Country Report Supporting the Preparation of the First Report On

COUNTRY REPORTS Brazil

Country Report Supporting the Preparation of the First Report on The State of the World's Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture This Country Report has been submitted by the national authorities as a contribution to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) publication, The State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. The information in this Country Report has not been veriﬁed by FAO, and its content is entirely the responsibility of the entity preparing the Country Report, and does not necessarily represent the views of FAO, or its Members. The designations employed and the presentation of material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO concerning legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of speciﬁc companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Questionnaire for the Preparation of Country Reports for the First State of the World's Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2

INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING THE DYNAMIC GUIDELINES

How do I complete the dynamic guidelines?

1. You will require Adobe Reader to open the dynamic guidelines. Adobe Reader can be downloaded free of charge from: http://get.adobe.com/uk/reader/otherversions/. Use Adobe Reader Version 10 or higher. 2. Open the dynamic guidelines and save it (save as a pdf) on your hard drive. 3. Please rename it .pdf. 4. You may forward the dynamic guidelines to stakeholders you would like to involve or inform by e-mail. You may also print and/or save the dynamic guidelines. 5. It is advisable to prepare textual responses (including any formatting such as bullet points) first in a separate document and then to copy and paste them into the form. Please use font Arial 10. Acronyms and abbreviations should be avoided if possible. If included, they must be introduced (i.e. written out in full) the first time they are used. Note that the text boxes are expandable. Once text has been entered, the box will automatically enlarge to make its content fully visible when you click outside its border. To delete a row you have added, click on the "X" on the far right of the table 6. When you have finished completing the dynamic guidelines, click the “Submit form” button at the end of the form and send the completed dynamic guidelines to [email protected]; [email protected]; and [email protected]. 7. This should automatically attach the document to an email that you can then send. Otherwise, please attach the completed dynamic guidelines manually to an e-mail and send it to [email protected]; [email protected]; and [email protected]. 8. A letter confirming official endorsement by relevant authorities should also be attached to the email. 9. You will receive a confirmation that the submission was successful.

Where can I get further assistance? If you have any questions regarding the dynamic guidelines, please contact [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Several websites provide useful information on aquatic species that can be consulted for proper species names and for information on aquatic genetic resources: AlgaeBase, Aquamaps, Barcode of Life, Census of Marine Life, FishBase, Frozen Ark, GenBank, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, International Union for Conservation of Nature, National Institutes of Health Database on Genomes and Bioinformatics, Ornamental Fish International, SealifeBase, Sea Around Us, and World Register of Marine Species.

How, by whom and by when must the completed dynamic guidelines be submitted? Once officially endorsed by the relevant authorities, the completed dynamic guidelines should be submitted (click the “Submit form” button on the header banner) by the National Focal Point. Completed dynamic guidelines should be sent by December 31st 2015.

www.algaebase.org www.aquamaps.org www.barcodeoflife.org www.coml.org www.fishbase.org www.frozenark.org www.genbank.org www.gbif.org www.iucn.org http://discover.nci.nih.gov/ www.ornamental-fish-int.org www.sealifebase.org www.seaaroundus.org www.marinespecies.org 3

I. INTRODUCTION

At its Thirteenth Regular Session, the Commission noted that the preparation of a country-driven State of the World's Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture would provide countries with opportunities for assessing the status of their aquatic genetic resources for food and agriculture and enhancing the contributions of aquatic genetic resources to food security and rural development. Additionally the process of producing Country Reports will assist countries in determining their needs and priorities for the conservation and sustainable use of aquatic genetic resources for food and agriculture, and will help raise awareness among policy-makers.

II. COUNTRY REPORTS As with the other sectors, The State of the World's Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (SoWAqGR) will be compiled from Country Reports. It is recognized that guidance is necessary in order to assist countries in completing those reports under a common framework. The Country Reports will become official government documents submitted to FAO.

The following questionnaire is the suggested format for the preparation and submission of Country Reports. The questionnaire has been prepared by FAO to assist in the preparation of Country Reports contributing to the SoWAqGR Report. It has been designed to assist countries to undertake a strategic assessment of their aquatic genetic resources for food and agriculture.

The scope of the first State of the World's Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, and therefore the emphasis in the Country Reports, is farmed aquatic species and their wild relatives within national jurisdiction.

Country Reports should: • become powerful tools for improving the conservation, sustainable use and development of aquatic genetic resources for food and agriculture, at national and regional levels; • identify threats to aquatic genetic resources, gaps in information about aquatic genetic resources and needs for the strengthening of national capacity to manage aquatic genetic resources effectively; • inform the development of national policies, legislation, research and development, education, training and extension concerning the conservation, sustainable use and development of aquatic genetic resources for food and agriculture; • contribute to raising public awareness about the importance of aquatic genetic resources for food and agriculture; • complement other national reporting activities on the conservation, sustainable use and development of aquatic genetic resources.

