DOCSLIB.ORG

Lie Algebra Cohomology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lie Algebra Cohomology Lie Algebra Cohomology Juan Camilo Fiallo R December 4, 2013 Abstract We start with a Lie Algebra g over a Field K, then we construct the universal enveloping algebra Ug and define the cohomology groups Hn(g;A) for every (left) g-module A, by regarding A as a Ug- module. Then we give proofs of the Weyl Theorem and deduce the Whitehead Lemmas as corollaries. 1 Introduction The origin of Cohomology theory of Lie Algebras lies in algebraic topology. Chevalley-Eilenberg (see [1]) have shown that the real cohomology of the underlying topological space of a compact connected Lie group is isomorphic to the real cohomology of its algebra. We are going to give cohomological proofs of the two main theorems in the theory of Lie algebras over a field of characteristic 0. The first of these theorem is that the finite-dimensional representations of a semi-simple Lie algebra are completely reducible. The main step in that proof will be to show that the first cohomology group of a semi-simple Lie algebra with arbitrary finite-dimensional coefficient module is trivial. This is known as the first Whitehead Lemma. Then we are going to prove that every finite dimensional Lie algebra g is the split extension of a semi-simple Lie algebra by the radical of g: The main step in the proof of this result will be to show that the second cohomology group of a semi-simple Lie algebra with arbitrary finite-dimensional coefficient module is trivial. This is known as the second Whitehead Lemma. 2 The Universal enveloping algebra Let K be a field. A Lie algebra g over K is a vector space over K together with a bilinear map [ ; ]: g g g; × ! satisfying the following two identities [x;x] = 0; x g 2 [x;[y;z]] + [y;[z;x]] + [z;[x;y]] = 0; x;y;z g: 2 The second equation is known as the Jacobi identity. A Lie algebra homomorphism f : g h is a K-linear ! map compatible with the Lie Bracket. A Lie subalgebra h of g is a linear subspace closed under the bracket. A Lie subalgebra h is called a Lie ideal of g, if [x;y] h for every x g and every y h. If h is a 2 2 2 Lie ideal of g, then the quotient space g=h inherits the Lie algebra structure from g. A Lie algebra is called abelian if [x;y] = 0 for all x;y g. This is a special case, because any K- 2 vector space can be regarded as an abelian Lie algebra. In fact, given any K-algebra Λ we can associate 1 (functorially) a Lie Algebra LΛ with the same underlying vector space as Λ, the Lie bracket being defined by [x;y] = xy yx: − In order to define a the cohomology group of a Lie algebra we need to find a left adjoint to the functor L (i.e. a functor U determined by the Hom( , ) functor, going from the category of Lie Algebras to the category of Algebras). Such functor indeed exists and the image of the Lie algebra g is called the universal enveloping algebra of g and is denoted by Ug: Let us start with the notion of a tensor algebra over the K-vector space M. Definition 2.1. Denote, for n 1, the n-fold tensor product of M by T M, ≥ n T M = M M ::: M; n times: n ⊗K ⊗K ⊗K L 1 Set T0M = K. Then, the tensor algebra TM is n=0 TnM; with the multiplication induced by (m ::: m ) (m0 :::m0 ) = m ::: m m0 :::m0 1 ⊗ ⊗ p · 1 ⊗ q 1 ⊗ ⊗ p ⊗ 1 ⊗ q where m ;m M for 1 i p; 1 j q: i j 2 ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ Note that TM is the free K-algebra over M; More precisely: To any K-algebra Λ and any K-linear map f : M Λ there exists a unique algebra homomorphism f : TM Λ extending f. In other words, the ! 