choose an overall academic path much sooner than they do elsewhere, and to give them an education that is much more deep than broad.

10. Students are encouraged to speak up and share their opinions

British classrooms are seldom silent. The traditional Victorian image of students sitting in rows in front of a blackboard, patiently writing down everything that their stern teacher says, doesn’t much resemble a modern British school. For one thing, teachers aim to keep their lessons lively and varied, but more importantly, students speaking up and having their opinions heard is considered a major part of the educational process. So you might just as often see students sitting around working in groups and discussing a task with one another, or with their desks in rows facing one another for a debate. If everyone is facing the board, they’re as likely to be listening to a presentation given by one of their classmates as they are to be listening to a teacher. This means that creativity and individual thought are key features of British classrooms; if a textbook has an error, British students will not hesitate to point it out. Memorisation of facts is kept to a minimum in favour of more active styles of learning. This may be partly why language- learning in the UK is falling, as that requires a kind of memorisation that British students don’t often practise; but it also gives British students a flexible, creative approach to learning.

11. There’s usually something to do after school

There are often a lot of opportunities for musicians at school. British schools have increasingly been required to do more than simply teach their students the national curriculum and then throw them out into the world. The school day proper may run from 9am to 3.30pm or thereabouts, but many schools have breakfast clubs from 8am or earlier (to accommodate students with parents who work full-time) and after-school clubs that might run until 4.30 or 5pm. Choirs will practise during lunchtimes and after school; there is after-school sports practice; and there may even be the option of picking up an extra qualification with after- school lessons. These kinds of school-based extra-curriculars, which are usually cheap if not free, are a normal part of British school life, and most students will be involved in one or more of them as a matter of course. While British schools don’t get involved in their students’ home lives as much as in other countries (for instance, if a teacher phones a student’s parents, it’s almost always because that student has misbehaved very badly), the same is not true in the other direction, as schools become not just a place of structured education, but a kind of community hub for all those who attend them.

3. https://academic-writing.org/blog/interesting-facts-about-british- education/

Interesting Facts about British Education

An innovative approach to teaching plus centuries of experience and old traditions make British education admired and respected across the globe. The best thing about UK education is that no matter what course you attend, you will be encouraged to create new ideas and think for yourself. British education supports students’ ability to gain strong knowledge, creative and analytical skills, and self-confidence.

Language support UK institutions provide perfect English language help and support for the international students. Many of them offer language classes focused on studying skills students need to complete their main courses successfully.

Independence UK education gives a great opportunity to express oneself in the subject of the greatest interest. No matter what you are studying for, you will learn to think and work independently. You are free to choose from hundreds of courses in technology, science, business, design, art, humanities, social sciences and many more. The flexible approach of education system in UK allows every person to choose a particular sphere to study.

Academic system The most common undergraduate qualification in Britain is based on a degree system. Those are academic courses studied for three years in Northern Island, Wales and England, and four years in Scotland. Some courses are extended for a year to encourage students to spend their time oversea or in industry. One can obtain Master’s degrees in a year while in Australia and United States the same course lasts for two years.

A branch of interesting facts you may not know  Courses in Great Britain are shorter than in some other countries. A Bachelor’s degree might be completed within 3 years and Master’s degree within one year. That may save your time and money spent on some essay writing services like Academic-Writing.Org.  British students can work for twenty hours per week during their study and full-time during their vacations.

 International student has a lot of opportunities and benefits that make their life in UK simple and affordable. They get discounts on stationery, books, entertainment, and travel.  The National Health Service offers free subsidized healthcare to international students that stay in the UK for more than six months.  Postgraduate students, as well as undergraduate ones, can participate in a number of scholarships that are available for everyone.  Every student is free to choose from four countries: England, Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland. All of them are culturally and geographically diverse. In fact, education in Britain is not only the highest level of teaching and learning. It is fascinating and fun.

4. https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/top10facts/717731/Top- 10-facts-about-schools-world-teacher-s-day-Unesco-October-5

Top 10 facts about schools

1. Teachers are the third most trusted profession in the UK behind nurses and doctors. 2. According to government figures, there are 8.5 million pupils attending 24,288 schools in England. 3. In 1996, a teacher in Italy was suspended for passing students exam answers hidden in salami sandwiches. 4. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, ‘teacher’ is one of many names once given to the index finger. Another name for it was the ‘lickpot’. 5. In 1992, the pet hamster in a Glamorgan school was reported to have died of a heart attack, caused by the shock of a teacher firing a starting pistol in a sports day rehearsal. 6. According to Royal Mail, School House is the 7th most common house name in the UK and Old School is 13th. 7. China has the world’s largest classes with over 50 pupils in the average secondary school class. 8. The City Montessori School in Lucknow, India, has 52,000 pupils and 2,500 teachers. 9. Pupils in Shanghai spend more than 14 hours a week doing homework. In the UK it is 4.9 hours. 10. “Teachers open the door. You enter by yourself.” (Chinese proverb).

5. https://www.iecabroad.com/interesting-facts-about-studying- in-the-uk-some-may-surprise-you/

Interesting facts about studying in the UK – some may surprise you!

The UK might only be comparatively small, but there’s an awful lot going on! With over 100 universities, and many additional colleges offering higher education courses, we continue to attract student talent from all corners of the world. The facts listed here are designed to help you get to know a little more about student life in the UK and, as with everything we share, please feel free to get in touch if you have any questions. We’d be happy to provide more advice on studying in the UK right here on the IEC Abroad blog. Let the facts commence!

We rank well There are 11 UK universities in the top 100 world university rankings (2014/15). Considering we rank at number 80 for country size (out of 249 countries), we’re quite proud to have so many fantastic institutions on our small island!

We boast some of the oldest institutions Our own Oxford University is claimed to be the oldest university in the English speaking world (The University of Bologna, Italy, is the oldest in Europe). While exact dates aren’t known, teaching took place at Oxford from 1096. The University of Cambridge was established in 1209 and chartered in 1231, making it the 4th oldest university in the world.

Which of our cities are the cheapest? In 2014, Natwest ranked Glasgow as the most economical place to study in the UK. This was based on the cost of everyday essentials. Manchester ranked at number 7, whereas London, our notoriously expensive capital city, ranked at number 6!

Politics and tuition fees In 2012, the government allowed universities to increase the tuition fees paid by home students. Despite protests, more than half of UK universities decided to increase their fees to the new amount – £9,000 per year. These fees may fall as it is currently a topic of political debate amongst the Labour party.

Best for extra-curricular activities The University of Sheffield regularly wins the award for ‘best student union’ in the UK. Over the years, the student union nightclub venue has attracted a number of top DJs and music artists. Who is our best graduate employer? In 2013/14 PWC took the number 1 position in The Times Top 100 Graduate Employers’ list. PWC dominate the accountancy and professional services sector and hire 1,200 graduates each year. The companies listed have been ranked according to the opportunities graduates believe they offer.

How can students save money in the UK? If you’re a student in the UK, then you can get discounts on a range of services/products. Our favourites are the NUS Extra card (which allow you to save on eating out and entertainment) and the Young Person’s Railcard, which allows you to save 1/3 on rail travel.

How are our degrees graded? In the UK, most students graduate with a 2.1 degree classification. This has remained the case over the past 10 years. A first class degree is the best you can achieve followed by an upper second class (2.1) and then lower second class (2.2). Below this is a third class honours/pass degree. Most top graduate employers will ask for at least an upper second class degree.

Getting to know everyone \ ‘Freshers’ week is the term used to describe the first week at a British university. It isn’t necessarily a single week, and new students may be referred to as ‘freshers’ for the whole of their first year! The freshers’ period is usually a time for socialising heavily and getting to know your way around your university. There will usually be lots of events held at your student union and people are generally very friendly.

Working students In the UK, universities usually allow their students to work up to 20 hours per week during term time. For some courses, this might not always be possible though, so students tend to stick to part-time jobs which allow them to work flexibly. In the UK, the current minimum wage is £5.13 for people aged between 18-20, and £6.50 for those aged 21 and above.

6. https://www.brainyquote.com/lists/topics/top_10_education_q uotes

Top 10 Education Quotes

10. Nothing in this world can take the place of persistence. Talent will not: nothing is more common than unsuccessful men with talent. Genius will not; unrewarded genius is almost a proverb. Education will not: the world is full of educated derelicts. Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent. Calvin Coolidge

9. The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. Intelligence plus character – that is the goal of true education. Martin Luther King, Jr.

8. Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself. John Dewey

7. The aim of education is the knowledge, not of facts, but of values. William S. Burroughs

6. The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet. Aristotle

5. Develop a passion for learning. If you do, you will never cease to grow. Anthony J. D’Angelo

4. Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school. Albert Einstein

3. An investment in knowledge pays the best interest. Benjamin Franklin

2. Education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it today. Malcolm X

1. Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. Nelson Mandela

7. https://www.inspirationalstories.com/proverbs/t/english-on- education/

English Proverbs & Sayings on Education

1. The belly teaches all arts. 2. The love of money and the love of learning rarely meet. 3. Today is the scholar of yesterday. 4. With great learning, a horse, and money, you may travel the world. 5. Learning makes a good man better and a bad man worse. 6. Learning makes people fit company for themselves. 7. Learn weeping and thou shalt gain laughing. 8. Everyone is weary: the poor in seeking, the rich in keeping, the good in learning. 9. He that nothing questions, nothing learns. 10. Heresy is the school of pride. 11. A handful of good life, is better than a bushel of learning. 12. A little Learning is a dangerous thing. 13. Education is a subversive activity. 14. Learning makes a man fit company for himself as well as for others. 15. Education begins a gentleman, conversation completes him.

8. http://www.studylondon.ac.uk/why-study-in-london/top-10- facts

Top 10 facts about studying in London

If you are considering to study in the UK, look no further. You have found the top 10 reasons to study in London, the best city on Earth!

1. London is the top choice for international students looking to study abroad. Over 100,000 international students are studying in London every year. International students come from over 200 different nations, making London a global, vibrant and diverse city. 2. There are over 45 universities in London, including top multi- faculty universities and world-class specialist institutions. 3. Several of the best universities in the world are located in London, including four of the Times Higher Education top 40 universities. 4. London universities offer over 30,000 courses from accounting, business, engineering and law to marketing, medicine, politics and zoology. 5. Universities in London have a combined research income of over £500 million ($820 million), attracting not only the brightest students but also renowned academics from across the globe. 6. Current and past students and staff at London universities have been involved in many discoveries that have shaped modern life, including the discovery of DNA, fingerprints and penicillin. 7. London is a centre for academic excellence. Over 70 Nobel Prize laureates have studied or worked at a London university. 8. London offers outstanding academic support and facilities for students. There are over 120 different libraries, including the British Library which houses over 150 million books. Three million new items are added to the collection of the British Library every year. 9. London’s cultural offering is ideal for students who are looking for a culturally enriching study experience. There are over 1,000 museums and galleries in London, and most of them are free! 10. London is a great place for students to have fun. There are over 100 cinemas to watch the latest movies, over 100 parks to enjoy the British sunshine, over 350 live music venues to discover the latest bands, over 5,000 restaurants to enjoy food from around the world and over 7,000 bars and pubs to have fun with your friends.

9. https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education- network/2018/jan/17/university-education-the-research-you-need-to- know

All the facts you need to answer tricky questions about higher education

Education journalist Fran Abrams tackles 10 of the most challenging questions about universities by looking at the latest research The last year in higher education has seen misconceptions abound in the media. Here’s everything you need to know to set the record straight, based on new research findings you may have missed.

Are fewer poor students going to university in the UK? According to the Higher Education Statistics Agency, the gender gap is getting wider, with 55% of women entering higher education compared to just 43% of men. Recent research for the Sutton Trust tells us that the poorest students are slightly more likely to go than they used to be – 11.3% of students come from the poorest areas, compared with 9.6% six years ago. But the most elite universities take far fewer – no more than 4% at Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial and UCL. Most universities take some social indicators into account when admitting students, the most common being participation in outreach programmes, coming from a poorer neighbourhood or school, and having been in receipt of free school meals. Widening access programmes are the most common contextual indicator used, with two-thirds of these leading universities reporting that they take them into account. The Sutton Trust finds universities which do this don’t experience any rise in drop-out rates or a drop in grades as a result.

Is the UK admissions system less progressive than elsewhere in Europe? Research from Rand Europe and LSE Enterprise for the European Parliament’s committee on culture and education compared admissions systems and found that there were drawbacks to a more open policy. In France, for example, where egalitarian principles have driven open admissions dependent only on passing school-leaving exams, the drop-out rate in the first year is 50%. The research suggests more competitive entrance requirements could actually aid social mobility by matching students more closely with courses in which they are likely to succeed. The UK, for instance, had the highest graduation rate, 51%, against an average of 37%.

Do boys outperform girls at university? Results from a new, unpublished study from the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER) at the University of Essex show that in first- year exams, women do better than men, those from middle-class families do better than those from working-class families and white British students do better than black British ones. The study also finds that success is linked to regular attendance at lectures as well as to using “active” study methods rather than passive ones. Personality traits such as resilience and “grit” were also found to be helpful. A second recent piece of ISER research looked more closely at ethnic and gender gaps in drop-out rates and degree class. It found that while much of the difference in “university-readiness” could be explained by pre- existing factors such as socioeconomic background and school subject choice, the same was not true for differences in final degree class.

Does it matter what subjects students study at school? Two recent pieces of research suggest that traditional academic subject choices give students an advantage in the applications process when compared with vocational ones. A recent doctoral thesis from Catherine Dilnot at the UCL Institute of Education analysed information on English students who went to university between 2010 and 2012, and found that those taking vocational A-levels such as law, accounting or business were less likely to go to elite institutions than those who did subjects such as science, maths, languages, history or geography. Similarly, a recent study from the University of Essex showed students who took vocational BTEC qualifications instead of A-levels were less prepared for degree-level study. Students with traditional A-levels such as maths, biology, geography or history were more likely to do well at university.

How can universities improve their ratings in the Teaching Excellence Framework? The Higher Education Funding Council for England has ranked 60 institutions as gold for their teaching quality, 115 silver and 53 bronze. But how much difference was made by the qualitative supporting statements submitted by participating universities? Research by the Higher Education Policy Institute analysed a sample of those submissions and came up with a checklist for those working on similar statements for the next Tef. These include being clear about institutional mission and the tone the university is looking to convey, showing commitment to research-led teaching and demonstrating student input in the process where possible.

How can universities stem drop-out rates? The Essex research looked at a sample of all students starting undergraduate courses between 2007-08 and 2014-15 and found that 20% of them didn’t complete their degrees at the first attempt. (Of the 80% who passed, 16% got a first, 48% a 2:1 and 23% a 2:2.) Poorer and ethnic minority students were more likely to drop out. These attainment gaps can partly be explained by the fact that those groups are more likely to have non-academic A-levels – see above – and are more likely to be mature students. Mature students are more likely to drop out, but if they do complete their degrees they’re more likely to get a high grade. Asian students are more likely to choose courses with high fail rates, such as medicine or pharmacy. The research suggests universities could offer more targeted support to help BTEC students with the transition from practical or lab-based work to academic writing and exam-based assessment.

Which graduates are most likely to get jobs? The latest analysis from the Higher Education Longitudinal Survey found that just under three quarters of graduates were in full-time paid work three and a half years after graduating. Just 2.3% were believed to be unemployed. But there were big variations between those with different degrees – the lowest unemployment rate was among those who studied medicine or dentistry, at just 0.6%, and the highest was among computer scientists, at 4.6%. Those least likely to be in full-time work were biological scientists – 72.3% – but they were more likely than others to still be studying.

Which graduates earn the best salaries? Data from the Department for Education shows both university and degree subject are major drivers of future earnings. Some of the top earnings, five years after graduation, were among those who took business (£70,000), economics (£60,000) and law (£60,000), but graduates from some lower-performing business degrees were on average earnings of around £20,000 five years after leaving, while those with economics or law could be earning slightly less than that. At the bottom end, art and design graduates from courses with the least successful financial outcomes could be on an average of as little as £10,000 per year. The Sutton Trust (see below) says private school students have average starting salaries £1,350 higher than their state-educated classmates – even if they have taken the same courses and emerged with the same grades.

Is the graduate wage premium a myth? The Sutton Trust reports that men with degrees earn 28% more than men without, and that for women the gap is much bigger – 53%. But students from the poorest backgrounds are less likely to go to high-status universities, more likely to study on low-status courses and less likely to go into the best jobs when they leave. So, what’s the wage premium for those who have the odds stacked against them? This is harder to pin down, but one recent study from the Centre for the Analysis of Social Policy at the University of Bath suggests the benefits of a degree for a male graduate from a middle-class family could be almost three times greater than for a similar graduate from a poorer family. For students who take a low-achieving course at a low- achieving university and who come out with a lower class of degree, the benefits will be much reduced.