Timeline and process In line with the overall process, as established by the Commission, the Director-General of FAO sent a Circular State Letter on 19 April 2012 to countries requesting them to identify National Focal Points for the preparation of Country Reports by 31 December, 2015. The following steps are recommended in preparing the Country Report, using a participatory approach: • Each participating country should appoint a National Focal Point for the coordination of the preparation of the Country Report who will also act as focal point to FAO. National Focal Points should be communicated to the Secretary, Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture ([email protected]) immediatly. • Countries are encouraged to establish a national committee to oversee the preparation of the Country Report. The national committee should consist of as many representative stakeholders as practical (representing government, industry, research and civil society). • The national committee should meet frequently to review progress and consult widely with key stakeholders. 4

• The National Focal Point should coordinate the preparation of the first draft of the Country Report, which should be reviewed by the national committee. The National Focal Point should facilitate a consultative process for broader stakeholder review. • Following the stakeholder review, the National Focal Point should coordinate the finalization of the Country Report, submit it to the government for official endorsement and transmit it to FAO in one of the Organization's official languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish) by 31 December 2015. • The Country Report will be an official government report. • If countries are unable to submit final Country Reports by the set deadline, preliminary reports of findings should be provided to FAO to contribute to the identification of global priorities for inclusion in the SoWAqGR Report. 5

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PREPARATION OF COUNTRY REPORTS FOR THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE

Country report supporting the preparation of The State of the World's Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

Country Brazil

Alexandre Wagner Silva Hilsdorf e Samuel Prepared By Rezende Paiva

Date Dec 17, 2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

I.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6

II.INTRODUCTION 7

III.MAIN BODY OF THE COUNTRY REPORT 7

Chapter 1. The Use and Exchange of Aquatic Genetic Resources of Farmed Aquatic 7 Species and their Wild Relatives within National Jurisdiction

Chapter 2. Drivers and Trends in Aquaculture: Consequences for Aquatic Genetic 90 Resources within National Jurisdiction

Chapter 3. In Situ Conservation of Aquatic Genetic Resources of Farmed Aquatic Species 101 and their wild Relatives within National Jurisdiction

Chapter 4. Ex Situ Conservation of Aquatic Genetic Resources of Farmed Aquatic 106 Species and their Wild Relatives within National Jurisdiction

Chapter 5. Stakeholders with Interests in Aquatic Genetic Resources of Farmed Aquatic 109 Species and their Wild Relatives within National Jurisdiction

Chapter 6. National Policies and Legislation for Aquatic Genetic Resources of Farmed 116 Aquatic Species and their Wild Relatives within National Jurisdiction

Chapter 7. Research, Education, Training and Extension on Aquatic Genetic 122 Resources within National Jurisdiction: Coordination, Networking and Information Chapter 8. International Collaboration on Aquatic Genetic Resources of Farmed Aquatic 135 Species and Their Wild Relatives 6

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Country Report should contain an executive summary of 2-3 pages highlighting the main findings of the analysis and providing an overview of key issues, constraints and existing capacity to address the issues and challenges. The executive summary should indicate trends and driving forces and present an overview of the proposed strategic directions for future actions aimed at the national, regional and global levels.

Please include the Executive Summary here.