0 ! functor T is left-adjoint to the underlying functor to K-vector spaces which forgets the algebra structure. This is because f (m ::: m ) may and must be defined as 0 1 ⊗ ⊗ p f (m1)f (m2):::f (mp): Definition 2.2. Given a K-Lie algebra g, we define the universal enveloping algebra Ug of g to be the quotient of the tensor algebra T g by the ideal I generated by the elements of the form x y y x [x;y]; x;y g: ⊗ − ⊗ − 2 Then Ug = T g=I: Clearly, we have a canonical mapping of K-vector spaces i : g Ug defined by the projection g ! ⊂ T g Ug which can be easily turned into a Lie algebra homomorphism ! i : g LUg: ! It is now easy to see that any Lie algebra homomorphism f : g LΛ induces a unique homomorphism ! f : Ug Λ since the homomorphism f : T g Λ vanishes on the ideal I. We may summarize this in the 1 ! 0 ! following proposition: Proposition 2.3. The universal enveloping algebra functor is a left adjoint to the functor L. The next step of our construction is to study the structure of Ug: Let e ; i J be a K-basis of g f ig 2 indexed by a simply-ordered set J. Let I = i ;:::;i denote an increasing sequence of elements in J. Then f 1 ng define e = e e Ug to be the projection of e ::: e T g. I i1 ··· in 2 i1 ⊗ ⊗ in 2 Theorem 2.4. (Birkhoff-Witt) Let ei ; i J, be a K-basis of g: Then the elements eI corresponding to all finite f g 2 increasing sequence I (including the empty one) form a K-basis of Ug: 2 Proof. We are going to prove this in several steps. We begin defining the index of a monomial e ::: e j1 ⊗ ⊗ jn as follows. For any 1 i < k n, set ≤ ≤ ( 0 if ji jk ηik = ≤ 1 if ji > jk and define the index X ind(e ::: e ) = η : j1 ⊗ ⊗ jn ik i<k Note that ind=0 if and only if j ::: j . Monomials having this property will be called standard. We 1 ≤ ≤ n now suppose jk > jk+1 and we wish to compare ind(e ::: e ) and (1) j1 ⊗ ⊗ jn ind(e ::: e e ::: e ) (2) j1 ⊗ ⊗ jk+1 ⊗ jk ⊗ ⊗ jn where the second monomial is obtained by interchanging ek and ek+1: Let ηik0 be denotes the η0s for the second monomial. Then we have η0 = η if i;j , k;k + 1; η0 = η ; η0 = η if i < k; η = η ; ij ij ik i;k+1 i;k+1 ik 0k;j k+1;j η = η if j > k + 1 and η = 0, η = 1: Hence, 0k+1;j k;j 0k;k+1 0k;k+1 ind(e ::: e ) = 1 + ind(e ::: e e ::: e ): j1 ⊗ ⊗ jn j1 ⊗ ⊗ k+1 ⊗ k ⊗ ⊗ jn We use these remarks to the following claims. Claim 2.5. Every element of T g is congruent mod I to a K-linear combination of 1 and standard monomials. Proof. It suffices to prove the statement for monomials. We order these by degree and for a given degree by the index. To prove the assertion for a monomial e ::: e it suffices to assume it for monomials j1 ⊗ ⊗ jn of lower degree and for those of the same degree n which are of lower index than the given monomial. Assume the monomial is not standard and suppose jk > jk+1: We have, h i e ::: e = e ::: e e ::: e + e ::: e ;e ::: e ; (mod I): j1 ⊗ ⊗ jn j1 ⊗ ⊗ k+1 ⊗ k ⊗ ⊗ jn j1 ⊗ ⊗ jk jk+1 ⊗ ⊗ jn The first term of the right-hand side is of lower index than the given monomial while the second is a linear combination of monomials of lower degree. The result follows from the induction hypothesis. We wish to show