The Legacy of Arthur Tappan Pierson
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The Legacy of Arthur Tappan Pierson Dana L. Robert hen the Rev. Dr. Arthur T. Pierson died in 1911, the mis Early Career W sionary movement lost a man who had edited the inter denominational Missionary Review ofthe World for twenty-four years, A native New Yorker, Pierson was born in 1837 in an apartment written over fifty books, and spoken at hundreds of major mission across from Charles Finney's Broadway Tabernacle. His father was and Bible conferences in the Western hemisphere. His protege, confidential clerk for the famous evangelical merchant and aboli Robert E. Speer, memorialized Pierson as the greatest popularizer tionist Arthur Tappan and named his son after his boss. A. T. Pier of missions of the age, a man who had revolutionized missionary son never outgrew his childhood abhorrence of slavery: during his literature." In 1886 at a Princeton University revival, Pierson had later years, he opposed southern convict-leasing and colonial ex brought Speer to Christianity and then in 1891 suggested him for a ploitation of natives. He attended Hamilton College in upstate secretaryship with the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. New York. Phi Beta Kappa, prize orator, and language scholar, he Comrade of A. J. Gordon, J. Hudson Taylor, Charles Haddon Spur there perfected the Greek and Hebrew that he used daily in his geon, and Dwight L Moody, Pierson participated in the great study of Scripture. In New York City, Pierson became one of the evangelical movements of the era. He originated and promoted the first 100 members of the city Young Men's Christian Association. watchword of the Student Volunteer Movement, "the evangeliza- A passion for YMCA work lasted his lifetime. He received the first of several special experiences of the Holy Spirit during the urban revivals of 1857. His seminary classmate, George E. Post, decided on a missionary career in 1858, and though Pierson agonized, he IIHis protege, Robert E. chose regular parish work over a foreign missionary career. Pierson was graduated from Union Theological Seminary in 1860 and was Speer, memorialized Pierson shortly thereafter ordained an evangelist in the Presbyterian as the greatest popularizer Church. Marrying Sarah Benedict and taking a job with the First Con of missions of the age, a gregational Church of Binghamton, New York, Pierson settled into man who had revolutionized a highly successful career as a parish minister. Renowned for his pulpit oratory, he also was a prolific writer, publishing hundreds missionary literature." of poems, journalistic articles, and sermons. After three years in Binghamton and six at a larger Presbyterian church in Waterford, New York, the Fort Street Presbyterian Church of Detroit, Michi gan, extended him a call, which he accepted, in 1869. tion of the world in this generation." The churches of which he Pierson remained at the Fort Street Church for fourteen years, was pastor included the Metropolitan Tabernacle in London, and becoming ever more prominent as a pulpit power and a leading Bethany, the institutional church in Philadelphia. Presbyterian. The Fort Street Church had a large, elite congrega Though a self-styled conservative Presbyterian, Pierson's in tion of wealthy Presbyterians, rented pews, and a building that fluence was astonishingly broad. Living in the generation preced was one of the landmarks of Detroit. The church grew rapidly un ing the division between ecumenical and evangelical parties within der Pierson's leadership, and he instituted monthly prayer for mis Protestantism, Pierson's legacy extends to both camps. On one sions and eventually, five separate missionary bands, one of which hand, he supported the established denominational mission boards supported its own missionary. He became so famous for Bible with promotional tours and publicity. He insisted that missions Study that he led a weekly Bible Class and Teachers' Institute for were the work of the whole church, calling repeatedly for a world all the Sunday school teachers in Detroit. Committed to city mis missions conference and a world federation of churches. He was a sion work, he helped to found both the Presbyterian Alliance to delegate to the World Conference on Missions in London, 1888, help struggling churches in Detroit, and the Tappan Presbyterian and he addressed the great Ecumenical Conference on Foreign Association at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Missions in New York City, 1900. On the other hand, he defined evangelization as "bringing the gospel into contact with unsaved Though powerful, busy, and immersed in Scripture, Pierson souls,"? stressing the presentation of the gospel message to indi was unhappy with his own level of spiritual consecration. From viduals over building up indigenous churches, or social, or educa the stately pulpit of his prominent