This report compiles information on the current stage of aquatic genetic resources found in the Brazilian continental and coastal waters of importance for aquaculture in Brazil. This is the first attempt to review the state of art of aquatic genetic resources currently in use by either local smallholder fish farming or industrial aquaculture in the Brazilian territory. In 2010, Brazil hosted the Rio+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, when it was recognized “the emergence of promoting, enhancing and supporting more sustainable agriculture, including crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, that improves food security, eradicates hunger and is economically viable, while conserving land, water, plant and animal genetic resources, biodiversity and ecosystems and enhancing resilience to climate change and natural disasters”. Aquatic ecosystems are particularly sensitive to these short or long-term disruptions. For example, there have been uncountable reports of waterbodies being affected by pollution, dam construction for hydroelectric power generation, loss of riverbank vegetation, introduction of alien species, fish hybrids escapees, overfishing and more recently dam burst of mining waste sites in Brazil. Therefore, there is an urgency to increase the knowledge of aquatic genetic resources within the country boundaries. Plant and animal genetic resources have been under scope of policies and initiatives of Brazilian government through, for example, the elaboration of FAO state of world for plants and animal genetic resources. However, despite the expressive growth of fish farming production in the last 10 years, aquatic genetic resources used so far (encompassing fish, crustacean and mollusc) have not been an important issue for Brazilian policy makers. Lack of information about species distribution and basic biology of most aquatic genetic resources is affecting its proper management and reducing the ability to develop genetic breeding and conservation programs. Brazil harbors an impressive ichthyofaunal diversity. Out of 2,587 species, 2,481 have been formally described; this represents around 21% of all species of inland waters of the world. It is estimated that 30 to 40% ichthyodiversity is not described yet so total of freshwater species of fish may reach a total of 5,000. Contrasting other countries, Brazilian aquaculture includes a myriad of species delimited by region and climate. Some of them have been raised for decades and is part of regional fish farming production. It is estimated that 60 species of fish, crustacean, amphibians, and reptiles have potential for culture in commercial operations in Brazilian continental waters. Finfish represents almost the totality of production having the exotic Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) as the main species in the Brazilian annual aquaculture production estimates. Second and third place are for two native fish species, Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) and Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum (Brazilian catfish - cachara) together these two species encompass one third of national tilapia production. Regarding the marine aquaculture, Litopenaeus vannamei (white shrimp) is the main species raised along the coastal areas in the Northeast region of Brazil. Marine finfish aquaculture is still experimental with an incipient production. Concerning ornamental aquatic organism, Brazil is one of the five leading exporting countries of tropical aquarium fishes in the world. Mostly of these genetic resources has been taking abroad without any proper jurisdiction. Some of these ornamental native species have been artificially spawned in other countries and fingerlings have been traded without any equitable sharing benefits for the local communities involved in this ornamental fish collecting. One of the crucial steps to optimize national breeding and conservation programs of native species rely on the genetic assessment of wild and farmed stocks. Currently, there are few attempts to establish continuous genetic breeding programs of native finfish species to make available genetic superior material for fish famers. The interspecific hybridization has almost been the unique methodology to increase fish farming productivity. Growth of hybridization as a genetic improvement methodology for native species in Brazil poses a real risk for genetic erosion of genetic resources of wild populations through escapees and as a result genetic introgression. Another important issue regarding wild fish genetic resources (FiGR) in Brazil is the optimization of a strong genetic resources conservation program with distribution of roles between the public and private sector. For example, it is important to implement in situ wild FiGR conservation areas that can direct support private sector to explore rationally the FiGR into fish farming operations. Ex-situ conservation is also of paramount importance for the native FiGR conservation in Brazil. Private and government hatcheries have been used in restocking programs and they are an important strategy to conserve FiGR, which have already been vanished in the wild. Nevertheless, it is imperative that all this material be cryopreserved in order to guarantee national food security and support industry. In conclusion, for countries like Brazil with vast aquatic biodiversity, it is not strategic to develop a national aquaculture production based on just one species (nile tilapia) when different species may be potentially used for domestication and farming. The current native species with great potential for the industrial aquaculture development, such as tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), cachara (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum) pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicum), pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), matrinchã (Brycon spp.) among others the recognition of their wild genetic resources values is fundamental to breeding programs of this species to boost productivity and share the benefits of this for the whole Brazilian society. 7

II. INTRODUCTION

The main objective of the Introduction is to present an overview that will allow a person who is unfamiliar with the country to appreciate the context for the Country Report. The Introduction should present a broad overview and present background information from your country on farmed aquatic species, their wild relatives and culture based fisheries. Detailed information should be provided in the main body of the Country Report. Countries may wish to consider developing their Introductions after completing the main body of their Country Reports.

Please write the overview here Brazil is a continental country with its territory mostly within tropical zone. Because the Brazilian territory dimension, its geographical configuration, and its relief, Brazilian climate diverges to some degree from region to region. Therefore, four main climatic zones can be found in Brazil – Equatorial zone, Semi-Arid zone, Highland tropical zone, and Subtropical zone – where wide temperature variations occur with an average annual temperatures above 25oC in the North and Northeast part of the country, and annual temperatures below 20oC in the South and Southeast areas.

In addition to the vast territory, Brazil is endowed with the 13.8% of the total freshwater surface worldwide having an extensive and dense watershed net encompassing seven main River basins: Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin; South Atlantic Basin - region north and northeast; San Francisco River Basin; South Atlantic Basin - region east; Platina Basin, composed of the sub-basins of the rivers Paraná and Uruguay; and Atlantic South Basin - regions southeast and south. Brazilian coastline is too wide-ranging extending 9,200 from the Equator line (4oN) to the border of Argentina (34oC).

The natural condition of water resources and climate as described makes Brazil a potential country for aquaculture production. The country has more than 5 million of hectares of public and private reservoirs for water supply and hydropower production many of them suitable for cage culture. Also, Brazil is self-sustaining in grain production with large experience in livestock production such as poultry and beef cattle. However, all of these advantage attributes has not conveyed Brazil to a leadership in the world aquaculture scenario. According to FAO statistics, Brazil is the 12th position in aquaculture production worldwide with a total farmed food production of 707,461 t in 2012. The more updated statistic production of inland finfish, crustaceans, molluscs, and other farmed species of 2013 in Brazil shows a total production of 480,809 t.

The earliest signs of aquaculture practice in Brazil dates back to Dutch invasion of northeastern Brazil in the XVII century. As economic activity fish farming was established in 1940s with the introduction of common carp and rainbow trout in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states. Farming of native species milestone in Brazil started during the 1980s with the complete development of induced reproduction by hormonal treatment mainly using so called rounded fish such as pacu (Piraractus mesopotamicus) and tambaqui (Colossoma macropoum).

Brazil harbors an impressive ichthyofaunal diversity. Out of 2,587 species, 2,481 have been formally described, this represents around 21% of all species of inland waters of the world. It is estimated that 30 to 40% ichthyodiversity this cannot yet be described so that the total of fresh water species of fish may reach 5,000. Due to its vast diversity of native fish species, Brazil has developed diversified fish farming based on different species. Currently, there are 16 inland finfish species being raised in Brazilian territory. Among these, five are exotic species - catfish (Clarias gariepinus), catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), carps (Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix e Aristichthys nobilis) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

The potential for development of new aquaculture species in Brazil is still under estimated. Therefore, the genetic resources of native and introduced aquatic species needs a better understanding to contribute to the food security through increasing of high value protein from aquaculture production.

III. MAIN BODY OF THE COUNTRY REPORT

Aquaculture, culture-based fisheries and capture fisheries, have differing importance among countries. The structure of chapters in each Country Report will reflect those differences. Countries which do not have a well-developed aquaculture sector but where wild relatives of farmed aquatic species are located, should report on these resources. Countries should decide how to prioritize the coverage of their Country Reports depending on their aquatic genetic resources.

Chapter 1: The Use and Exchange of Aquatic Genetic Resources of Farmed Aquatic Species and their Wild Relatives within National Jurisdiction The main objective of Chapter 1 is to provide annotated inventories of aquatic genetic resources (AqGR) of farmed aquatic species and their wild relatives. 8 Farmed aquatic species 1. Over the last 10 years, has production been: Please mark appropriate box. Increasing Stable

Decreasing

Stopped

Still in Research and Development

Fluctuating Not known 9 2. What is the expected trend over the next 10 years? Please mark appropriate box.

Increasing Stable

Decreasing

Stopped

Still in Research and Development Fluctuating Not known

3. Is the identification and naming of farmed species, subspecies, hybrids, crossbreeds, strains, triploids, other distinct types accurate and up- to-date? Please mark appropriate box.

Yes No

Mostly Yes

Mostly No Please include any explanation or additional information here.

The majority of farmed species are taxonomically well described. Some problems arise in relation to some species which consist of specie complexity, for instance genus Astyanax, Hoplias, and Rhamdia. Hybrids have been used extensively, not only between differences species of the same genus, but also between genus. This hybrids are not taxonomic entities, and these hybrids production has been mixed up with the species used to produce such hybrids.

4. To what extent are genetic data for farmed aquatic organisms

a) Available? Please mark appropriate box. b) Used in management? Please mark appropriate box.

Not at all Not at all To a minor extent To a minor extent

To some extent To some extent

To a great extent To a great extent

Please add any explanation here.

There is no regular data collection on genetic resources of wild native species to aknowledge the status of genetic diversity of these species. Scarce information (taking in account the number of species) has been published by fish geneticists. Such information is pivotal for protection and management of farmed wild relatives which is strategic to set up breeding programs of new potential native species for aquaculture. 10 5. To what extent are the aquatic organisms farmed in your country sourced as wild seed or from wild brood stock? Please mark appropriate box.

Not at all To a minor extent

To some extent

To a great extent Please add any explanation here.

It depends on the species. Seeds for tilapia, carps, and tambaqui farming operation are entirely from hatcheries. Most of the fingerling production from native species comes from broodstock caught in the environment, at least until a large enough broadstock base is established. With some exception from Colossoma macropomum and some brycons, which has a somewhat established domesticated broodstock.

6. What proportions (%) of breeding programmes and efforts for the genetic improvement of farmed aquatic species in your country are being managed by the public sector (government research, universities etc.), the private sector, and public-private partnerships?

• Percent managed by public sector. Please Enter Percentage Here 10

• Percent managed by private sector. Please Enter Percentage Here 85

• Percent managed by private /public partnership. Please Enter Percentage Here 5

Please add any explanation here. Total 100

Tilapia aquaculture industry has been developed their own breeding programs based on GIFT strain. The main endeavor to produce a commercial breeding program using native species was attempted within AQUABRASIL Project. There are no technical published articles or other information about the outcomes of this project. Breeding programs of native species are scarce and localized in some Brazilian watershed´s, as in the São Francisco rivers (NE). Mostly are based on the need to re-establish native fish fauna impacted by dam construction.

7. To what extent do genetically improved aquatic organisms, including hybrids, crossbreeds, strains, triploids and other distinct types contribute to national aquaculture production in terms of volume ?

Please mark appropriate box.

Not at all To a minor extent

To some extent

To a great extent 11 8. Please list most significant examples where genetic improvement contributed to increased production and indicate whether they were developed by public, private or public/private partnerships. Add Row

Type of genetic improvement Developed By Species mark all that apply mark all that apply

Private Sector Traditional selective breeding Public Sector Private/Public partnership Specify parental species in the box Private Sector below Hybrids O. niloticus x Public Sector Oreochromis hornorum Private/Public partnership

Oreochromis niloticus Private Sector Triploids and other polyploids Public Sector X Private/Public partnership Private Sector Mono-sex production Public Sector Private/Public partnership Private Sector Other Public Sector Private/Public partnership

Private Sector Traditional selective breeding Public Sector Private/Public partnership Specify parental species in the box below Private Sector Piaractus Hybrids mesopotamicus Public Sector (Female) x Colossoma Private/Public partnership Piaractus mesopotamicus (Male) macropomum Private Sector X Triploids and other polyploids Public Sector Private/Public partnership Private Sector Mono-sex production Public Sector Private/Public partnership Private Sector Other Public Sector Private/Public partnership Private Sector 12 Traditional selective breeding Public Sector Private/Public partnership Specify parental species in the box below Piaractus Private Sector mesopotamicus Hybrids (Female) x Public Sector Piaractus mesopotamicus Piaractus brachypomus Private/Public partnership (Male) X

Private Sector Triploids and other polyploids Public Sector Private/Public partnership Private Sector Mono-sex production Public Sector Private/Public partnership Private Sector Other Public Sector Private/Public partnership Private Sector Traditional selective breeding Public Sector Private/Public partnership Specify parental species in the box below Private Sector Pseudoplatystoma Hybrids reticulatum (Female) x Public Sector Pseudoplatystoma Private/Public partnership Pseudoplatystoma spp corruscans (Male) Private Sector X Triploids and other polyploids Public Sector Private/Public partnership Private Sector Mono-sex production Public Sector Private/Public partnership Private Sector Other Public Sector Private/Public partnership Private Sector 13 Traditional selective breeding Public Sector Private/Public partnership Specify parental species in the box below Private Sector Pseudoplatystoma Hybrids corruscans (Female) x Public Sector Pseudoplatystoma Private/Public partnership Pseudoplatystoma spp reticulatum (Male) Private Sector X Triploids and other polyploids Public Sector Private/Public partnership Private Sector Mono-sex production Public Sector Private/Public partnership Private Sector Other Public Sector Private/Public partnership

Private Sector Traditional selective breeding Public Sector Private/Public partnership Specify parental species in the box below Private Sector Pseudoplatystoma Hybrids reticulatum (Female) x Public Sector Pseudoplatystoma Private/Public partnership Pseudoplatystoma spp corruscans (Male) Private Sector X Triploids and other polyploids Public Sector Private/Public partnership Private Sector Mono-sex production Public Sector Private/Public partnership Private Sector Other Public Sector Private/Public partnership 14

9. Please fill in table 1.1

Table 1.1 Aquatic genetic resources (AqGR) of farmed aquatic species in your country

Add Row

Future trends in Genetic Future genetic Farmed species Genetic type Comments Availability of Trends in production improvement improvement genetic data production

List species (scientific Which genetic names), strains and Are genetic data For example important traits technologies are varieties as scientific available for farmed Expected trend improved, how data are used Indicate all genetic types names (put in brackets populations? Over the last 10 over the next 10 currently being used in management or name of that apply to the species mark all that apply the most widely used If yes, give years, production years is that on the species breed, source of information, production will national common name summary details in has been (mark one) etc. (mark all that apply) or names) and indicate comments (mark one) whether native or introduced

Native Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Prochilodus lineatus Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped No selective breeding manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds program has been applied X Not known Not known for this species. Cultivation is Monosex Monosex Strains based on wild type Marker assisted Marker assisted broodstock. Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment) Native 15 Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Salminus brasiliensis Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped No selective breeding manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds program has been applied X Not known Not known for this species. Cultivation is Monosex Monosex Strains based on wild type Marker assisted Marker assisted broodstock. Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment)

Native Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Astyanax fasciatus Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating No selective breeding Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy program has been applied (chromosome set (chromosome set for this species. Cultivation is Stopped Stopped Cross breeds manipulation) manipulation) based on wild type X Not known Not known broodstock. Strains Monosex Monosex >There are different species Marker assisted Marker assisted of the genus Astyanax. A. Varieties selection selection altiparanea is the most Other (specify in Other (specify in important for aquaculture. Polyploids comment) comment) Native 16 Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No selective breeding No Stable Stable program has been applied Brycon spp Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating for this species. Cultivation is based on wild type Polyploidy Polyploidy Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing broodstock. (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped In this category is included manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds the following species: X Not known Not known Brycon amazonicus Monosex Monosex Strains Brycon hilarii Marker assisted Marker assisted Brycon orbignyanus Varieties selection selection Brycon cephalus Brycon orthotaenia Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids Brycon insignis comment) comment) Brycon opalinus Brycon nattereri

Native Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No selective breeding No Stable Stable program has been applied Leporinus spp Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization for this species. Cultivation is type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating based on wild type Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy broodstock. (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped Cross breeds manipulation) manipulation) >Hybrids are produced, but X Not known Not known no information are available Strains Monosex Monosex about the hybridization direction, as well as the Marker assisted Marker assisted production volume. Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in species used in small scale Polyploids comment) comment) farming : Leporinus friderici, L. elongatus, L. macrocephalus Native 17 Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No selective breeding Piaractus Selective bred No Stable Stable program has been applied brachypomus Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating for this species. Cultivation is based on wild type Polyploidy Polyploidy Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing broodstock and (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped hybridization. Cross breeds manipulation) manipulation) X Not known Not known Strains Monosex Monosex Marker assisted Marker assisted Dam of Piaractus Varieties selection selection brachypomus with sire of Piaractus mesopotomicus. Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment)

Native Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding Colossoma Selective bred No Stable Stable macropomum Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy >Selective program has been (chromosome set (chromosome set carried out by government Stopped Stopped Cross breeds manipulation) manipulation) agencies and private X Not known Not known companies. Results have not Strains Monosex Monosex been published. Marker assisted Marker assisted Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment) Native 18 Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Hoplias spp Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped No selective breeding manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds program has been applied X Not known Not known for this species. Cultivation is Monosex Monosex Strains based on wild type Marker assisted Marker assisted broodstock. Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment)

No selective breeding Native program has been applied Introduced for this species. Cultivation is based on wild type Pseudoplatystoma spp broodstock and mainly hybrid production. Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding Hybrids produced No Stable Stable Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating >Dam of Pseudoplatystoma X corruscans with sire of P. Polyploidy Polyploidy Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing reticulatum/fasciatum. (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds >Dam of P. reticulatum/ Not known Not known fasciatum with sire of Monosex Monosex Strains Pseudoplatystoma Marker assisted Marker assisted corruscans. Varieties selection selection >Dam of Leiarius Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids marmoratus with sire of comment) comment) Pseudoplatystoma spp.

>Dam of Leiarius marmoratus with sire of Pseudoplatystoma spp.

>Dam of Pseudoplatystoma spp with sire of Leiarius spp. Native 19 Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Rhamdia quelen Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set No selective breeding Stopped Stopped Cross breeds manipulation) manipulation) program has been applied X Not known Not known for this species. Cultivation is Strains Monosex Monosex based on wild type broodstock. Marker assisted Marker assisted Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment)

Native Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Cichla spp Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Polyploidy Polyploidy Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing No selective breeding (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped program has been applied manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds for this species. Cultivation is X Not known Not known based on wild type Monosex Monosex Strains broodstock. Marker assisted Marker assisted Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment) Native 20 Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Arapaima gigas Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set No selective breeding Stopped Stopped Cross breeds manipulation) manipulation) program has been applied X Not known Not known for this species. Cultivation is Strains Monosex Monosex based on wild type broodstock. Marker assisted Marker assisted Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment)

Native Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Oreochromis niloticus Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set Farming is based on genetic Stopped Stopped Cross breeds manipulation) manipulation) improved strains imported, X Not known Not known such as chitralada and Strains Monosex Monosex different genetic variaties of GIFT strain. Marker assisted Marker assisted Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment) Native 21 Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Cyprinus carpio Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy Carp production is based (chromosome set (chromosome set mainly on small and Stopped Stopped Cross breeds manipulation) manipulation) integrated cultivation X Not known Not known systems in south of Brazil. Strains Monosex Monosex No breding program of Cyprinus carpio has been Marker assisted Marker assisted done. Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment)

Native Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Oncorhynchus mykiss Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Rainbow trout production is Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy based on a small scale (chromosome set (chromosome set production with farms Stopped Stopped Cross breeds manipulation) manipulation) located in high altitudes X Not known Not known sites. The genetic material Strains Monosex Monosex was brought to Brazil during the 1940´s. No records of Marker assisted Marker assisted genetic improvement Varieties selection selection programs has been found. Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment) Native 22 Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Seriola dumerili Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set No selective breeding Stopped Stopped Cross breeds manipulation) manipulation) program has been applied X Not known Not known for this species. Cultivation is Strains Monosex Monosex experimental and based on wild type broodstock. Marker assisted Marker assisted Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment)

Native Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Lutjanus synagris Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set No selective breeding Stopped Stopped Cross breeds manipulation) manipulation) program has been applied X Not known Not known for this species. Cultivation is Strains Monosex Monosex experimental and based on wild type broodstock. Marker assisted Marker assisted Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment) Native 23 Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Mugil liza Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped No selective breeding manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds program has been applied X Not known Not known for this species. Cultivation is Monosex Monosex Strains experimental and based on Marker assisted Marker assisted wild type broodstock. Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment)

Native Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Epinephelus spp Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped No selective breeding manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds program has been applied X Not known Not known for this species. Cultivation is Monosex Monosex Strains experimental and based on Marker assisted Marker assisted wild type broodstock. Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment) Native 24 Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding Rachycentron Selective bred No Stable Stable canadum Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Polyploidy Polyploidy Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing No selective breeding (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped program has been applied manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds for this species. Cultivation is X Not known Not known experimental with some Monosex Monosex Strains small scale commercial Marker assisted Marker assisted endevours and mostly based Varieties selection selection on wild type broodstock. Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment)

Native Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding Centropomus Selective bred No Stable Stable undecimalis Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy No selective breeding (chromosome set (chromosome set program has been applied Stopped Stopped Cross breeds manipulation) manipulation) for this species. Cultivation is X Not known Not known experimental and based on Strains Monosex Monosex wild type broodstock. Also include the following Marker assisted Marker assisted specie: Centropomus Varieties selection selection parallelus Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment) Native 25 Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Perna perna Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set No selective breeding Stopped Stopped Cross breeds manipulation) manipulation) program has been applied X Not known Not known for this species. Cultivation is Strains Monosex Monosex some what based on spat collection for renew seed Marker assisted Marker assisted production and growing out. Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment)

Native Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Nodipecten nodosus Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set No selective breeding Stopped Stopped Cross breeds manipulation) manipulation) program has been applied X Not known Not known for this species. Cultivation is Strains Monosex Monosex based on spat collection for growing out. Marker assisted Marker assisted Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment) Native 26 Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding Crassostrea Selective bred No Stable Stable rhizophorae Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set No selective breeding Stopped Stopped Cross breeds manipulation) manipulation) program has been applied X Not known Not known for this species. Cultivation is Strains Monosex Monosex based on spat collection for growing out. Marker assisted Marker assisted Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment)

Native Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Crassostrea gigas Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set No selective breeding Stopped Stopped Cross breeds manipulation) manipulation) program has been applied X Not known Not known for this species. Cultivation is Strains Monosex Monosex based on spat collection for growing out. Marker assisted Marker assisted Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment) Native 27 Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Penaeus vannamei Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped Cross breeds manipulation) manipulation) Selective breeding has been X Not known Not known carried out by government Strains Monosex Monosex and private initiatives. Marker assisted Marker assisted Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment)

Native Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding Piaractus Selective bred No Stable Stable mesopotamicus Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds Species used mainly in X Not known Not known hybridization Strains Monosex Monosex Marker assisted Marker assisted Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment) Native 28 Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding Macrobrachium Selective bred No Stable Stable rosenbergii Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Polyploidy Polyploidy Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing The farming production of (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped this freshwater shrimp has manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds declined steadily. No records X Not known Not known of production in the official Monosex Monosex Strains list of aquaculture Marker assisted Marker assisted production in Brazil Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment)

Native Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Rana catesbeiana Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped Small scale production. No manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds production data known and X Not known Not known genetic improvement Monosex Monosex Strains program Marker assisted Marker assisted Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment) Native 29 Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Kappaphycus alvarezii Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped Small scale production. No manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds production data known and X Not known Not known genetic improvement Monosex Monosex Strains program. Marker assisted Marker assisted Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment)

Native Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Gracilaria spp Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped Small scale production. No manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds production data known and X Not known Not known genetic improvement Monosex Monosex Strains program. Marker assisted Marker assisted Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment) Native 30 Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Artemia franciscana Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped Artemia is collected form slt manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds deposits in Northern of Brazil X Not known Not known to be commercialized for Monosex Monosex Strains marine shrimp farming. Marker assisted Marker assisted Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment)

Native Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Steindachneridion spp Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Polyploidy Polyploidy Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing No selective breeding (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped program has been applied manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds for this species. Cultivation is X Not known Not known experimental and mostly Monosex Monosex Strains based on wild type Marker assisted Marker assisted broodstock. Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment) Native 31 Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Odontesthes spp Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating No selective breeding Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing Polyploidy Polyploidy program has been applied (chromosome set (chromosome set for this species. Cultivation is Stopped Stopped Cross breeds manipulation) manipulation) experimental and mostly X Not known Not known based on wild type Strains Monosex Monosex broodstock. Species used are O. Marker assisted Marker assisted argentinienses (marine) and Varieties selection selection bonarienses (freshwater) Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment)

Native Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Hippocampus reidi Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating No selective breeding Polyploidy Polyploidy Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing program has been applied (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped for this species. Cultivation is manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds experimental and mostly X Not known Not known based on wild type Monosex Monosex Strains broodstock. Small scale Marker assisted Marker assisted production for ornamental Varieties selection selection commerce. Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment) Native 32 Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Astronotus ocellatus Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating No selective breeding Polyploidy Polyploidy Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing program has been applied (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped for this species. Cultivation is manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds experimental and mostly X Not known Not known based on wild type Monosex Monosex Strains broodstock. Small scale Marker assisted Marker assisted production for ornamental Varieties selection selection commerce. Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment)

Native Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding No Stable Stable Pterophyllum scalare Selective bred Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating No selective breeding Polyploidy Polyploidy Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing program has been applied (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped for this species. Cultivation is manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds experimental and mostly X Not known Not known based on wild type Monosex Monosex Strains broodstock. Small scale Marker assisted Marker assisted production for ornamental Varieties selection selection commerce. Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment) Native 33 Introduced Wild Type Yes Increasing Increasing Selective breeding Selective breeding Paralichthys Selective bred No Stable Stable orbignyanus Hybridization Hybridization type Not Known Fluctuating Fluctuating Polyploidy Polyploidy Hybrids Decreasing Decreasing No selective breeding (chromosome set (chromosome set Stopped Stopped program has been applied manipulation) manipulation) Cross breeds for this species. Cultivation is X Not known Not known experimental and mostly Monosex Monosex Strains based on wild type Marker assisted Marker assisted broodstock. Varieties selection selection Other (specify in Other (specify in Polyploids comment) comment) 34 10. Which aquatic species in your country are thought to have potential for domestication and future use in aquaculture?

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Species Is the species native to your Comments Type and select a species country? For example main sources of information

Yes Hilsdorf, A.W.S., 2013. Marcadores moleculares e a caracterização dos recursos genéticos de peixes: No Arapaima gigas desenvolvimento sustentável da aquicultura e da pesca de Not Known espécies nativas de água doce no Brasil. Tese (Livre Docência), Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga,159 f. X Hilsdorf, A.W.S., Resende, E.K., Orfão, L.H. 2011. Conservação e manejo dos recursos genéticos aquícolas. In: Conservação de Recursos Genéticos no Brasil, Costa, A.M., Spehar, C.R., Sereno, J.R.B. (Eds), 1º. ed., Planaltina, DF, EMBRAPA Cerrado, p. 551-581.

Baldisserotto, B., 2009. Piscicultura continental no Rio Grande do Sul: situação atual, problemas e perspectivas para o futuro. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 39: 291-299.

Cavalli, R.O., Hamilton, S. 2009. Piscicultura marinha no Brasil com ênfase na produção do beijupirá. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 6: 64-69.

Ostrensky, A., Borghetti, J.R., Doris Soto, D., 2008. Aqüicultura no Brasil: o desafio é crescer. Brasília: Secretaria Especial de Aqüicultura e Pesca/ FAO. 276 pp.

Kubitza, F., Ono, E.A.; Campos, J.L. 2007. Os caminhos da produção de peixes nativos no Brasil: uma análise da produção e obstáculos da piscicultura. Panorama da Aquicultura, Rio de Janeiro, 17(102): 14-23.

Flores Nava, A. 2007. Aquaculture seed resources in Latin America: a regional synthesis, pp. 91–102. In: M.G. Bondad- Reantaso (ed.). Assessment of freshwater fish seed resources for sustainable aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 501. Rome, FAO. 628p.

Suplicy, F.M. 2007. Freshwater fish seed resources in Brazil, pp. 129–143. In: M.G. Bondad-Reantaso (ed.). Assessment of freshwater fish seed resources for sustainable aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 501. Rome, FAO. 2007. 628p.

Baldisserott, O, B., Gomes, L.C., 2005. Espécies nativas para piscicultura no Brasil. Santa Maria: UFSM, 470 pp.