that the the cosets of 1 and the standard monomials are linearly independent and so form a basis for Ug. For this purpose we introduce the vector space V with the basis e e ; i ::: i n j1 ··· jn 1 ≤ ≤ n and the vector space V = K1 V V ::: The next claim will help us prove the independence we want. ⊕ 1 ⊕ 2 ⊕ Claim 2.6. There exists a linear mapping σ of T g onto V such that σ(1) = 1 (3) σ(ei1 ei2 ::: ein ) = ei1 ei2 ein ; if i1 ::: in (4) ⊗ ⊗ ⊗ ··· h ≤ i ≤ σ(e ::: e e e e ::: e ) = σ(e ::: e ;e ::: e ) (5) j1 ⊗ ⊗ jn − j1 ⊗ jk+1 ⊗ jk ⊗ ⊗ jn j1 ⊗ ⊗ jk jk+1 ⊗ ⊗ jn Proof. Set σ(1) = 1 and let Tn;j g be the subspace of Tng spanned by the monomials of degree n and index less or equal to j. Suppose a linear mapping σ has already been defined for K1 T1gg T1g ::: Tn 1g ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ − satisfying equations 4 and 5 for the monomials in this space. We extend σ linearly to K1 T g T g ⊕ 1 ⊕ 1 ⊕ ::: Tn 1g Tn;j g by requiring that σ(ei ei ::: ej ) = ei ei for the standard monomials of degree n. ⊕ − ⊕ 1 ⊗ 2 ⊗ ⊗ n 1 ··· n 3 Next assume thatσ has been defined for K1 T1g T1g ::: Tn 1g Tn;i 1g, satisfying 4 and 5 for the ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ − ⊕ − monomials belonging to this space and let e ::: e be of index i 1: Suppose j > j . Then we set j1 ⊗ ⊗ jn ≥ k k+1 h i σ(e ::: e ) = σ(e ::: e e ::: e ) + σ((e ::: e ;e ::: e ) (6) j1 ⊗ ⊗ jn j1 ⊗ ⊗ jk+1 ⊗ jk ⊗ ⊗ jn j1 ⊗ ⊗ jk jk+1 ⊗ ⊗ jn This makes sense since the two terms on the right are in K1 T1g T1g ::: Tn 1g Tn;i 1g.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Introduction to Some Novel Applications of Lie Algebra
    FTUV/98-4 IFIC/98-4 January, 1998 An introduction to some novel applications of Lie algebra cohomology in mathematics and physics∗ J. A. de Azc´arraga†, J. M. Izquierdo‡ and J. C. P´erez Bueno† † Departamento de F´ısica Te´orica, Univ. de Valencia and IFIC, Centro Mixto Univ. de Valencia-CSIC, E–46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain. ‡ Departamento de F´ısica Te´orica, Universidad de Valladolid E–47011, Valladolid, Spain Abstract After a self-contained introduction to Lie algebra cohomology, we present some recent applications in mathematics and in physics. Contents 1 Preliminaries: LX , iX , d ........................... 1 2 Elementary differential geometryon Lie groups . ..... 3 3 Liealgebracohomology: abriefintroduction . ..... 4 4 Symmetric polynomials and higher order cocycles . ...... 7 5 HigherordersimpleandSHLiealgebras. .. 11 6 Higher order generalizedPoissonstructures . ...... 20 7 Relative cohomology, coset spaces and effective WZW actions ....... 23 1 Preliminaries: LX, iX , d Let us briefly recall here some basic definitions and formulae which will be useful later. Consider a uniparametric group of diffeomorphisms of a manifold M, eX : M → M, which takes a point x ∈ M of local coordinates {xi} to x′i ≃ xi + ǫi(x) (= xi + Xi(x)). Scalars and (covariant, say) tensors tq (q = 0, 1, 2,...) transform as follows j j j ′ ′ ′ ′ ∂x ′ ′ ∂x 1 ∂x 2 φ (x )= φ(x) , t i(x )= tj(x) , t i i (x )= tj j (x) ... (1.1) ∂x′i 1 2 1 2 ∂x′i1 ∂x′i2 arXiv:physics/9803046v1 [math-ph] 30 Mar 1998 In physics it is customary to define ‘local’ variations, which compare the transformed and original tensors at the same point x: ′ ′ δφ(x) ≡ φ (x) − φ(x) , δti(x) ≡ t i(x) − ti(x) , ..
    [Show full text]
  • Fubini-Griffiths-Harris Rigidity and Lie Algebra Cohomology∗
    ASIAN J. MATH. c 2012 International Press Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 561–586, December 2012 001 FUBINI-GRIFFITHS-HARRIS RIGIDITY AND LIE ALGEBRA COHOMOLOGY∗ JOSEPH M. LANDSBERG† AND COLLEEN ROBLES† Abstract. We prove a rigidity theorem for represented semi-simple Lie groups. The theorem is used to show that the adjoint variety of a complex simple Lie algebra g (the unique minimal G orbit in Pg) is extrinsically rigid to third order (with the exception of g = a1). 1 n In contrast, we show that the adjoint variety of SL3C and the Segre product Seg(P × P ) are flexible at order two. In the SL3C example we discuss the relationship between the extrinsic projective geometry and the intrinsic path geometry. We extend machinery developed by Hwang and Yamaguchi, Se-ashi, Tanaka and others to reduce the proof of the general theorem to a Lie algebra cohomology calculation. The proofs of the flexibility statements use exterior differential systems techniques. Key words. Exterior differential systems, Lie algebra cohomology, projective rigidity, rational homogeneous varieties. AMS subject classifications. 14M15, 14M17, 53C24, 53C30, 58A15. 1. Introduction. 1.1. History and statement of the motivating problem. This paper in- troduces new machinery to the study of exterior differential systems with symmetry. Our main result (Theorem 6.12) was motivated by the following question. The problem of determining the projective (or extrinsic) rigidity of varieties X ⊂ CPN = PN dates back to Monge and has been studied by Fubini [8], Griffiths and Harris [9] and others. The problem may be stated informally as follows: given a homogeneous variety Z = G/P ⊂ PU = PN and an unknown variety Y ⊂ PW = PM , how many derivatives do we need to take at a general point of Y to determine whether or not Y is projectively equivalent to Z? More precisely, there is a sequence of relative differential invariants of a projective variety X ⊂ PN , defined at a smooth point x ∈ X (the Fubini forms, see §3.1) that encode the extrinsic geometric information of X.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Simplicial Enrichment of Chain Complexes 1.1
    M.SC. RESEARCH PROJECTS MARTIN FRANKLAND 1. Simplicial enrichment of chain complexes 1.1. Background. Notation 1.1. Let R be a ring and let Ch≥0(R) denote the category of non-negatively graded chain complexes of (left) R-modules. Let sModR denote the category of simplicial R-modules. One would think that there is an \obvious" enrichment of Ch≥0(R) in simplicial sets via the Dold{Kan correspondence, but there there are two such constructions. (a) Use Dold{Kan locally. Use the mapping chain complexes in Ch≥0(R) | i.e., the fact that Ch≥0(R) is enriched in Ch(R) | to produce the mapping spaces via Dold{Kan, as explained in [Lur17, Construction 1.3.1.13]. (b) Use Dold{Kan globally. Transport the simplicial enrichment from sModR via the equivalence of categories N : sModR Ch≥0(R):Γ; as explained in [nLa17, Remark 2.8]. 1.2. Project. The project encompasses three aspects. (1) Show that the two simplicial enrichments on Ch≥0(R) are not the same. Show that they are related by a natural map. Study the properties of that comparison map. (2) Study how the two enrichments interact with the projective model structure on Ch≥0(R). Understand why the enrichment (b) makes Ch≥0(R) into a simplicial model category. Check whether the enrichment (a) does. (3) Work out a formula for the tensoring of Ch≥0(R) over simplicial sets based on the combinatorics of ∆n viewed as a simplicial complex (as opposed to a simplicial set). 1.3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anomalous Nambu-Goldstone Theorem in Relativistic
    The Anomalous Nambu-Goldstone Theorem in Relativistic/Nonrelativistic Quantum Field Theory Tadafumi Ohsaku today In der Welt habt ihr Angst; aber seid getrost, ich habe die Welt ¨uberwunden. ( Johannes, Kapitel 16 ) It always seems impossible until it is done. ( Nelson Mandela ) This Paper is Dedicated for Our Brave Fighters and Super-Heroes for the Fundamental Human Rights Around the World. Abstract: The anomalous Nambu-Goldstone ( NG ) theorem which is found as a violation of counting law of the number of NG bosons of the standard ( normal ) NG theorem in nonrelativistic and Lorentz-symmetry- violated relativistic theories is studied in detail, with emphasis on its math- ematical aspect from Lie algebras, geometry to number theory. The basis of counting law of NG bosons in the anomalous NG theorem is examined by Lie algebras ( local ) and Lie groups ( global ). A quasi-Heisenberg algebra is found generically in various symmetry breaking schema of the anoma- arXiv:1312.0916v1 [physics.gen-ph] 1 Dec 2013 lous NG theorem, and it indicates that it causes a violation/modification of the Heisenberg uncertainty relation in an NG sector which can be ex- perimentally confirmed. This fact implies that we might need a framework ”beyond” quantum mechanical apparatus to describe quantum fluctuations in the phenomena of the anomalous NG theorem which might affect forma- tions of orderings in quantum critical phenomena. The formalism of effective potential is presented for understanding the mechanism of anomalous NG theorem with the aid of our result of Lie algebras. After an investigation 1 on a bosonic kaon condensation model with a finite chemical potential as an explicit Lorentz-symmetry-breaking parameter, a model Lagrangian ap- proach on the anomalous NG theorem is given for our general discussion.
    [Show full text]
  • 7 Nov 2012 Deformation Theory and Rational Homotopy Type
    1 Deformation Theory and Rational Homotopy Type 2 Mike Schlessinger and Jim Stasheff 3 November 8, 2012 4 Abstract 5 We regard the classification of rational homotopy types as a problem in algebraic de- 6 formation theory: any space with given cohomology is a perturbation, or deformation, 7 of the “formal” space with that cohomology. The classifying space is then a “moduli” 8 space — a certain quotient of an algebraic variety of perturbations. The description 9 we give of this moduli space links it with corresponding structures in homotopy theory, p 10 especially the classification of fibres spaces F → E → B with fixed fibre F in terms 11 of homotopy classes of maps of the base B into a classifying space constructed from 12 Aut(F ), the monoid of homotopy equivalences of F to itself. We adopt the philosophy, 13 later promoted by Deligne in response to Goldman and Millson, that any problem in 14 deformation theory is “controlled” by a differential graded Lie algebra, unique up to 15 homology equivalence (quasi-isomorphism) of dg Lie algebras. Here we extend this 16 philosophy further to control by L∞ -algebras. In memory of Dan Quillen who established the foundation on which this work rests. 17 Contents arXiv:1211.1647v1 [math.QA] 7 Nov 2012 18 1 Introduction 3 19 1.1 Background .................................... 3 20 1.2 ControlbyDGLAs ................................ 4 21 1.3 Applications.................................... 7 22 1.4 Outline....................................... 8 23 2 Models of homotopy types 10 24 2.1 The Tate–Jozefiak resolution in characteristic zero . ..... 10 25 2.2 TheHalperin–Stashefforfilteredmodel .
    [Show full text]
  • A Cocycle Model for Topological and Lie Group Cohomology
    A Cocycle Model for Topological and Lie Group Cohomology Friedrich Wagemann Christoph Wockel [email protected] [email protected] February 14, 2013 Abstract We propose a unified framework in which the different constructions of cohomology groups for topo- logical and Lie groups can all be treated on equal footings. In particular, we show that the cohomology of \locally continuous" cochains (respectively \locally smooth" in the case of Lie groups) fits into this framework, which provides an easily accessible cocycle model for topological and Lie group cohomology. We illustrate the use of this unified framework and the relation between the different models in various applications. This includes the construction of cohomology classes characterizing the string group and a direct connection to Lie algebra cohomology. MSC: 22E41 (primary), 57T10, 20J06 (secondary) Keywords: cohomology for topological groups, cohomology for Lie groups, abelian extension, crossed module, Lie algebra cohomology, string group Introduction It is a common pattern in mathematics that things that are easy to define are hard to compute and things that are hard to define come with lots of machinery to compute them1. On the other hand, mathematics can be very enjoyable if these different definitions can be shown to yield isomorphic objects. In the present article we want to promote such a perspective towards topological group cohomology, along with its specialization to Lie group cohomology. It has become clear in the last decade that concretely accessible cocycle models for cohomology theories (understood in a broader sense) are as important as abstract constructions. Examples for this are differential cohomology theories (cocycle models come for instance from (bundle) gerbes, an important concept in topo- logical and conformal field theory), elliptic cohomology (where cocycle models are yet conjectural but have nevertheless already been quite influential) and Chas-Sullivan's string topology operations (which are subject to certain well behaved representing cocycles).
    [Show full text]
  • Lie Algebra Cohomology
    Lie algebra cohomology November 16, 2018 1 History Citing [1]: In mathematics, Lie algebra cohomology is a cohomology theory for Lie algebras. It was first introduced in 1929 by Elie´ Cartan to study the topology of Lie groups and homogeneous spaces by relating cohomological methods of Georges de Rham to properties of the Lie algebra. It was later extended by Claude Chevalley and Samuel Eilenberg (1948) to coefficients in an arbitrary Lie module. 2 Objects in Lie theory We begin and define Lie algebras, Lie groups and enveloping algebras. Their relation is given by: Lie algebras appear as . • tangent spaces at 1 of Lie groups and • by \unenveloping" associative algebras. We then continue to define representations (ie. modules) of such objects. 2.1 Lie algebras A Lie algebra over a field k1 is a vector space g with a binary operation [·; ·]: g × g ! g (called the Lie bracket) satisfying bilinearity, alternativity and the Jacobi identity. One should think of a Lie algebra as a (non-unitary) ring with [·; ·] being multiplication, although it need not be associative (or commutative). For ex- ample one defines a derivation on g as a linear map δ : g ! g satisfying Leibniz law: δ[x; y] = [δx; y] + [x; δy]: (1) 1The definition for Lie algebra makes sense for any ring k. However, we will mainly discuss the case k 2 fR; Cg, namely when g is the Lie algebra for a Lie group G (real) or its complexification gC. 1 Also the notions of homomorphism, subalgebra, ideal, direct sum and quotient algebra extend to Lie algebras.
    [Show full text]
  • The Topological Group Cohomology of Lie Groups
    ZMP-HH/14-1 Hamburger Beitr¨age zur Mathematik Nr. 498 Topological group cohomology of Lie groups and Chern-Weil theory for compact symmetric spaces Christoph Wockel January 7, 2014 Abstract In this paper we analyse the topological group cohomology of finite-dimensional Lie groups. We intro- duce a technique for computing it (as abelian groups) for torus coefficients by the naturally associated long exact sequence. The upshot in there is that certain morphisms in this long exact coefficient sequence can be accessed (at least for semi-simple Lie groups) very conveniently by the Chern-Weil homomorphism of the naturally associated compact dual symmetric space. Since the latter is very well-known, this gives the possibility to compute the topological group cohomology of the classical simple Lie groups. In addition, we establish a relation to characteristic classes of flat bundles. Keywords: Topological group, group cohomology, classifying space, symmetric space, compact dual, sub- algebra non-cohomologous to zero, Chern-Weil homomorphism, flat characteristic class, bounded continuous cohomology MSC: 22E41 (primary); 20J06, 17B56, 57T15 (secondary) Contents 1 A recap of topological group cohomology 3 2 The long exact sequence and the characteristic morphisms 7 3 The relation to relative Lie algebra cohomology 11 4 Subalgebras non-cohomologous to zero 16 arXiv:1401.1037v1 [math.AT] 6 Jan 2014 5 Semi-simple Lie groups 18 6 Examples 20 Introduction Topological group cohomology is the cohomology theory for topological groups that incorporates both, the algebraic and the topological structure of a topological group G with coefficients in some topological G-module A. There are two obvious guesses for this, which already capture parts of the theory in special cases.
    [Show full text]
  • Minimal Surfaces and Quasi-Fuchsian Structures
    Minimal surfaces and quasi-Fuchsian structures Brice Loustau Abstract These are the notes written after my talk in the workshop Higgs bundles and harmonic maps that was held in Asheville, NC in Januray 2015, organized by Brian Collier, Qiongling Li and Andy Sanders and supported by the NSF GEAR Network. We review aspects of the theory of minimal surfaces in hyperbolic 3-manifolds and their importance in the study of representations of surface groups into PSL2¹Cº and related deformation spaces, such as the deformation space of quasi-Fuchsian structures QF ¹Sº, Taubes’ moduli space of minimal hyperbolic germs H and the moduli space of Higgs bundles M. Contents Introduction 2 1 Minimal surfaces2 1.1 Harmonic and minimal maps between Riemannian manifolds...............2 1.2 Minimal hypersurfaces...................................4 1.3 Minimal surfaces......................................4 1.4 Minimal surfaces in hyperbolic 3-manifolds........................5 2 Quasi-Fuchsian and almost-Fuchsian structures7 2.1 Quasi-Fuchsian structures..................................7 2.2 Minimal surfaces in quasi-Fuchsian 3-manifolds...................... 10 2.3 Almost-Fuchsian structures................................. 11 2.4 Taubes moduli space.................................... 13 3 Higgs bundles and minimal surfaces 15 3.1 SL2¹Cº-Higgs bundles and the non-abelian Hodge correspondence............ 15 3.2 Minimal surfaces and Higgs bundles............................ 18 3.3 Explicit Higgs bundles associated to minimal germs.................... 20 4 Symplectic reduction and moduli spaces 22 A Hyperkähler structures 22 B Symplectic reduction 33 References 43 Introduction In preparation. 1 Minimal surfaces In this section we review some basics of the theory of minimal surfaces. We start from the general set- ting of harmonic maps between Riemannian manifolds and gradually specialize to minimal surfaces in hyperbolic 3-manifolds, highlighting the specific features that appear in the process.
    [Show full text]
  • T-Duality in Rational Homotopy Theory
    T-duality in rational homotopy theory September 7, 2017 Abstract What in string theory is known as topological T-duality between K0-cocycles in type IIA string theory and K1-cocycles in type IIB string theory or as Hori's formula can be recognized as a Fourier-Mukai transform between twisted cohomologies when looked through the lenses of rational homotopy theory. Remarkably, the whole construction naturally emerges and is actually derived from noticing that the (super-)Chevalley-Eilenberg algebra of the super-Minkowski space R8;1j16+16 carries two distinct 2-cocycles, whose product is an exact 4-cochain with an explicit trivializing 3-cochain. The super-form components of the RR-fields in type IIA and IIB string theory are then realized as rational K-theory cocycles twisted by these two 2-cocycles, and the trivializing 3-cochain induces rational topological T-duality between them. Notes for the talks given at Higher Structures Lisbon 2017 and at the Loughborough work- shop on Geometry and Physics 2017. Based on joint work with Hisham Sati and Urs Schreiber (arXiv:1611.06536). Contents 1 Twisted de Rham cohomology 1 1.1 Fourier-Mukai transforms in twisted de Rham cohomology . .2 1.2 From 1-form twists to 3-form twists . .3 2 Basics of rational homotopy theory 4 3 Central extensions of L1-algebras 5 4 Twisted L1-algebra cohomology 7 5 Fiber integration along U(1)-bundles in rational homotopy theory 8 6 The hofiber/cyclification adjunction 9 6.1 Cyclification of L1-algebras . .9 6.2 Fiber integration revisited . 11 7 Rational homotopy theory of T-duality configurations 11 7.1 Maps to btfold .....................................
    [Show full text]
  • 4.7.2 Lie Algebra Cohomology
    4.7. COHOMOLOGY 91 4.7.2 Lie Algebra Cohomology We presented De Rahm cohomology first as it's probably the most common theory of co- homology one is first exposed to, especially in mathematical physics. That is not to say however, that it is the simplest. In this section we will consider a theory of cohomology that makes no mention of differentiable functions and where the d operator acts on the generators of the exterior algebra themselves. We will write down the simplest nontrivial system. All we will assume is that the complex is based on exterior powers and that the differential is linear and satisfies the Leibniz rule. First we'll base it on the complex of exterior powers of a vector space as in (4.91). It is most natural here to use the dual V ∗. To be precise, if ! 2 ΛpV ∗, then !(v1; v2; : : : ; vp) 2 R; (4.109) where all the vi's are vectors in V . Furthermore, exchanging any of the arguments in (4.109) swaps the sign. That is !(v1; v2; : : : ; vp) = −!(v2; v1; : : : ; vp); (4.110) etc. We can naturally define a wedge product on Λ•V ∗ if we keep everything antisymmetrized. That is, if α; β; γ; : : : are in V ∗ then (α ^ β)(v1; v2) = α(v1)β(v2) − α(v2)β(v1) (α ^ β ^ γ)(v1; v2; v3) = α(v1)β(v2)γ(v3) + α(v2)β(v3)γ(v1) + α(v3)β(v1)γ(v2)− (4.111) α(v2)β(v1)γ(v3) − α(v3)β(v2)γ(v1) − α(v1)β(v3)γ(v2); etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Lie Algebra Cohomology and Macdonald's Conjectures
    Lie algebra cohomology and Macdonald’s conjectures Master’s Thesis of Maarten Solleveld, under supervision of Prof. Dr. E. M. Opdam University of Amsterdam Faculty of Sciences Korteweg-De Vries Institute for Mathematics Plantage Muidergracht 24 1018 TV Amsterdam September 2002 Contents Introduction 3 1 Compact Lie groups and reductive Lie algebras 5 1.1 Representations . 5 1.2 Compact Lie groups and reductive Lie algebras . 9 1.3 Structure theory . 12 1.4 The Weyl group and invariant polynomials . 19 1.5 Harmonic polynomials . 24 2 Cohomology theory for Lie algebras 30 2.1 De Rham cohomology and Lie group actions . 31 2.2 The definition of the cohomology of a Lie algebra . 33 2.3 Relative Lie algebra cohomology . 39 2.4 Lie algebra cohomology with coefficients . 43 2.5 Isomorphism theorems . 50 3 The cohomology of compact Lie groups 55 3.1 G/T .................................... 55 3.2 G and g .................................. 60 4 Some specific Lie algebras and their cohomology 64 4.1 g[z, s].................................... 65 4.2 g[z]/(zk).................................. 76 5 Macdonald’s conjectures 82 5.1 The original setting . 82 5.2 Affine Lie algebras . 86 Bibliography 90 1 2 Introduction In 1982 Macdonald [21] published his famous article Some conjectures for root sys- tems. The questions posed there inspired a lot of new research, and by know most of them are answered. This thesis deals with one of the most persisting conjectures: Let R be a root system with exponents m1, . , ml and take k ∈ N∪{∞}. The constant term (depending only on q) of k l Y Y Y k(m + 1) (1 − qieα)(1 − qi−1e−α) is i .
    [Show full text]