church, he could not reach ei tional aspects of evangelism. He helped to create faith missions ther the urban poor of Detroit or the non-Christian multitudes of such as the Africa Inland Mission. Believing in an infallible Bible the mission field. His biblical conscience left him guilt-ridden with and the premillennial return of Jesus Christ, Arthur T. Pierson his own comfortably worldly response to Matthew 28:19, "Go preached a divine mandate for the missionary enterprise. therefore and make disciples of all nations." Several events led him to turn his back on an upper-class ministry and to fulfill his ordi nation vows as an evangelist and then as a mission theorist. First, in 1874, the revival team of Major D. W. Whittle and P. P. Bliss Dana L. Robert is Assistant Professor of Mission at Boston University School of Theolo conducted a Detroit campaign for six weeks. Struck by their sim gy as of September 1984. Her Ph.D. dissertation from Yale University (1984) was on ple gospel style, Pierson housed the evangelists in his own home Arthur T. Pierson. For several years she has been the Secretary of the Commission on for a month. He became increasingly restless at his own ambition Church and Society of the New York Conference of The United Methodist Church. for literary fame, and after a year-long struggle renounced his am 120 International Bulletin of Missionary Research bition and recommitted himself to spreading the good news to the the Evangelical Alliance to foreign missions. In 1885 at a North unsaved. field Bible conference sponsored by evangelist Dwight L. Moody, A deep peace filled Pierson's heart, and he permanently Pierson called for an ecumenical council of evangelical churches to changed his preaching style from a literary one to an extemporane plan a worldwide missionary campaign. The conference ratified ous biblical exposition. Feeling himself on the verge of a crisis in the call, signed by Pierson, Moody, A. J. Gordon, George Pente his ministry, he decided to pray with members of his church about cost, William Ashmore, J. E. K. Studd, and others. his desire to save souls. At a Friday evening prayer meeting, March By 1885 Pierson's reputation as an advocate of the worldwide 24, 1876, Pierson met with sixty or seventy of his parishioners, cit mission of the church was established. Inspired by his pastor's re ing the promises of God to answer prayer and praying that any ob peated sermons and articles on the missionary obligation of all stacles between the Fort Street Church and the evangelization of Christians, John Wanamaker offered him $1,000 to lead a Christian the masses would be removed. Unknown to them, while the con colony to a foreign mission field. With seven volunteers, Pierson gregation prayed, the costly church edifice was burning down. By set forth a proposal for a Christian industrial colony, before the the next day, the entire church was in ashes with the exception of Presbytery of Philadelphia, in a paper called "The Problem of Mis Pierson's Bible notes, even though the desk in which they were sions." He felt that a Christian colony would provide an example stored had been completely destroyed. Seeing the burning of Fort of Christian life to non-Christians, as well as teach them industrial Street Presbyterian as the answer to prayer, the church hired the trades and help them to be self-sufficient. The Presbytery reached local opera house, where Pierson held open evangelistic services no conclusive action on Pierson's proposal, and the colony was for sixty-three weeks." During this time, hundreds of people were never launched. converted under his revival preaching. When the leading men of Although he never went out as a foreign missionary, it was Fort Street Church rebuilt their building and reinstituted a pew not because Pierson was unwilling to go. Repeatedly, God seemed rental system, Pierson felt that the church was turning its back on to call him to promote missions at home and to struggle with the unevangelized poor. Believing that the purpose of the church's "home base" issues. He stated in the "Problem of Missions" in existence on earth was to evangelize in obedience to Christ's com 1885; "For twenty years, by tongue and pen, I have sought to mand, he felt that God no longer wanted him at the Fort Street spread knowledge of facts, and fan the fires of intelligent zeal; my Church. own heart was meanwhile been strangely drawn out to the work, Pierson resigned in 1882 in order to take a church in Indianap and I have bent all my energies to the solution of the question, olis, which promised to help him reach the poor unchurched of the how to secure a large increase of money, and especially of the city. Wooed by John Wanamaker and dissatisfied with the India working force in the foreign field.r" napolis job, in July of 1883, Pierson began a six-year pastorate at In 1886 Pierson published the major promotional book of the Bethany Church in Philadelphia.