How worried should universities be about rising levels of student debt? A recent House of Commons research paper says the average debt among the first cohort at English universities to become liable for repayment was £32,000. But once changes announced in the 2015 budget have been implemented, the average debt will rise to £40,000. For those from the poorest backgrounds, that figure will be £53,000. In the rest of the UK the debt will be less – Scottish students at university in Scotland do not pay fees and those in Wales and Northern Ireland have been paying less. Those from poorer families are more likely to take out maintenance loans, along with those on arts-based courses – where earnings potential is likely to be lower. But other official research [pdf] suggests that students’ aspirations to go into higher education have not necessarily been dented by higher levels of debt, and that the concept of debt is becoming more widely accepted. • Fran Abrams is joint CEO of the Education Media Centre, a charity which aims to raise the public profile of good evidence about what works in education.

References

1. Александрова А.П. Education in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Образование в Соединенном Королевстве Великобритании и Северной Ирландии), часть 1: учебное пособие для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов / А.П. Александрова. – Орёл: ФГБОУ ВО «ОГУ им. И.С. Тургенева». – 2016. – 50с. 2. Поуви Д. И Уолш. И. Пособие по педагогической терминологии: Учеб. Пособие – 2 – е изд., испр. и доп. – М: Высшая Школа, 1982. – 239 с. 3. Томахин Г.Д. Образование в Британии: Лингвострановедение. – М.: Просвещение, 2002. – 80 с. 4. Britain 1997. An official handbook. – Pp.442-465. 5. http://www.studylondon.ac.uk/why-study-in-london/top-10-facts 6. https//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary 7. https://academic-writing.org/blog/interesting-facts-about-british- education/ 8. https://fullfact.org/education/ 9. https://projectbritain.com/education/index.html 10. https://revisesociology.com/2017/07/01/education-schools-uk- statistics/ 11. https://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=63680 12. https://www.bbc.co.uk 13. https://www.brainyquote.com/lists/topics/top_10_education_quotes 14. https://www.bruceonpolitics.com/2015/03/03/what-is-wrong-with- uk-education-and-how-to-fix-it/ 15. https://www.dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionar 16. https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/eb003263?journal Code=ict 17. https://www.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia 18. https://www.everything2.com 19. https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/top10facts/717731/Top-10- facts-about-schools-world-teacher-s-day-Unesco-October-5 20. https://www.global.britannica.com/topic/public-school 21. https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/sociology/education-and- sociology/history-of-english-education/ 22. https://www.iecabroad.com/interesting-facts-about-studying-in-the- uk-some-may-surprise-you/ 23. https://www.innovationunit.org/knowledge 24. https://www.inspirationalstories.com/proverbs/t/english-on- education/ 25. https://www.linguin.com 26. https://www.localhistories.org/education.html

27. https://www.oxford-royale.co.uk/articles/british-schools-different- from-schools-abroad.html 28. https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-educators-from- england/reference 29. https://www.schools.keldysh.ru/school1413/eng/egorova_ks/str6.htm l 30. https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education- network/2018/jan/17/university-education-the-research-you-need-to- know 31. https://www.uk.com

CONTENS

Foreword …………………………………………………………………..3 Dictionary “Education in the united kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland” ………………..…………...…...…. .……...... 5 A…………………………………………………………………………... 5 B…………………………………………………………………………... 9 C…………………………………………………………………………..11 D…………………………………………………………………………..15 E…………………………………………………………………………...21 F…………………………………………………………………………...25 G…………………………………………………………………………..27 H…………………………………………………………………………..28 I……………………………………………………………………………30 J…………………………………………………………………………...31 K…………………………………………………………………………..32 L…………………………………………………………………………...32 M………………………………………………………………………….34 N…………………………………………………………………………..35 O…………………………………………………………………………..38 P…………………………………………………………………………...40 Q…………………………………………………………………………..41 R…………………………………………………………………………..41 S…………………………………………………………………………...44 T…………………………………………………………………………...48 U…………………………………………………………………………..50 V…………………………………………………………………………..55 W………………………………………………………………………….55 Appendix………………………………………………………………….57 References ………………………………...... 88

Анжелика Паруйровна Александрова

EDUCATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND Part II

Учебное пособие для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов