Cost-Effectiveness of Neonatal Surgery for Congenital Anomalies in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review

Search Strategy: The following search strings were used during the literature search for this systematic review (Table 1). Search string 1 encompasses congenital anomalies found in neonates that commonly require surgical intervention. Search string 2 will list all low- and middle- income countries. Search string 3 will describe cost-effectiveness of an intervention.

Table 1: Search Strings Search String 1 Search String 2 Search String 3 Congenital Abnormalities, LMICs, Low- and Middle-Income Cost, Cost Effectiveness, Cost Congenital Anomalies, Countries, Developing Countries, Benefit Analysis, Cost of Illness, Congenital Malformation, Low Resource Settings, Cost Effective Surgical Abdominal Wall Defect, Intervention, Health Care Cost, Underdeveloped Countries, Low- Aganglionosis, Anal Atresia, Anal DALYs, Disability Adjusted Life , Anorectal Income Countries, Middle- Years, QALYs, Quality Adjusted Malformation, Anorectal Income Countries, Limited Life Years, HALYs, Health Stenosis, Apple Peel Syndrome, Resource Settings, Africa South Adjusted Life Years , Birth Defects, of the Sahara, Sub-Saharan Bladder Exstrophy, Branchial Africa, Less Resourced Tag, Branchial Vestige, Communities, Afghanistan, Bronchopulmonary Albania, Algeria, American Sequestration, Bronchogenic Cyst, Cervicoaural Fistula, Samoa, Angola, Argentina, Choledochal Cyst, Cleft Lip, Cleft Armenia, Azerbaijan, Palate, Clubfoot, Colonic Atresia, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belize, Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia Malformation of Lung, and Herzegovina, Botswana, Congenital Diaphragmatic Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Hernia, Congenital Heart Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, Defects, Congenital Hydronephrosis, Conjoined Cameroon, Central African Twins, Cryptorchidism, Republic, Chad, China, Colombia, Diaphragmatic Eventration, Comoros, Democratic Republic , Duodenal of the Congo, DRC, Republic of Atresia, Duodenal Obstruction, the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote Duodenal Web, Epispadias, d'Ivoire, Ivory Coast, Cuba, Exomphalos, Fetal Malformation, , Hirschsprung's Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Disease, Hydrocele, Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Egypt Hypospadias, Ileal Atresia, Arab Republic, El Salvador, , Imperforate Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Hymen, Indeterminate Sex, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Intestinal Atresia, Jejunal Atresia, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Jejuno-Ileal Atresia, Malrotation, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Maxillofacial Abnormalities, Megacolon, Mouth Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Abnormalities, Neural Tube Honduras, India, Indonesia, Defects, Oesophageal Atresia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, , Orofacial Clefts, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Pectus Excavatum, Pes Cavus, Phimosis, Polycystic Kidney Kenya, Kiribati, Democratic Disease, People's Republic of Korea, Polydactyly, Preauricular Sinus, Kosovo, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao Rectosigmoid Aganglionosis, PDR, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Redundant Neck Fold, Renal Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Anomalies, Spina Bifida, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Syndactyly, Tie, Tracheo- Mali, Marshall Islands, Oesophageal Fistula, Umbilical Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Hernia, Undescended Testicle, Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia, Urogenital Abnormalities, Montenegro, Morocco, Volvulus, Webbed Neck Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, West Bank and Gaza, Republic of Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe