Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project- Vyas Town Project

Initial Environmental Examination

March 2013

NEP: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project- Vyas Town Project

Prepared by Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Ministry of Urban Development for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 30 March 2013)

Currency unit – nepali rupees (NPR) NPR1.00 = $0.0115 $1.00 = NPR86.8000

ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank amsl – above mean sea level CMA – Community Medical Auxiliary DI – ductile iron Dia. – diameter DSC – Design and Supervision Consultant DWSS – Department of Water supply and Sewerage EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan EPA – Environment Protection Act EPR – Environment Protection Rule GI – galvanized iron GoN – Government of Nepal HDPE – high density polyethylene pipe HHs – households IEE – Initial Environmental Examination lpcd – liter per capita per day lps – liters per second MOUD – Ministry of Urban Development NDWQS – National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA – Nepal Electricity Authority NGO – Non Government Organization Nrs. – Nepali Rupees O&M – operation & maintenance OD – outer diameter PMC – Project Management Consultant PMO – Project Management Office TDF – Town Development Fund VAT – Value Added Tax VDC – Village Development Committee WHO – World Health Organization WSSDO – Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC – Water User’s and Sanitation Committee

NOTES

(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Nepal and its agencies ends on 15 July. “FY” before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2011 ends on 15 July 2011.

(ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Government of Nepal Ministry of Urban Development Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Second Small Towns Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Project Project Management Office Panipokhari, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Of Vyas Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Tanahu (Batch II, Package II)

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Executive Summary Proponent This IEE Report has been prepared for the construction of water supply and sanitation scheme in Vyas Town. Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (STWSSSP) of Government of Nepal, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS), Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) is the executing agency and the proponent of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study for Vyas Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Tanahu District. Background In January 2000 the Government endorsed the 15-year Development Plan for Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation in order to improve health and economic and environmental living conditions of people in small towns in Nepal. The project embraces the community managed demand responsive approach, where the community is involved in all aspects of planning and implementation of the town projects. Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been providing financial assistance to this sector project. Project Description The proposed Vyas Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project lies in Vyas Municipality, Tanahu district of Gandaki zone and Western Development region of Nepal. The proposal is to provide water supply facility to wards 2, 10 and 11 and partial portion of ward 1 of Vyas Municipality. The Project comprises of two different sources of surface water viz. Gunadi Spring with gravity flow system and Madi River with pumping system. Relevancy of the Proposal IEE preparation and approval is a legal requirement before its implementation as per the provision of Rule 3, Schedule 1, Ai (Drinking Water Sector) of the Environmental Protection Rules, (EPR, 1997 with amendments). Thus the IEE study of the Proposal is mandatory as per this provision. Methodology The findings and conclusions of the report are based on the analysis of the information collected from the field by undertaking a walk-through environmental survey along the proposed area and secondary information collected by the social and technical teams working in the detail survey. Public consultation was done during the field visit with the local people living around the project area, members of WUSC, teachers and local leaders. Existing environmental condition The project area is located within 27o59’18’ N, 84o15’40”E and 27o58’07”N, 84o16’25”E with average elevation of 358 m and lies in Lesser Himalaya Zone in between Madi River and Buldi Khola which finally drain to Seti River. The Project area lies in Sub-Tropical Climatic Zone with mean maximum temperature of 29.7oC and mean minimum temperature of 17.7oC. Average annual precipitation of the project area is 2151 mm. Seti, Madi and Buldi Rivers are the major river of the project area and all the catchment water is drained to Seti River which flows towards south of the Project area. Major tree species in the forest are Sal (Shorea robusta), Chilaune (Schima wallichii) and Simal (Bombax ceiba). Sal trees are the dominant species. Jackal (Canis aureus), Porcupine (Hystrix indica), Malsapro (Martes foina), Hare (Caprolaus hispidus), Monkey (Macaca mulatta) etc. are the animal species found in the forest.

There are 2238 households in the project area (Survey year 2012). The total population is 17,765 including rental population (33.5%). The population of male comprises 49% and female population comprises 51% which is almost equal. The average family size is 5.27. The majority of the beneficiaries are Janajatis (51%) and Bramin/Chhetri (36%). Population of Dalits and Others (Muslim and Madhesi) consists of 7% and 6%.respectively. The main occupation of the people residing in the zone of influence (ZoI) is business and trade (31%). People are also involved in different services (29%). Substantially high percentage (10%) of population is dependent on remittance earned through foreign employment. Dependency on agricultural source of income is very low (2 %) which indicates that the service area is remarkably urbanized. Beneficial Impacts Implementation of the Project will provide drinking water facility in Vyas Municipality. This will lead in improved health and sanitation condition of the project area. Adverse Impacts No significant adverse environmental impact is envisaged by the implementation and operation of the Project. Some minimal negative impacts are local in nature and low in magnitude. There are very little possibilities of adverse impact on biological and socio economical environment of Project area. There may be some impact due to air, water and noise pollution, soil erosion, and disturbances to community during construction. During operation phase, there may be impact due to contaminated water in the distribution system and toxic chemical hazards. Mitigation Measures Though small in magnitude, there are some possibilities of producing adverse environmental impacts, which must be mitigated as possible. Use of labor intensive construction techniques, preservation of vegetation, safe guarding of trees, allowing frequent movement of vehicles and pedestrian along the existing roads within construction period etc. are some of the measures prescribed. Occupational health and safety, insurance of workers, provision of clean drinking water and toilets in work camp and sites, arrangement of first aid box and fire extinguishers with training to use them will be provided in the work site. Environmental Management Plan and Monitoring An action plan with clear roles and responsibilities of stakeholders, time schedule and cost has been prepared. The Design and Supervision Consultant (DSC), Water Users Committee (WUC), Project Management Office (PMO), Contractors, Vyas Municipality office are some of the major stakeholders responsible for implementation of the action plan. A well defined mechanism for the monitoring of Environment Management Action Plan and the indicators for the Monitoring of the work have been formulated. Conclusion and Recommendation The IEE study of the proposed water supply Project reveals that the benefits from the implementation of the proposed Project are more significant and long term in nature against the adverse impacts most of which could be mitigated or avoided. Therefore, this IEE is sufficient for approval of the proposed Project. This Project is recommended for implementation with incorporation of mitigation measures and environmental management plan and monitoring plan.

Table of Contents sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z...... i Executive Summary ...... iv Table of Contents ...... vi List of Tables ...... viii List of Figures ...... viii Annexes ...... viii List of Abbreviations ...... ix CHAPTER I ...... 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Name and Address of the Individual Institution Preparing the Report ...... 1 1.1.1 Name of the Proposal ...... 1 1.1.2 Name and Address of the Proponent ...... 1 1.2 Basis and Extent of the IEE Study ...... 1 1.2.1 ADB Policy ...... 2 1.2.2 National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines ...... 2 1.2.3 Objectives and Scope of Environmental Study ...... 6 1.2.4 Relevancy of the Project ...... 6 1.2.5 Approach and Methodology ...... 8 Chapter II ...... 10 Description of the Project ...... 10 2.1 Existing Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Infrastructure ...... 10 2.1.1 Water Supply Facility ...... 10 2.1.2 Sanitation Facility ...... 10 2.1.3 Drainage Facility ...... 10 2.1.4 Solid Waste Management ...... 11 2.2 Type, Category and Need of the Project ...... 11 2.3 Size or Magnitude of Operation ...... 11 2.4 Proposed Schedule for Implementation ...... 11 2.5 Description of Project ...... 12 2.5.1 Water Source ...... 12 2.5.2 Water Treatment Facilities ...... 12 2.5.3 Service Reservoirs ...... 13 2.5.4 Pipe Line ...... 13 2.5.5 Other System Appurtenance ...... 14 Chapter III ...... 17 Description of the Environment ...... 17 3.1 Physical Resources ...... 17 3.1.1 Topography ...... 17 3.1.2 Geology and Soils, Seismology ...... 17

3.1.3 Hydrology and Climate ...... 17 3.1.4 Water Resources ...... 17 3.2 Ecological Resources ...... 17 3.2.1 National Parks and Protected Areas ...... 17 3.2.2 Forests ...... 18 3.3 Social and Cultural Resources ...... 18 3.3.1 Population and Communities ...... 18 3.3.2 Health Facilities ...... 18 3.3.3 Educational Facilities ...... 18 3.3.4 Socio-economic conditions ...... 18 3.3.5 Physical or Cultural Heritage ...... 19 3.3.6 Employment ...... 19 3.3.7 Slums and Squatter Settlements ...... 19 3.4 Economic Development and Prospects for Growth ...... 19 3.4.1 Land Use ...... 19 3.4 2 Infrastructure ...... 19 3.4.3 Economic Characteristics ...... 20 3.4.4 Development Organizations ...... 20 3.4.5 Major Environmental Problems ...... 21 3.4.6 Health and Sanitation ...... 22 CHAPTER IV ...... 23 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 23 4.1 Beneficial Impacts ...... 23 4.1.1 Construction Phase ...... 23 4.1.2 Operation Phase ...... 23 4.2 Adverse Impacts ...... 24 4.2.1 Pre-Construction Phase ...... 24 4.2.2 Construction Phase ...... 25 4.2.3 Operation Phase ...... 28 CHAPTER V ...... 34 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT SITUATIONS ...... 34 5.1 Alternative in Project Location ...... 34 5.2 Alternative in Technology, Implementation Procedure and Raw Materials ...... 34 5.3 No Project Option ...... 34 CHAPTER VI ...... 35 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ...... 35 6.1 Public Consultation ...... 35 6.2 Information Disclosure ...... 35 CHAPTER VII ...... 37 GRIEVANCE AND REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 37 CHAPTER VIII ...... 38 vii

MATTERS TO BE MONITORED DURING IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT ...... 38 8.1 Mitigation and Monitoring ...... 38 8.1.1 Construction Phase ...... 38 8.1.2 Operation Phase ...... 38 8.2 Environmental Procedures and Institutions ...... 45 8.3 Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures ...... 46 8.4 Reporting Procedure ...... 46 8.5 Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates ...... 47 8.6 Work Plan ...... 47 CHAPTER IX ...... 49 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 49 REFERENCES ...... 50 List of Tables Table 1: Criteria for Requirement of IEE and/or EIA for Drinking Water Supply Projects as per Annex 1 and Schedule G and Annex 3 Schedule H of Environment Protection Regulation 1997 Amendment 2007 Compared with the Situation of the Project ...... 7 Table 2: Infrastructures needed for the Project ...... 14 Table 3: Salient Features of Vyas Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project ...... 15 Table 4: Climatological record of Tanahu ...... 17 Table 5: Industries in Project Area ...... 20 Table 6: Hotels in Project Area ...... 20 Table 7: Governmental Offices in the service area ...... 20 Table 8: Banks in the service area ...... 21 Table 9: Cooperatives in the Project Area ...... 21 Table 10: Evaluation of Anticipated Environmental Impacts ...... 29 Table 11: Mitigation measures, responsible agencies and cost required ...... 31 Table 12: Summary of Public Consultation ...... 35 Table 13: Monitoring Plan and Cost during construction Phase ...... 39 Table 14: Monitoring Plan and Cost during Operation Phase ...... 43 Table 15: Annual Environmental Cost ...... 47 Table 16: Project implementation schedule ...... 48 List of Figures

Figure 1: Flow Diagram for Treatment Plant ...... 12 Figure 2: Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 37 Figure 3: Organization of EMP ...... 46 Annexes Annex I: Approved TOR Annex II: REA Checklist Annex III: Location Map Annex IV: Public Notice Annex V: Deed of Inquiry Annex VI: Minutes of Public Consultation Annex VII: Recommendation Letter Annex VIII: Survey Questionnaire Annex IX: Water Quality Test Reports

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List of Abbreviations

ADB : Asian Development Bank amsl : Above Mean Sea Level CMA : Community Medical Auxiliary DI : Ductile Iron Dia. : Diameter DSC : Design and Supervision Consultant DWSS : Department of Water Supply and Sewerage EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EMP : Environmental Management Plan EPA : Environmental Protection Act EPR : Environmental Protection Rule GI : Galvanized Iron GoN : Government of Nepal HDPE : High Density Polyethylene Pipe HHs : Households IEE : Initial Environmental Examination lpcd : Liter per capita per day lps : Liter per second MoUD : Ministry of Urban Development NDWQS : National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA : Nepal Electricity Authority NGO : Non-government Office Nrs. : Nepalese Rupees O&M : Operation and Maintenance OD : Outer diameter PMC : Project Management Consultant PMO : Project Management Office SSTWSSSP : Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project TDF : Town Development Fund VAT : Value Added Tax VDC : Village Development Committee WHO : World Health Organization WSSDO : Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC : Water User’s and Sanitation Committee

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Name and Address of the Individual Institution Preparing the Report 1.1.1 Name of the Proposal 1. The Name of the Proposal is Vyas Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project 1.1.2 Name and Address of the Proponent 2. The Project proponent, Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (STWSSSP) of Government of Nepal, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS), Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), is responsible for the preparation of IEE report. Name of Proponent: Project Management Office Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Ministry of Urban Development Government of Nepal

Address of the Proponent: Panipokari, Kathmandu Tel: 977 1 442388, 977 1 4412348 Fax: 977 1 4413280 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sstwsssp.gov.np 1.2 Basis and Extent of the IEE Study 3. In January 2000 the Government endorsed the 15-year Development Plan for Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation in order to improve health and economic and environmental living conditions of people in small towns in Nepal. The Project embraces the community managed demand responsive approach, where the community is involved in all aspects of planning and implementation of the town projects. Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been providing financial assistance to this sector project. 4. The first phase of the Project, whose duration was 2001 – 2008, has already been completed and the people of 29 small towns have been benefitted by the Project. Upon the completion of the first phase and after finding positive impacts of the Project, Government of Nepal decided to implement the second phase, with the name, Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSSP). For the implementation, formulation, and operation and maintenance of the Project, SSTWSSSP aims to have full participation of the users of the respective towns. The cost will also be shared equally by the users and GON. 5. Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) is the implementing agency of the Project whereas Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) is the executive agency. The Project has many stakeholders such as WUSC, Project Management Office (PMO) of DWSS, District Division Office,

Town Development Fund (TDF), Design and Supervision Consultant (DSC), and local NGO responsible for social mobilization, health and hygiene programme and preparation of social profiles. 6. Both the Nepali law and ADB policy require that the environmental implications of individual developments are taken into account in the planning and decision making processes and that action is taken to reduce the impacts to acceptable levels. This is done through environmental assessment process, which has become an integral part of lending operations and Project development and implementation. 1.2.1 ADB Policy 7. ADB’s Environment Policy requires environmental considerations to be incorporated into ADB operations. Environmental assessment is the primary administrative tool to integrate environmental considerations into decision-making of all types of development initiatives such as formulating policies, programs, and development plans or projects to ensure that proposed development will have minimal environmental impacts and be environmentally sound. 8. The nature of the assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project, the sensitivity, scale, nature and magnitude of its potential impacts, and the availability of cost-effective mitigation measures. Projects are screened for their expected environmental impacts and are assigned to either category A, B or C. 9. According to preliminary environmental screening and REA, the project is found to fall under category B (Category B projects are those, which are judged to have some adverse environmental impacts but of lesser degree and/or significance than those for category A projects). For these types of projects IEE is required. 1.2.2 National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines Law Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 B.S. (2007 A.D.) 10. The interim constitution of Nepal realized environmental protection as the policy of the state. Clause (4) of Article (35) of the constitution states that ‘The State shall, while mobilizing the natural resources and heritage of the country that might be useful and beneficial to the interest of the nation, pursue a policy of giving priority to the local community’. The Clause (5) states that ‘The State shall make necessary arrangements to maintain the natural environment. The State shall give priority to special protection of the environment, and rare wildlife, and prevent further damage due to physical development activities, by increasing awareness of the general public about environmental cleanliness. Provision shall be made for the protection of the forest, vegetation and biodiversity, their sustainable use and for equitable distribution of the benefits derived from them’. Plan/Policies Rural Water Supply and Sanitation National Policy, Strategy and Action Plan 2060 B.S. (2004 A.D.) 11. This provides guidance on water supply and sanitation service provision in rural areas using community led participatory approaches. While partially relevant in the urban context, particularly around the integration of inputs and local capacity building, it generally fails to address the complex operational challenges to be faced by Municipal authorities in implementing and managing urban services.

Second Three Year Interim Plan 2068-71 B.S. 12. The interim plan provides the most recent guidance on urban sector priorities highlighting, in particular, the need to address the effects of rapid urbanization on service levels, water quality and scheme maintenance. It proposes the full integration of sewerage, on-site sanitation and solid waste management in all urban schemes and specially endorses cost recovery from consumers. Local authorities are responsible for overseeing project implementation but with private sector organizations playing increasing roles. Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Policy 2066 B.S. (2009 A.D.) 13. This policy was recently formulated to provide an overall policy support and guidance towards achieving equity in service delivery by ensuring that the financially marginalized households within the system areas are mainstreamed as valid customers of service through design and implementation of financial incentives where so required. ADB’s “Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS)” 2066 B.S. (2009 A.D.) 14. ADB’s Safeguard Policy Framework consists of three operational policies on the Environment, Indigenous people and involuntary resettlement. It requires that (i) impacts are identified and assessed early in the project cycle, (ii) plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for the potential adverse impacts are developed and implemented and (iii) affected people are informed and consulted during project preparation and implementation Acts and Regulations Land Acquisition Act 2034 B.S. (1977 A.D.) and Rules 2026 (1969) 15. Land Acquisition Act, 2034 (1977) with amendment in 2049 (1993) guides the compulsory acquisition of land in the country. The Land Acquisition Act and the Land Acquisition Rules are the two main legal instruments that specify procedural matters of land acquisition and compensation. Government can acquire land at any place in any quantity by giving compensation pursuant to the Act for the land acquired for any public purposes or for operation of any development project initiated by government institutions (Section 3 and 4). The powers given under these sections are very broad as government is empowered to acquire any land in the name of public works. The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007 in its Article 19 (2) directs the state to provide compensation for any property requisitioned, acquired or encumbered by the State in implementing scientific land reform program or in public interest in accordance with law. Solid Waste Management Act 2011 (2068 BS) 16. The Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Centre has prepared a 'Solid Waste Management Act' for managing increasing garbage in the city. The Act is related for sustainable management of garbage and to minimize the negative impacts of garbage on environment and public health. According to the act, the local agency will manage garbage under the public and private partnership concept. The Act has provisions for segregation of garbage according to its nature and for managing hazardous, industrial, medical and domestic wastes accordingly. Provisions of complete responsibility to local bodies and strict punishment have also been proposed in the act for effective monitoring system. Water Resources Act 2049 B.S. (1992 A.D.) and Regulation, 2050 B.S. (1993A.D.) 17. Water Resource Act is an umbrella act governing water resource management. It declares the order of priority of water use; vests ownership of water in the state; prohibits water pollution; and provides for the formation of Water User Association and system of licensing. The Regulation sets

out the procedure to register a WUA and to obtain a license and sets out the rights and obligations of WUA and license holders. Water Tax Act 2023 (1966) 18. Under the Act, the water user who use water through a tap distributed by the government is obliged to pay water tax as fixed by prevalent laws and charges are levied if the tax is not paid within the time as fixed by the law. Labor Act 2048 B.S. (1992 A.D.) 19. The Labor Act, 1992, which is executed by Ministry of Labor, is the main regulation regulating the working environment. Chapter 5 of this Act deals with occupational health and safety. Section 27 of Chapter 5 requires the management to make certain arrangements such as the removal of waste accumulated during production process and prevention of accumulation of dust, fume, vapor, and other impure materials, which would adversely affect health of workers. Sections 28 and 29 require management to provide protective clothing and devices to workers handling chemical substances and other hazardous and explosive substances. In order to prevent accidents, section 30 of the Act requires the proprietor to make arrangements for fire safety equipment and emergency equipment while section 31 requires the placement of sturdy fences around hazardous machines and equipment operated by energy. Forest Act 2049 (1992 A.D.) and Regulations 2050 (1993 A.D.) 20. The Forest Act, 1992 (with amendments) and its Rules 1993 contains several provisions to ensure the development, conservation, management and sustainable use of forest resources. The Act categories the forest into five categories viz.; state managed forest, community forest, leasehold forest, private forest and religious forest. 21. The Act in general, prohibits the use of forest areas for development projects, but its Article 68 empowers GoN to issue permission to use the required portion of forest for development with the assurance that it does not significantly affect the environment. Based on Forest Legislation, GoN has legally protected thirteen plant species. The Regulation further elaborates legal measures for the conservation of forests and wild animals. Environmental Protection Act 2053 B.S. (1997 A.D.) Regulations 2054 (1997 A.D.) with Amendment 22. The act requirement prescribed developmental projects to carry out Initial Environmental Examination and such projects cannot be implemented without approval from the Ministry of Urban Development. The proponent is required to submit Proposal with the report and the Ministry has to grant approval of the proposal after opinions and suggestions by the general-public and by an expert committee formed by the Ministry. The act also has the provision such that nobody can create pollution beyond prescribed limits or standards; or nobody can cause significant adverse impacts to the environment to safeguard to public life and health. The EPR elaborates provisions to prepare and submit the Terms of Reference (TOR) and IEE report for approval and includes public consultation processes. As per the EPR, the Environmental Assessment report, in general, should include detailed information on impacts and environmental protection measures, including implementation plan, monitoring and evaluation. Public consultation is a pre-requisite in all the prescribed projects. The provisions of the act and regulations are directly related to the project and hence these provisions have been considered in the design and proposed implementation.

Local Self Governance Act 2055 B.S. (1999 A.D.) and Regulations 2056 B.S. (2000 A.D.) 23. The Local Self-Governance Act, 1999 empowers the local bodies for the conservation of soil, forest, and other natural resources and implementation of environmental conservation activities. The Village Development Committees (VDCs), Municipalities and District Development Committees (DDCs) are mandated to take up the responsibilities of formulation and implementation of programme relating to protection of environment and bio-diversity, and to give adequate priority for the protection of environment during the formulation of local level plans and programme. The Regulation has provisions for VDCs, District Development Committee DDCs and municipalities to coordinate and implement development projects/programs and to provide approval or clearance of the proposed project. Drinking Water Regulations 2055 B.S. (1998 A.D.) 24. This regulation regulates the use of drinking water and deals with the control of water pollution and maintenance of quality standards for drinking water. It also sets out the conditions of service utilization by consumers. Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation Act 2056 B.S. (2001 A.D.) 25. Section 3 of the act prohibits a child from engaging in work, sub clause 1 of the clause 3 states “Nobody shall engage in work a child who has not completed fourteen years of age as a labor and sub clause 2 states “Nobody shall engage a child in a risk full occupation or work set forth in the Schedule”. The section 4 states “Child not to be engaged in work against his will by temptation or fear or pressure or by any other means”. Town Development Act 2045 (1988 A.D.) 26. The Act has provisions about the formation of town development committee in any town area to implement town planning and in carrying out the developmental and reconstruction work of that town. 27. Clauses 9 of town development act empowers the town development committee to regulate, control or prohibit any act which has an adverse effect on public health or the aesthetics of the town, or in any way pollutes the environment. It contains penalty provision in the form of fines for the violation of the Act. Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act 1989 (and amendments) & Water Supply Management Board Act, 2006 & Water Supply Tariff Fixation Commission Act 2006 28. These acts facilitate the improved management of water and sanitation services. They establish the legal basis for private sector management of schemes and independent fee setting and regulation applicable to all urban schemes. Standards and Guidelines National EIA Guidelines 2050 B.S. (1993 A.D.) 29. GON has developed and adopted National EIA guidelines in 1993, under which projects and programs are categorized as either requiring Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). This also includes scoping, preparation of ToR for IEE/EIA, Methods of IEE/EIA report, Impact identification, prediction, impact mitigation measures, review of draft EIA report, impact monitoring, evaluation of impact studies, impact auditing, community participation and schedules & annexes to IEE and EIA. Environmental Protection Act, 1997 and the Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997, were brought into force aiming at mainstreaming of the integration of environmental aspects in development projects and programs.

National Drinking Water Quality Standards 2062 B.S (2005 A.D.) 30. These standards provide details of the water quality standards to be applied to all water supply schemes. These set out the water quality parameters, which the water suppliers should adhere to. The directives also ensures that the water sampling, testing and analysis procedures used to certify that the drinking water supplied or to be supplied conforms to the NDWQS and also sets the monitoring and surveillance procedures to certify that the quality of supplied water conforms to the standards. Water Resources Strategy, 2055 B.S. (2002 A.D.) 31. In order to make water resource development comprehensive, systematized and accelerate the process of development, Government of Nepal issued Water Resource Strategy in 2002. With the goal of meeting its water supply needs and achieving long-term sustainability, the Water Resources Strategy aims to meet this need by providing a systematic framework for water resources development and identifying action plans to avoid and resolve conflicts, and achieve Nepal’s water- related development objectives. 1.2.3 Objectives and Scope of Environmental Study 32. The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the impacts of physical, biological, socioeconomic and cultural environment of the project area and to propose mitigation measures to avoid, mitigate, reduce and minimize such impacts. The specific objectives of the proposed IEE study include to:

• To identify, predict and evaluate the potential beneficial and adverse impacts of the project on the physical, biological and socio-economical resources in the project area • To suggest enhancement measures to augment the benefits of the project and to propose suitable mitigation measures to avoid, minimize and compensate the adverse impacts of the project • To prepare appropriate Environmental Management Action Plan (EMAP) • To inform public about the proposed project and its impact on their livelihood • To prepare an IEE as per the EPR, 1997 1.2.4 Relevancy of the Project 33. The Proposed Water Supply and Sanitation Project is intended to serve whole households of wards 2, 10 and 11 and partial portion of ward 1 of Vyas municipality. It is expected that on implementation of the project the users of the area will be able to avail from adequate amount of safe drinking water and need not resort the use of unsafe water. The project needs to go through IEE process as stipulated in EPR 1997 (Amendments 1999 and 2007). The proposed project shall rely on spring and river water source. The Project does not involve construction of any tunnels; relocation of people or households, there is no need to settle any households above the gravity source, and construction of river training works is also not required. The project is expected to benefit a design population of about 33,085. 34. As the proposed project falls within the definitions provided in the EPR 1997 (Amendments 1999 and 2007) Annex 1(G) for drinking water projects; only an IEE shall be necessary. The regulation stated in Annex 1 (H) shall only be applicable, if the proposal does not fall under categories (A) through (H) of Annex 3. Table 2.1 compares the status of the project point by point against the conditions defined by EPA 1997 and EPR 1997 (and its amendments 2007) for which a drinking water would require IEE or EIA.

Table 1: Criteria for Requirement of IEE and/or EIA for Drinking Water Supply Projects as per Annex 1 and Schedule G and Annex 3 Schedule H of Environment Protection Regulation 1997 Amendment 2007 Compared with the Situation of the Project S.N. Condition described in the IEE Required EIA Required Conditions in the Act and Regulations as per the as per the Project Regulation Regulation Annex 1 G Annex 3 H 1 River Control (Training) Up to 1 Over 1 NA Kilometer Kilometer 2 Channeling water from one Applicable Applicable NA watershed to another 3 Rain water collection and use Up to 200 More than 200 NA of spewing wetland hectares hectares 4 Supply of water in dry season Up to 1 cusec More than 1 Within the Limit from surface water with a safe and utilizing up cusec and yield of to 50% of the utilizing the available total available quantity quantity 5 Ground water Recharge Up to 50% of More than 50% NA total aquifer of aquifer 6 Water Treatment Up to 25 liter per More than 25 Within the Limit sec liter per sec 7 Construction of tunnel for Tunnel NA Channeling drinking water constructed 8 Water Resource Development 25 to 100 people Over 100 people NA which displaces people permanent residents 9 Settlement of people upstream Settlement of up Settlement of NA of water source to 500 people above 500 people 10 Supply of water to a 5,000 to 50,000 Over 50,000 The water supply population of system is designed for distribution of water to a total of population 33,085 11 Connection of New Source to More than The current supply water to existing water 100,000 population of the supply system for a population project is 20,017 and of the design population is 33,085 12 Operation of a drinking water Included NA supply system with inclusion of sewage disposal system with sewage treatment system 13 Extraction of ground water Applicable NA from sources which are located at point and non-point sources of biological and chemical

pollution and/or their influenced areas 14 Operation of water supply Applicable This is not a project included in a multipurpose project multipurpose project utilizing and is solely for water a source of 25 liter per sec supply. water. (Construction of Multiple Purpose Reservoir Required) Considering this, it is required to conduct IEE study as per the GoN/ EPR. 1.2.5 Approach and Methodology 35. The present Initial Environmental Examination report has been prepared based on the Terms of Reference (TOR) approved by the Ministry of Urban Development, of the Government of Nepal. The study has followed the provisions outlined in the Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997 and SPS, 2009 of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Data collection was initiated in January/February 2013 by the consultancy’s Environmental team along with Civil engineer and Sociologist. The major activities undertaken during the preparation of IEE are outlined below. Desk Study and Literature Review 36. A desk review was carried out with the following steps: Collection and review of secondary sources of information from various sources 37. Secondary information was collected through published and unpublished reports and interpretation of maps and photographs. The sources of information were District Development Committee (DDC), District Forest Office (DFO), other line agencies, related NGOs and other project offices in the district. Delineation of the geographical boundary of the Zone of Influence area on the topo-map 38. For the geographical boundary of the Zone of Influence (ZoI), whole area of wards 2, 10 and 11 and partial portion of ward 1 of Vyas municipality is taken. Construction areas including intake structures, reservoir tanks, transmission and distribution pipes lying areas, office building and operator/guard house are considered to be under direct influence area and remaining area is considered to be under indirectly influenced area. Preparation of a project specific checklist 39. A checklist was prepared as per REA checklist of ADB along with survey questionnaire to collect physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment-related information in the field, as given in Annex II and Annex VIII. Field survey and Data Collection 40. Primary data was collected through the field survey within the different settlements of Vyas Municipality. The following tools/research instruments were used for the collection of primary data:

• Public consultation - To conduct consultation with the local communities at different settlements, with key informants and other knowledgeable persons. This was managed to collect biological, socio-economic and cultural environment-related information. • Topographical map - This map was used to show environmental features on the map during the walkthrough survey.

• Photographs - Necessary photographs were taken to show different environmental features and affected structures. Compilation of existing information, impact identification and prediction 41. The information collected from different sources were processed and analyzed according to the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment within the ZoI. The secondary data collected was used as the major source for verification and crosschecking of primary data during the field survey. The generated information from the primary source was analyzed and tabulated. 42. Based on identification of the impacts, their predictions were done to forecast the changes in local environment. The methods adopted in impact predictions were done by using various methods, such as trend analysis, cause and effect relationship, expert judgment, etc. Mitigation Measures and Management Plan 43. Based on the identified impacts, the mitigation and monitoring prescriptions were developed. A realistic approach was applied for the application of the mitigation measures in the local context. An environmental monitoring and management plan was developed to assess the effectiveness of the mitigation measures and implementation status.

Chapter II Description of the Project

2.1 Existing Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Infrastructure 2.1.1 Water Supply Facility 44. In addition to the Damauli water supply system serving ward numbers 2, 10 and 11, there are a number of schemes serving the population of other wards of the Municipality. DWSO is implementing a number of projects to augment the supply and expand the distribution networks of these schemes. But due to lack of adequate yearly budget the implementation progress is slow. 45. Two scheme viz. Gunadi gravity system and Madi River pumping scheme are supplying water in the proposed service area. During Monsoon when the Madi River water pumping is stopped due to the presence of heavy silt and turbidity, the Gunadi source water is the only source of water. Presently Gunadi source is estimated to supply 7 lps of water in dry season and 11 lps of water in wet season. Madi River source supply (pumping) is nil in Monsoons. In dry seasons 10 lps is pumped for 12 hours to 20 hours depending on the load shedding hours. However this amount of water supply is inadequate to meet the high demand rate of the town. 46. The proposed service area has properly managed and operated water supply system. The water production, distribution, meter reading, revenue collection, routine repair and maintenance are a regular feature of the system management. Primary treatment facilities consist of a sedimentation tank followed by a roughening filter. However when the river water has high turbidity, this plant does not function well. Though the visible surface leakages are timely repaired, the proper procedure of leak repair is not followed and sub-surface leakages go unnoticed and hence left unrepaired. 47. Many households who are deprived of connection and/or have not enough water from their connection have resorted to pumping water from sump well built along rivers are getting polluted water. 2.1.2 Sanitation Facility 48. The household survey shows that all houses in the service area have toilet(s) and septic tanks as a primary mean to treat and dispose the human waste. In fact it is mandatory to house owners to build septic tanks in their premises to obtain Municipality approval for the construction of houses. However, there is only one public toilet (near bus stop) and many more are needed to be built at places of public assembly. Municipality had tried to construct a few public toilets in the past without success due to strong opposition from the neighboring resident of the location proposed for toilet construction. 49. The existing practice of human excreta and feces management is use of septic tanks. However, in most cases the septic tanks are not properly designed and constructed. The sludge from the septic tank, when full, is pumped out into a truck mounted tank and disposed in to open field and river banks without any kind of treatment. 2.1.3 Drainage Facility 50. Surface drains exist on the sides of most of the black topped and graveled roads. As Damauli is already an improved and fast growing municipality, the Municipality office has been improving road surfaces and putting side drains along such roads. The surface drains are discharged in to Buldi and Madi rivers. The topography of the town is suitable for efficient drainage.

2.1.4 Solid Waste Management 51. Vyas Municipality Office is responsible to collect solid waste from the street and transport it to the dumping sites along the Madi river banks to be washed away in Monsoon. According to the sample survey results solid waste from 81.41 % of the households are collected by Municipality. The private solid waste service provider collects solid waste from 6.53 % of the households and dump along the Madi River and Buldi Khola banks. The rest of the households dump their solid wastes into pits on their premises. 52. The streets and public places are manually swept for liters by municipal sweepers each day in the early morning which are collected in a tractor drawn trailer for dumping. Households bring their trashes out to dump into the garbage collection tractor. 2.2 Type, Category and Need of the Project 53. The Vyas Small Town WSP has been conceptualized as a piped, gravity water supply system, considering surface water at Madi Khola and renovation of existing Gunadi Spring (surface water source) as the source with conventional treatment system plan including grit removal chamber, sedimentation tank and slow sand filter treatment system with ground reservoirs for distribution. The system has been formulated to provide reliable and continuous 24 hours drinking water supply in adequate quantity and quality to the consumers at desired service level. 54. With the expansion of the population due to rapid urbanization, the supply of water from existing schemes has become too low as compared to the demand. The quality of water supplied is also not satisfactory especially during the rainy season when the turbidity is very high. 55. The WUSC and members of different political parties expressed that need of drinking water is their top priority and they assured that beneficiaries are ready to pay their part of contribution. The study of the project area indicates that the community in the project area is aware of quality of water for drinking purpose and are paying requisite tariff as affixed by WUSC. They are not satisfied in terms of quality and quantity of water delivered. 2.3 Size or Magnitude of Operation 56. The scheme is designed for a base population of 13,545 (year 2015) and a design year population of 20,489 (in the year 2029). Existing Gunadi water supply scheme will be renovated and beside this, water will be tapped from Madi River for providing water to the service area. 2.4 Proposed Schedule for Implementation 57. Major project activities are construction and installation of

• Surface sources and intakes • Generator and Generator shed • Pumping system • Transmission mains • Treatment facilities • Reservoirs • Distribution mains • House connection • Water quality testing facility • Office building • Guard Quarter/Operator House • Boundary wall etc.

58. The work will be contracted to a contractor, the standard procedure for selection and tendering will be followed as per the norms of the Fiscal Act and Regulations. These will comprise of tendering and approval of contract; presentation of security performance, field mobilization of workers, technicians, and professional of the contractor; procurement and transportation of materials, installation of structural works, mechanical works, pipe works and commissioning works. 2.5 Description of Project 2.5.1 Water Source 59. Two different surface water sources Gunadi Spring and Madi River will be used for this project. In case of Gunadi Spring source, the existing water supply scheme will be renovated where as new designs are needed for Madi River source. 60. The water quality test report shows presence of E-coli in both (Gunadi & Madi) sources. Turbidity and Iron in Madi water sample exceeded the prescribed NDWQS. The water quality test reports of samples collected at various points are attached in Annex IX. 2.5.2 Water Treatment Facilities 61. All urban water supplies must meet the National Drinking Quality Standards (NDWQS). In order to meet the National Drinking Water Quality Standards, all sources of supply will require proper treatment for the removal of turbidity, physical and chemical impurities and bacteriological removal followed by disinfection by chlorination. One of the two sources, namely Madi River, will require elaborate treatment to eliminate sand, silt and turbidity and bacteriological impurities. Both Madi and Gunadi water source presence of e-coli bacteria which indicate fecal contamination. 62. The Madi river source water treatment plant will be located at Katpani owned by WUSC. The treated water will be discharged into three water storage tank (one new 250 cum at the new site, one new 400 cum at the existing site, and one old 500 cum at existing site and on new 100 cum at higher ground above existing site.)

Figure 1: Flow Diagram for Treatment Plant

Madi River → Sub-surface infiltration → Collector well/sump well → pumping (15 lps initially) → plain sedimentation tank → roughening filter → slow sand filters → 4 balancing reservoirs (250/400/500/100 cum) → chlorination → distribution 63. The Gunadi water treatment plant will be located at the existing sedimentation/roughening filter/water storage tank site. (The treated water will be discharged into the existing 500 cum water reservoir tank.) Gunadi source (7 lps) → existing sedimentation tank → existing roughening filter → slow sand filter → existing storage reservoir (500 cum) → Chlorination → Distribution 2.5.3 Service Reservoirs 64. Three new service reservoirs are proposed to be constructed at different locations to serve different part of the service area. The reservoirs will be partly underground and partly above ground constructed of RCC in round shapes. 65. RVT 1: At the new treatment plant site a new service reservoir of 250 cum is proposed to serve ward no 11. The water demand of the reservoir service area is 8.5 lps. Based on consumption patter prescribed by the PMO design guidelines the calculated deficit of cumulative supply and demand is 233 cum. Therefore the reservoir tank size is kept at 250 cum. The size of the reservoir is filled in 10 hours at night. 66. RVT 2: At the existing reservoir site a new reservoir of 400 cum is proposed. The new reservoir In combination with the existing 500 cum RCC storage tank will serve the lower area of ward number 2, 10 and 11 (the main consumption area). The water demand of the reservoir service area is 30.0 lps. Based on consumption pattern prescribed by the PMO design guidelines the calculated deficit of cumulative supply and demand for the service area is 821 cum. Therefore the reservoir tank size is kept at 900 cum. The new and existing service reservoir will provide this capacity. The size of the reservoir is filled in 10 hours at night. 67. RVT 3: At the upper ground of existing water storage tank site a new service reservoir of 100 cum is proposed to serve upper settlement of ward no 11. The water demand of the reservoir service area is 2.5 lps. Based on the consumption patter prescribed by the PMO design guidelines the calculated deficit of cumulative supply and demand is 69 cum. Therefore the reservoir tank size is kept at 100 cum. The size of the reservoir is filled in 10 hours at night. 68. The existing reservoir of capacity 500 cum will also be used for the project. 2.5.4 Pipe Line 69. Alignments of the proposed pipelines have been fixed. The distribution network follows the tracks and roads as far as possible and no land acquisition is needed for the project. Transmission Line 70. The existing transmission pipes (two parallel lines of 110 mm dia HDPE) of Gunadi source will be left intact except for partial replacement at the intake and reservoir ends. The Gunadi water will be discharged to existing water storage tank by gravity as before. At the intake end, about 1125 m length of exposed worn out pipes of both lines laid along the water rivulet will be replaced with 125 mm OD of HDPE and 400 m of GI pipes of dia 125 mm. Similarly about 675 m of one of the pipeline, which has been use by WUSC for carrying water pumped from the existing tube well, will be replaced by HDPE pipe of 125 mm OD.

71. The existing 150 mm diameter GI transmission pipe used to carry pumped water from the Madi River will be abandoned completely and a new transmission pipe line will be constructed to deliver pumped water to new treatment plant site. Most of the length of new pipe will take the new route and will be longer than the existing transmission pipeline. The existing pipe at the common route is also un-usable because the size is not adequate to carry new design demand and the pipes are already old enough requiring replacement Distribution Networks 72. The existing distribution network is proposed to be replaced by a new network designed for the design year demand of water for the projected population. New unserved area has also been provided with new distribution pipelines. The existing distribution pipelines comprising of mostly HDPE pipes will not be able to sustain higher design pressure as they have been joined by traditional technique of hand pressure (lately mechanical jack were used) and heating plate (burner lamp or electrically heated). New pipes will be joined by electro-fusion technique using a hydraulic jack in order to make them able to withstand rated high water pressure. 73. The pipes will be of HDPE varying in sizes from 50 to 160 mm OD in varying pressure rating as per NS. The smallest pipe diameter used will be 50 mm and the lowest pressure rating of pipes will be 6 kg/sqcm provided that they are available (smaller pipe sizes are available in pressure ratings higher than 6 kg/sqcm). The total length of distribution network is 63 km. 74. As far as possible the distribution pipelines will be laid on both sides of the black top roads. They will be located at the outer edges of the road surfaces. The foot paths shall be used later for laying small bore sewers.). As most of the road surfaces in Damauli are black topped, high cost of road surface reinstatement will be involved. 2.5.5 Other System Appurtenance 75. The distribution network is small in comparison to any big size town and cities, therefore the concept of district metering will not be feasible and desirable. Provision of metering at the outlet of distribution reservoirs and the billed amount of water will be able to give a good picture of non- revenue water in the distribution network. Desired numbers of control scour and air valves will be provided in the network for smooth network operation. Table 2: Infrastructures needed for the Project Infrastructure Function Description Location Intake Structures Tapping and diversion of A Weir to take in Existing at Gunadi river water from surface water water from the stream near Gunadi Village and source and a settlement new at Madi river 100 m tank/sump well for upstream from Madi insoluble particles Bridge

Treatment Facilities Remove turbidity and Different chambers Treatment facility for bacteria from water and tanks like Grit Madi River water at removal tank, Katpani and for Gunadi Sedimentation Tank, stream at existing Roughening Filter and sedimentation/roughening Slow Sand Filter for filter/water storage tank surface water and site Aeration and Pressure Filter for ground

water Reservoirs Collect and store water Covered RCC tanks RVT 1 at Katpani, RVT 2 and 3 at existing reservoir site Transmission Mains Transfer water from the GI, DI and HDPE From source to source to the Treatment pipes of size 100 to treatment/storage tank /storage tank 250 mm Distribution Mains Transmission of water GI, DI and HDPE All over service area from the pipes of size 50 to Storage/distribution 300 mm tanks to the service area houses House Connection Connecting households GI pipe of size 15 to All over service area with distribution mains 25 mm Office Building Administrative purpose One and half storey Ward 11 near exising building with five reservoir tanks rooms Guard/Operator House for guard and Two one storey One near existing House other operating works building with three reservoir tank and one at rooms including toilet Katpani Table 3: Salient Features of Vyas Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project 1. Project Name: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project 2. Scheme Name: Vyas Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Damauli 3. Service Area: Includes the settlements of Vyas Municipality as follows: Wd No 1 Settlements named as Galbubesi Wd No 2 All Settlements such as Male Bagar, Bag Bazaar, Bhorle Chowk, Ganesh Man Chowk, Dangre Kholsi, Naya Sadak, Padam chowk, Satyabati tole, Malpot line, Safa sadak ko Pashchim (west), Kalika Marg, Prithvi Highway Area, Sadak Parivar, Purano Bank etc. Wd No 10 All settlements like Bishghare, Shanti Nagar, Bidhut (NEA) office area, Nim chowk area, Southern area of Nagarpalika, DSP Office to Vetinary office line, Eastern area of the Safa sadak, Deuralinagar, Parasar etc. Wd No 11 Settlements like Bagbhanjhyang, Chure Khola, Biral tar, Simal Tar, Jure Pani, Bagbajar, Birta Chhetra, Chhurekhola chhetra, Jal devi tole, Water supply Tank tole (Sankhar area), Prithvi High way line area, Menaka Cinema hall area, Northern area of Bhorle tar ckowk, NEA sub-station area and Barahi (Kankai) boarding School area. 4. Scheme Type: Gravity and Pumping system for both options. 5. Design Flow (base year): 15 Lps 24 Hr. Pumping per day from Madi River and 7 LPS from gravity 6. Source Discharge Measurement Measured Discharge Safe Yield Proposed Sources (LPS) (LPS) Taps Flow (LPS) Gunadi Source 12 lps 8 lps 7 lps Madi Source Plenty Plenty 34.0 lps 7. Designed Period: 15 years (1 year preparation, 2 year construction and 15 years design period) 8. Household No. Survey Year: 2751 9. Growth rate: 3% per Annum 10. Permanent population: Survey Year 2012 Base Year 2015 Design Year 2029

12,396 13,545 20,489 11. Water Demand at design year (lpd) Domestic: 28, 67,633 liters Non – domestic demand (adopts 10 % of domestic demand, which includes demand for rental population, Institutional, Industrial/commercial, fire demand etc.):- 2, 86,763 Liters Leakage and wastage (Approximately 10% of total demand etc.): 3, 50,488 Liters Total: 35, 04,885 Liters 12. Structure Required Description Quantity Spring Intake maintenance 1 Collector Well with Radial Pipe 1 Sump Well for Lifting water 1 Generator house(no) 1 Operator / Guard house 2 Fire Hydrant 4 Boundary wall for compounding 1 Sedimentation tank 1 Roughening Filter 1 Slow sand filter for Madi & Gunadi source 2 Chlorine Dosing Unit 2 Transmission main (KM) 2.8 Distribution Main (KM) 63 Pipeline for Gunadi (KM) 1.8 Size of Transmission Main GI main(mm) 100 – 125 HDPE(mm) 110-160 DI(m) (mm) 150-250 Size of Distribution Line GI main(mm) 15-100 HDPE(mm) 50-160 DI(m) (mm) 150-250 Ground Storage Tank (400 Cum) 1 Ground Storage Tank(250 Cum) 1 Ground Storage Tank(100 Cum) 1 Concrete valve chamber(No) 37 Pipe valve box (No) 173 HH fully plumb and yard connection (Base year) 3006 Institutional Connection 69 WUSC/Office/Lab building(no.) 1 Electrical Works 1 Mechanical Works 1 Re-instate of Black Topped Road (KM) 17

Chapter III Description of the Environment

3.1 Physical Resources 3.1.1 Topography 76. The project area is located within 27o59’18’ N, 84o15’40”E and 27o58’07”N, 84o16’25”E with average elevation of 358 m in between Madi River and Buldi Khola which finally drain to Seti River. The project area is densely populated and is the district headquarter of Tanahu District. The area is located in between Mugling and Pokhara. Prithvi Highway passes across the project area. 3.1.2 Geology and Soils, Seismology 77. The project area lies in Lesser Himalaya Zone. Dolomite is the predominant rock of the project area. Slate, Phyllite and quartzite are also found within the project area. No landslide is noticed in the nearby vicinity. 3.1.3 Hydrology and Climate 78. The Project area lies in Sub-Tropical Climatic Zone. Climatological data of Tanahu is given in table 4 below Table 4: Climatological record of Tanahu Mean Temperature oC Precipitation mm (1971-2000) Rainfall in mm

2007 2008 2009 2010 Annual Monsoon Winter Pre monsoon Post monsoon 2007 2008 2009 2010 23.7 23.3 23.8 23.8 2328.8 1707.3 67.1 464 90.4 2151 2122 2979 1877

Source (Dept. of Hydrology & Meteorology) 79. Seti, Madi and Buldi Rivers are the major rivers of the project area and all the catchment water is drained to Seti River which flows towards south of the Project area. 3.1.4 Water Resources Surface water and Quality 80. In case of surface water, Madi River is the major source of water within the project area where all the catchment water is drained and lies towards the west. Buldi river is also a good source for water. However water quality of these rivers is not good enough for utilizing as drinking water purpose without some treatment facilities. There are few springs within the project area yielding sufficient water that can be harnessed for municipal supply. The only reliable source is Gunadi spring which is utilized at present. Water quality of surface water is given in Annex IX. The project area does not have good ground water source. 3.2 Ecological Resources 3.2.1 National Parks and Protected Areas 81. There are no National Parks or protected areas within the Project area. However the Project lies near some community forests.

3.2.2 Forests 82. All the project activities lie in the settlement region. However it is noticed that there are some community forests within the municipality that can be affected by project activities if not monitored strictly. Flora

83. Major tree species in the forest are Sal (Shorea robusta), Chilaune (Schima wallichii) and Simal (Bombax ceiba). Other trees like Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Kyamun (Hadychium ellipticum), Amala (Phyllanthus emblica) and Valayo (Semecarpus anacardium) are also found in few numbers. Sal trees are the dominant species. Fauna

84. Jackal (Canis aureus), Porcupine (Hystrix indica), Malsapro (Martes foina), Hare (Caprolaus hispidus), Monkey (Macaca mulatta) etc. are the animal species found in the nearby forest. 3.3 Social and Cultural Resources 3.3.1 Population and Communities 85. The project area is highly urbanized and consists of dense settlements covering whole households of wards 2, 10 and 11 and partial portion of ward 1 of Vyas Municipality. In total 2238 households are being benefited by the project with total population of 17,765 including rental populations (33.5%). The population of male comprises 49% and female population comprises 51% which is almost equal. The average family size is 5.27. The majority of the beneficiaries are Janajatis (51%) and Bramin/Chhetri (36%). Population of Dalits and Others (Muslim and Madhesi) consists of 7% and 6%.respectively. 3.3.2 Health Facilities 86. There are nine hospitals with outdoor patient services and 4 hospitals with indoor and outdoor facilities in the service area. There are sufficient medical stores and private clinics in project area. In case of serious health problem local people go to Pokhara, Bharatpur and Kathmandu for treatment. 3.3.3 Educational Facilities There are 6 higher secondary schools, 7 secondary level schools, 2 lower secondary school and 10 primary level schools in the project area. The status of literacy of the project area is better than the national figure. The illiterate percentage of the population is only 8%.The majority of the population have secondary level education status. Similarly, the population with graduation is 11% and population with Master degree is 5%. 3.3.4 Socio-economic conditions 87. Most of the households are dependent on business and trade. The study (socio economic survey- 2069) shows 31% households are fully dependent on business and trade. Similarly 29% of the people are depended on different services. 88. Land ownership status of household is satisfactory, i.e. 87% have land ownership. Similarly, 44% of houses belong to price group of more than 50 lakhs and 16% households belong to 35-49 lakhs price category. Only 2% of houses belong to price group of less than 4 lakhs. The income level of people is also better, 71% household have more than Nrs.15000 monthly income and 11% households have average income in between Nrs. 10000 to Nrs. 15000. Similarly, 9% households have average monthly income in between of Nrs.6001 to 10,000.

3.3.5 Physical or Cultural Heritage 89. There are no remarkable cultural and physical heritage sites within the project area. 3.3.6 Employment 90. The project area consists of an urban setting and hence employment nature of people are also influenced by the urban environment. Most of the people (31%) are involved in trade and business. Similarly 29% of the people are being engaged in various services. 10% of the people are depended on remittance and 5% are involved as wage labor. Only 2% of the people within the service area are involved in agriculture. 3.3.7 Slums and Squatter Settlements 91. The Project area is over crowed but no slums and squatter settlements exists. 3.4 Economic Development and Prospects for Growth 3.4.1 Land Use 92. The agriculture land is being fragmented due to population growth, land plotting for house construction, construction of roads, market centers and public facilities. Settlements are being developed along the highway, urban roads and potential growth centers. Most of the private land is used as built up area. 3.4 2 Infrastructure Transportation 93. The service municipality lies along the Prithvi Highway and urban roads are also being upgraded from earthen to gravel and black topped. Almost all settlements are linked by roads. Drinking Water Supply 94. The existing water supply system serves 80% households with private connection. Similarly, 11% households fetch water from public taps, 7% from wells and 2% households depend on streams. During the household survey most of the people showed dissatisfaction regarding to quality, availability and service quality of the existing water supply system. Most of the people rely on Madi and Buldi khola for washing clothes and bathing. Surface Drainage, Sanitation and Sewerage 95. Most of the urban roads do have facility for surface drainage but are inadequately designed for handling monsoon rains. Similarly, almost all houses have toilet facilities but with inappropriate septage tank and soak pit system which leads to soil and ground water contamination. There are few public toilets to handle the high influx of people. Due to the rapid population growth in the service area, upgradation of the facilities of surface drainage, sewerage and solid waste management is a significant requisite for healthy and hygienic environment. Electricity 96. The service area is connected with the national grid of NEA. Communications 97. The network of mobile phone is of moderate quality. Landline phones are available along with internet facility. There is one post office within the project area.

3.4.3 Economic Characteristics Industries 98. There are no big industries within the project area besides some cottage industries. The name, location and types of industries established in project area are illustrated in Table 5. Table 5: Industries in Project Area SN Name of Industry No of Staff 1 Vyas Blovk Udhyog 7 2 Karki Cement Block Udhyog 9 3 Kalika block Udhyog 11 4 Amrit Dalmoth Udhyog 4 5 Vyas Sweet and Pickle Udhyog 3 6 Gandaki Food Production 6 7 Sulba Dalmoth Udhyog 5 8 Milan Shoes Udhyog 3 9 Laxmi chalk Udhyog 2 The project area comprises of many hotels and lodges too (Table 6) Table 6: Hotels in Project Area Ward No. No of hotels No. of Beds 1 3 19 2 39 468 10 13 117 11 20 280 Total 75 884

Agricultural Development 99. The project is located in the urban area and there are few agricultural land with low percentage of people (2%) involved in agricultural activities. Mineral Development 100. No extraction of mineral resources are noticed within the Project area. Tourism Development 101. The Project area is not suitable for tourism development. However there are some tourism development centers near the project area like Vyas cave and Chabdi Barahi temple. 3.4.4 Development Organizations 102. There are many development organizations within the project area. Major organizations are mentioned in tables 7 to 9. Table 7: Governmental Offices in the service area SN Name Ward No. of Staff 1 District Administration Office Vyas 10 17 2 Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office Vyas 2 20 3 Office of District development Committee Vyas 2 45 4 District Technical Office Vyas 10 18 5 District Forest Office Vyas 11 13 6 District Agriculture Development Office Vyas 11 17

SN Name Ward No. of Staff 7 District Soil Conservation Office Vyas 2 11 8 Kosh Tatha Lekha Niyantrak Office Vyas 10 9 9 District Livestock Service Center Vyas 10 18 10 Western region irrigation office Vyas 10 16 11 District Post Office Vyas 10 12 12 District Handicraft and Domestic Industries Vyas 10 15 13 Western Road Division Office Vyas 10 25 14 Cooperative Division Vyas 10 11 15 District Education Office Vyas 10 25 16 District Court Office Vyas 10 13 17 District Napi Office Vyas 10 15 18 Women and Children Development Office Vyas 10 16 19 Jilla Karagar Vyas 10 30 20 Nepal Telecom Vyas 10 15 21 District Atithi Griha Vyas 10 5 22 Academic Training Center Vyas 10 12 23 Office of Municipality Vyas Vyas 10 27 24 District Advocate Office Vyas 10 8 25 District Police Office Vyas 10 45 Total 487

Table 8: Banks in the service area SN Name Location/Ward No. of Staff 1 Nepal Bank Limited Vyas 10 12 2 MachhapucheBank Vyas 2 9 3 Kist Bank Vyas 2 10 4 SBI Bank Vyas 10 8 5 Gandaki Bikas Bank Vyas 11 9 6 Sunrise Bank Vyas 11 13 7 Lumbinin Bikas Bank Vyas 11 9 8 Pashuimancha bikas Bank Vyas 11 8 9 Himalyayan Bank Vyas 10 13 Total 91

Table 9: Cooperatives in the Project Area SN Name of Institutions Ward No. 1 Dovan Jaibik Krishi cooperative Ltd Vyas 2 2 Satyawoti Saving and credit Coopertive Vyas 10 3 Shree shramik Saving and Credit cooperative Vyas 10 4 Sarva Kalyan Saving and credit cooperative Vyas 2 5 Nava Jagaran Krishi cooperative Vyas 2 6 Mel milap krishi cooperative Vyas 2 3.4.5 Major Environmental Problems 103. Haphazard urbanization, unmanaged disposal of solid waste, vehicular emission, uncontrolled use of polythene bags etc. are the major environmental problems in the service area.

3.4.6 Health and Sanitation 104. The field study shows high a prevalence of water borne diseases in the project area. 33% of the households within the project area are spending more than Nrs. 5000 per year, 15% households Nrs.3001 to 5000, 19% households Nrs.2001 to 3000 and the rest are spending up to Nrs. 2000 for the treatment of diarrhea per year. 105. In case of annual expenses for treatment of other diseases (except water borne disease), 13% household are spending more than NRs.5000, 35% households are spending Nrs.3001 to 5000 and 25% households are spending up to Nrs 2000.

CHAPTER IV ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

106. Environmental impacts on physical, biological and socio - economic and cultural aspects are identified based on the existing environmental condition with respect to the proposed project interventions. The proposed Vyas Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project by size and technology is a small one, which will improve sanitation facilities with minimum physical interventions. It is assessed that there will be minimal impact on environment, which can be easily mitigated. 107. None of the components of the scheme encroaches through main forest areas of the municipality. There are no wetlands, historic/cultural monuments, building of heritage value in the project area. Resettlement is also not required as WSUG has already purchased/managed the land required for the project. The route for transmission/distribution pipe has been designed through the existing roadways or through areas where there are no tree coverage. 4.1 Beneficial Impacts 108. Development of water and sanitation facilities will have numerous beneficial impacts to individuals as well as to the entire community. Availability of clean and adequate drinking water and sanitary facility are basic human needs. Also any development efforts aimed at improving water and sanitation needs of an area will significantly contribute towards improving the quality of life of that area. 109. Some of the major beneficial impacts of the project and their maximization measures are described below. 4.1.1 Construction Phase Generation of employment 110. Impact: The Project will require 51,099 person days of skilled and 157,239 person days of unskilled labors. 111. Enhancement Measures: Implementation of the Project will directly provide employment opportunities at local level by awarding priority to local people for employment. 4.1.2 Operation Phase Improvement in Health and Sanitation 112. Impact: After the water supply and sanitation project is completed, people living within the project area will benefit from the supply of good quantity and quality water in their own house premises with improved sanitary conditions. 113. Enhancement Measures: Regular maintenance of the water supply system will be done by the users group Women Empowerment 114. Impact: Women households in the project area are under pressure for managing low quantity of water. Furthermore contaminated water can lead to infection by several dieses. Women from households have to spend considerable time to care for the sick in the family. With the improvement

of water supply there will be marked reduction in the occurrence of infectious dieses within the households of the project area. 115. Enhancement Measures: Beneficial impacts to women and girls can be enhanced by conducting health and awareness programs to the local community. Increment in local economy and commercial activities 116. Impact: Unavailability of safe drinking water could be one of the reasons for some persons to opt for conducting their business from a different location. Consequently this trend will be discouraged with the availability of safe drinking water and improved sanitation system provided through the development of this project. Availability of supply of drinking water will induce multiplier effects to promote areas for multipurpose development of this region. 117. When this infrastructure is available such persons would be attracted to this place for their operation. The land price would increase due to the availability of reliable safe drinking water and sanitation system. The availability of good supply of drinking water will accelerate the rate of development of this place as a leading market centre of this region. 118. Enhancement Measures: Local people will be made aware that high value lands are acceptable to the banks and microfinance institutions to provide loans for them to start their own economic/social ventures. DDC/municipality shall manage planned growth with required infrastructure facilities for healthy and hygienic environment in the market areas. 4.2 Adverse Impacts 4.2.1 Pre-Construction Phase Environmental Impacts due to Project Design Damage to utility lines, community services and infrastructure 119. Impact: Design of the Project can have impact on existing water supply system and other infrastructures. Natural drainage pattern may be disturbed. If not reviewed properly, project location near forest can damage vegetation and cause habitat loss. The project can have impact on land use, particularly agricultural land, thus reducing production and benefits of farmers. 120. Mitigation Measure: The design of the project shall be prepared in such a way that it will cause minimal impact on environment. The location of project structures and transmission/distribution line will be selected with minimum loss of vegetation and agricultural land. 121. The proposed structures of the project do not appear to disturb any physical or social infrastructure in the area. It will be scrutinized to see that it does not damage or obstruct any government and private buildings, social and cultural establishments, schools, colleges, medical service establishments that exist in the service area. Structures of the project will be designed to avoid relocation of electric poles. Increased Production of Waste Water 122. Impact: Due to the project there will be adequate supply of water. Hence more water will be used, thus increasing amount of used wastewater. 123. Mitigation Measure: Proper mechanism for disposal of wastewater will be considered by the design. Design of septage drying beds will be done to restrict direct disposal of wastewater in natural stream.

Inadequate disposal of sludge from reservoirs and treatment plant 124. Impact: Some amount of sludge will be generated from reservoirs and treatment plants. 125. Mitigation Measure: Sludge generation rate and disposal plan will be prepared in the project design. Source dispute and water use conflicts 126. Impact: While extracting water from its source, care will be given on its existing users. They will be consulted properly to avoid disputes and water use conflicts. Similarly, issues related with priority rights will be given due importance. 127. Mitigation Measure: Consultation and agreement with water users groups and municipality have been done. There are no impacts related with source dispute and water use conflicts in the project. 4.2.2 Construction Phase Physical Environment Air, water and noise pollution 128. Impact: The project area is connected by road in most of the places. Trucks and tractors may be used for the transportation of construction materials. The excavation and quarrying activities may release dust and particulate matters. The drilling machine and other mechanical equipment may emit some quantity of dust and smoke, but they may be of negligible quantity. Water pollution during construction phase may be due to

• Haphazard disposal of solid waste by workers nearby the construction site. • Excavated soil transported to the water bodies by rainwater. • Leakage and disposal of oil and grease from construction equipments. 129. Mitigation Measure: Equipment, which produces heavy noise, will not be used. Gaseous pollutants will be emitted by construction equipment in very limited quantity, which will be carefully monitored and old and polluting machines will not be used. Noise will be monitored to keep within permissible levels. Workers working in high noise area will be provided ear mufflers. Haphazard disposal of waste by workers will be restricted. Leakage and disposal of oil and grease will be checked regularly and prevent them to pollute natural water body by using proper grease trap. Impacts on Quarry and Spoil disposal site 130. Impact: Construction work will require sand, gravel, boulder and other types of construction materials. The extraction of materials from inappropriate places or in excessive amounts may cause environmental concerns. The potential adverse impacts of quarrying are accelerated erosion, disturbance in natural drainage patterns, water logging and water pollution. Quarry site of the project is located in Madi River. 131. Mitigation Measure: Unstable sites, erosion prone areas, dense forest areas, settlements and fertile farm land will be avoided for quarry operation. After the extraction is completed, the quarry site will be closed and rehabilitated to suit the local landscape 132. Impact: Excavated soil particularly during reservoir construction need to be disposed in appropriate locations without causing contamination of water bodies, erosion, pollute water and damage to farmlands, crops and property. If not properly and timely addressed, the impacts from spoil disposal will be direct and of high magnitude, site-specific and long-term in nature.

133. Mitigation Measure: Excess spoils will be disposed in specified tipping sites in a controlled manner. Spoils will not be disposed on farmland, marshy land, forest areas, natural drainage path, canals and other infrastructures. After the disposal, the site will be provided with drainage, vegetation and adequate protection against erosion. Impacts to traffic 134. Impact: Trench failure, slope disturbances, vibrations, excavation and removal of excavated material can affect the local land system. Excavated earth for laying distribution system may obstruct pedestrian and traffic movement because most of the pipelines pass along the roadside. 135. Mitigation Measure: Care will be taken while excavating and laying pipes, excavated soil will be stored in outer side of trench opposite to roadside and backfilling will be done properly. Construction during rainy season will be avoided Biological Environment Impacts due to Forest clearance, loss of vegetation and wildlife habitat 136. Impact: Loss of vegetation will be minimal because the project site is not located in forest area. There will be no impact due to forest clearance as no trees will be cut down. Similarly there will be no damage to wildlife habitat due to project construction activities. 137. Mitigation Measure: The project will support community forest users group in replantation for any tree cleared from forest following the directions of Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, 2063 B.S. Possible Firewood extraction and Timber/NTFP Exploitation 138. Impact: Labor may exert pressure on the local forests of the surrounding areas for cooking and heating. 139. Mitigation Measure: For construction labors stationed at the camp, contractor will provide kerosene or gas for cooking and heating. Use of forest wood will be restricted and respective provisions will be included in the contract agreement document with contractor. Impacts due to Hunting and Poaching of Wild life by workforce 140. Impact: The proposed area is not a significant habitat for wildlife and bird species. However, as the project area lies near community forests, there may be illegal hunting and poaching of wild life by workers. 141. Mitigation Measure: Workers will be prohibited to enter the forest and their activities will be regularly monitored while working near the forest area. Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment Impacts on Land acquisition, Resettlement, Relocation and Compensation 142. Impact: All the infrastructures will be built on public land and hence there will not be any impact related to land acquisition. Similarly there will not be impacts related to resettlement, relocation and compensation. Disturbances to Community activities 143. Impact: Disturbance to community activities, public/social/cultural important sites/schools may occur due to generation of noise, vibrations, power horns and access due to excavations and vehicle movements. Similarly festivals and social events may be affected due to project related activities. Excessive noise can affect peace, serenity, health and sleeping time in the neighborhood of the Project

areas. Additionally, business activities may not run smoothly due to obstructions imating from the project construction works. 144. Mitigation Measure: Information about the work schedule will be provided to the public so that able to adjust their individual work schedule time to the project requirements. Noise levels will be regularly monitored and speed limits will be determined for vehicles. Use of power horns will be banned. Operation of plants and construction vehicles between 7 PM to 6 AM in residential areas will be prohibited. Similarly working at sensitive times (during religious festivals in the area) will be avoided. The work force in sensitive areas will be increased so as to finish the work quickly. Wooden bridges will be provided for pedestrians and metal sheets for vehicles to allow access across open trenches. Social Disputes and Dissatisfaction 145. Impact: During the construction works, some workforce from outside is also required so there will be interaction between local labor and the outside workforce. During this interaction some disputes may arise between two workforces resulting to social and cultural conflicts. This may also lead to social and cultural transition, whereas on the other hand there will also be increased interdependence among diverse social groups and inter-linkages between different geographical areas, which will promote social cohesion and a culture of tolerance amongst people. 146. Mitigation Measure: The local communities of the project area will be made aware of values and importance of culture and religion through awareness raising campaigns. In order to minimize disputes between local labor and outside work force law and order will be enforced strictly among the workers. Regular inspection will be done by the contractor to find out if there is any dispute arising between the workers. In case of disputes and misunderstandings the project in association with the local communities will look for consensus to settle the issues. Occupational health and safety impact 147. Impact: Since the labor forces require undertaking works especially in hazardous materials handling, heavy equipment operations, bitumen works etc. they are exposed to various safety risks and health hazards works undertaken without adequate safety measures will be discouraged. Health risk is also commonly associated with the poor labor camp conditions, use of unsafe water supply sources, poor sanitation conditions (lack of latrines and washing facilities) also cause the risk of endemic diseases that includes dysentery, diarrhea, cholera etc. Contagious diseases HIV/AIDS, STDs etc may surface up conspicuously and spread over extensively among local and in-migrant labor force that may be infected with diseases and become sexually active. 148. Mitigation Measure: This risk will be minimized by properly adopting necessary safety measures. Before construction begins the contractor will inform and provide training to its workers on the potential occupational health and safety impacts/hazards and mitigation measures to be used during construction. Proper sanitation system will be developed to reduce the air and water pollution. Drinking water facility and temporary pit latrine will be established at construction sites to control open defecation and pollution of water bodies by the workers. Personal protective equipments (PPE) and basic first aid will be provided to construction workers during construction of the project. Besides, the project will provide insurance facility for injuries or death of workers. Community Health and Safety 149. Impact: During construction phase, there may be possibility of the spread of communicable diseases among the community due to poor sanitation and living conditions, sexual transmission and vector-borne infections in construction labor camps, spread of food borne diseases due to street side hawkers, possibility of the spread of vector-borne diseases due to stagnant water pools (creating

mosquito breeding habitats). There may also be possibility of accidents to the people of the community due to trench excavations. 150. Mitigation Measure: To avoid risks from accidents on site due to the movement of the public and workers health and safety measures execution will be part of the contract which will includes:

• Following standard and safe procedures e.g. shoring in trenches; • Prohibit entry at construction sites to the public; barricade the area and provide warning signs; • Provide PPE to the workers; • Avoid manual cleaning in very deep and narrow sections of the drains to avoid hazardous working conditions;

• Provide First Aid kits at the site; • Keep records of accidents; and • Provide health and accident insurance to the workers. 151. Impact: Construction activities could be a nuisance to the public/social/cultural important sites/schools due to generation of noise, vibrations, power horns and access due to excavations and vehicle movements. 152. Mitigation Measure: Mitigating measures are to:

• Provide information to the public about the work schedule; • Monitoring of noise levels regularly at site to meet the noise standards (Appendix 6); • Fit mufflers in vehicles to control noise; • Limit the speed of vehicles; • Ban the use of power horns in vehicles; • Regular maintenance of equipment and vehicles; • Prohibit the operation of plants and construction vehicles between 7 PM to 6 AM in residential areas;

• Compensate the damages caused by vibration to structures if caused by construction activities;

• Avoid working at sensitive times (during religious festivals in the area); • Increase the work force in sensitive areas so as to finish the work quickly; and • Provide wooden bridges for pedestrians and metal sheets for vehicles to allow access across open trenches. 4.2.3 Operation Phase Risk of Contaminated water in the distribution system 153. Impact: In general suboptimal operation of the Project will create hazards in terms of overall delivery of the outputs and safety of the personnel. In this condition, the very existence of the Project will be at risk. The people consuming water from such source will be at higher risk as the majority of the population will be consuming same water. Any contamination of water is likely to cause epidemics with water borne disease. Since the consumers believe getting safe

water they will not be taking the precautions that they were taking prior to the project implementation. Subsequently, any case of neglect/mistake in this aspect from the project operators can result in serious consequences. 154. Mitigation Measure: The risks of contaminated water in the distribution system could be mitigated by regular O&M of chlorinators; regular water quality monitoring of water in the distribution system; immediate action in case of water quality problems; and training and operational supervision of system staff. Toxic Chemical Hazard 155. Impact: Chlorine and Bleaching Powder are toxic to humans. Ingestions, inhalations, application to body parts, especially to such parts as eyes, nose, and mouths are of extreme hazard. 156. Mitigation Measure: Storage, in-plant handling and dosages of chlorine (bleaching powder) will be monitored regularly and procedures set up and guidelines developed for its handling and first aid measures to be introduced for emergencies, and training and operational supervision of system staff. Table 10: Evaluation of Anticipated Environmental Impacts Project Stage Anticipated Significance of the Impacts Impacts Type Magnitude Duration Beneficial Impacts Construction Phase Generation of Local Moderate Temporary employment Operation Phase Improvement in Local Significant Permanent Health and Sanitation Women Local Small Permanent Empowerment Increment in local Local Moderate Permanent economy and commercial activities Adverse Impacts Pre-Construction Damage to utility Local Significant Permanent Phase lines, community services and infrastructure Increased Local Moderate Permanent Production of Waste Water Inadequate disposal Local Significant Permanent of sludge from reservoirs and treatment plant Source dispute and Local Small Temporary water use conflicts Construction Phase Physical Environment Air, water and noise Regional Moderate Temporary pollution Impacts on Quarry Local Moderate Temporary and Spoil disposal site

Project Stage Anticipated Significance of the Impacts Impacts Type Magnitude Duration Impacts due to Soil Local Small Temporary erosion and possible land surface disturbances Biological Environment Impacts due to Local Small Temporary Forest clearance, loss of vegetation and wildlife habitat Possible Firewood Local Small Temporary extraction and Timber/NTFP Exploitation Impacts due to Local Small Temporary Hunting and Poaching of Wild life by workforce Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment Impacts on Land No impact observed No impact observed No impact observed acquisition, Resettlement, Relocation and Compensation Disturbances to Local Moderate Temporary Community activities Social Disputes and Local Small Temporary Dissatisfaction Occupational health Local Significant Temporary and safety impact Community Health Local Significant Temporary and Safety Operation Phase Risk of Local Significant Permanent Contaminated water in the distribution system Toxic Chemical Local Significant Permanent Hazard Basis of the categorization of impacts: 157. Type: The impacts on the environment are limited to a small area around the point of the activity which is classified as local. If the effect is anticipated to be in the whole region it is classified as regional. If the effect can be felt beyond the boundaries of the country then it is classified as global. 158. Magnitude: If the effect is not so significant and minor it is classified as small. If it is highly significant to cause a high degree of change, then it is classified as significant. Any effect that comes in a middle range is termed as moderate. 159. Duration: If the effect does not last for a long time it is termed as temporary. If the effect is recoverable after some time is termed as temporary.

Table 11: Mitigation measures, responsible agencies and cost required Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibility Cost (Rs) Pre-Construction/Design Phase Damage to utility lines, community The location of project structures will avoid electric poles, power DWSS/SSTWSSP/DSC Included in services and infrastructure supply structures and infrastructures Design Cost People will be notified and services restored as soon as possible to overcome public inconvenience Letter of approval and agreements will be obtained Risk from increased production of waste Design of drainage facilities and septage pumping facilities (from DSC Included in water due to availability of increased water latrines) to meet the new requirements Design Cost supply Inadequate disposal of sludge from Design of sludge disposal from reservoir and identification of DSC Included in reservoirs and treatment plant will cause appropriate locations. Design Cost nuisance to properties Source dispute and water use conflicts Consultation and agreement with water users groups DWSS/SSTWSSP/DSC and No extra cost different water user groups required Construction Phase Physical Environment Air, water and noise pollution Dust suppression at the site will be done by sprinkling water at Contractor To be included in regular intervals. BOQ No equipment, which will produce heavy noise, will be used Haphazard disposal of waste by workers will be monitored. Leakage and disposal of oil and grease will be checked regularly and repaired immediately if noticed. Provision of green stickers vehicles Impacts on Quarry and Spoil disposal site Unstable and erosion prone sites will be avoided and only Contractor To be included in approved quarrying sites will be used BOQ Quarrying activities from rivers/streams will not be done so as to change the river cross sections and longitudinal profiles Quarry site will be leveled to suit the local landscape after extraction is complete Dumping of excavated soil in outer side of trench opposite to roadside and backfilling

Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibility Cost (Rs) Erosion and land surface disturbance Excavated soil will be placed against erosion Contractor To be included in Reuse of excavated soil and backfilling of trenches will be done BOQ As far as possible construction activities will be avoided in the rainy season. Temporary diversions and signboards will be provided for the pedestrians Biological Environment Loss of vegetation The location of reservoir and route of the transmission line from DWSS/SSTWSSP/DSC/CFUGs 70,000 the intake at the stream to the storage tank has been planned to avoid main forest. CFUs will be supported in plantation Possible Firewood extraction and Use of fuel wood and timber collection will be prohibited Contractor/DSC/CFUGs To be included in NTFP/Timber Exploitation, Hunting and Illegal collection of NTFPs and trade will be prohibited. BOQ/50,000 Poaching of Wild life LPG/kerosene will be provided to the workforce. The local community will be encouraged with all required support to control illegal hunting and poaching of wildlife and smuggling of forest resources. Awareness raising programmes will be organized to educate local people in wild life preservation and forest conservation. Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment Employment generation and increase in Priority to local people particularly unprivileged group will be Contractor/DSC To be included in income given BOQ/50,000 On job training will be given whenever necessary Disturbance to community activities Traffic Management Plan will be developed and work will be Contractor/DSC 25,000 conducted as quickly as possible to minimize disturbance Residents will be consulted and informed about the disturbances in advance Social dispute and dissatisfaction Local people will be given priority for the employment Contractor No extra cost All the workers will be instructed to act in a responsible manner required Awareness on ill effects of alcohol, gambling Occupational Health and Safety Provide training to its workers on the potential occupational health Contractor To be included in and safety impacts/hazards and mitigation measures to be used BOQ during construction 32

Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibility Cost (Rs) First aid will be kept at hand in working area Use of PPEs General public will be excluded from all construction sites Insurance will be provided to the workers Community Health and Safety Required hygienic conditions will be maintained in the labor Contractor To be included in camps. BOQ Drinking water facility and temporary pit latrine will be established at construction sites to control open defecation and 50,000 pollution of water bodies by the workers. DWSS/SSTWSSP/DSC Awareness raising campaigns will be conducted related to community health and safety to the local people Operation and Maintenance Phase Improvement in Health and Sanitation Regular operation and maintenance of the water supply and WUSC/DWSS/Municipality No extra cost sanitation system required Women empowerment Health and awareness raising programmes to the local people WUSC/Municipality 30,000 Increment in Local economy and Regular supply of potable drinking water and sanitation facility WUSC/Municipality No extra cost commercial activities required Risk of contaminated water in the Regular testing and maintenance of the aeration plant, pressure WUSC/DWSS 1,00,000 distribution system filter and chlorinator and testing of residual chlorine will be done on a routine basis and recorded Regular water quality monitoring of water of the distribution system System staff will be trained and supervised Toxic chemical hazard Usage, handling and storage of chlorine will be prescribed and WUSC/DWSS 50,000 guidelines developed First aid measures will be located in emergencies

CHAPTER V ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT SITUATIONS

160. The alternative analysis of the project in terms of project location, technology, implementation procedures, and the raw materials used have been studied and analyzed. Similarly, comparison between with and without project or the "No action option" also has been studied and analyzed. 5.1 Alternative in Project Location 161. Different project locations have been analyzed. Places for intake structures, reservoirs, and treatment area are chosen so that there will be minimal impact in physical, biological and social environment. Similarly pipe lines are aligned along the existing roads to achieve minimal impact. Public opinion and interest have also been considered for locating each structure during field observation visit of the project area. 5.2 Alternative in Technology, Implementation Procedure and Raw Materials 162. Most of the technologies proposed in the project are labor intensive. Minimum mechanical equipments will be used during construction work. All major construction work will be done by labor force without any mechanical equipment. 163. The working procedures proposed will be one of participatory process. For each and every activities of the project, the beneficiaries have indicated to participate actively. The project has awarded priority to use local raw materials as far as possible. Except for some mechanical equipment necessary for pipe fitting, most of the construction materials will be local. The local raw materials comprising steel and cement will be procured from the local market. 5.3 No Project Option 164. This analysis has also been done with and without project scenario. The implementation of the proposed project will create substantial positive impacts on health and hygiene of people, public environment and socio-economic status of the community. Provision of potable drinking water and sanitation facilities will help to enhance the quality of life of the people. The project will also help to create job opportunities at local level to considerable number of people. The implementation of the proposed project will produce only negligible and insignificant environmental impacts; which can be mitigated through the mobilization of local communities and resources. 165. On the other hand, if the project is not implemented, the people of the project area will have to continue to suffer from inadequate water supply and of unsatisfactory quality.

CHAPTER VI INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

6.1 Public Consultation 166. In order to ensure public involvement, the following procedures have been followed for IEE report preparation. For ease of comprehension, the activities outlined below were undertaken to address public opinion towards the project. 167. Publication of notice- a 15 days public notice was published on January 9, 2013 in Rajdhani, a national daily newspaper (Annex IV) seeking written opinion from concerned municipality, DDC, schools, health posts and related local organizations. A copy of the public notice was also affixed in the notice boards of the above mentioned organizations and deed of inquiry (muchulka) was collected (Annex V) 168. IEE team conducted interaction meetings with the local communities and other concerned project stakeholders comprising District Forest Office, District Water Supply and Sanitation Office, etc. during field survey to collect the public concerns and suggestions (see Annex VI for meeting minutes). 169. Draft IEE report was forwarded to Vyas Municipality for Public disclosure. Recommendation letters were also obtained from Vyas municipality as given in Annex VII. A copy of Draft IEE will also be kept in information centre of DDC, Tanahu for Public disclosure. After reviewing Draft IEE report and incorporating the suggestions from the concerned stakeholders, this final IEE report has been prepared and submitted to PMO for approval from MOUD. Table 12: Summary of Public Consultation Date Location Participants Issue raised Male Female 2069/7/27 Vyas Municipality, 122 30 Quality of river water and distributed water ward 11 Project duration Cost of the project and loss Proper drainage, sanitation and solid waste management

6.2 Information Disclosure 170. A copy of final IEE will be kept at the information centre of Vyas municipality for public disclosure. Information will also be disseminated through person to person contacts and interviews and group discussions. Available institutions at the local level were informed through notice distribution and pasting of notice on notice boards of the concerned municipality, school, health posts and public places. The approved IEE report will be accessible to interested parties and general public through websites of www.sstwsssp.gov.np. for the dissemination of information flow following offices will be provided IEE report:

• District Technical Office, Tanahu • District Development Committee, • District Project Office, Tanahu • District Implementation Support Team, Tanahu • Vyas Municipality • Ministry of Urban Development • Asian Development Bank, Nepal Resident Mission

CHAPTER VII GRIEVANCE AND REDRESS MECHANISM

171. The project aims to facilitate a grievance and redress mechanism to address the environmental and social concern of the community who may be affected by the project activities. The proposed project does not require resettlement of any community, and a Resettlement Plan that addresses the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is not necessary. However, all the stakeholders are to be made aware of the project-specific GRM so that there is an appropriate channel of communication and a formalized procedure to settle dispute. 172. The process requires a GRM committee to be established at the local level to assure accessibility to the Affected Person or Stakeholder. The committee should consist of members with sufficient knowledge about the project, with technical know-how and expertise and someone aware about the socio-cultural dynamics of the community. The GRM requires that issues and comments are first lodged with the local level GRM committee for handling of grievances at the project site. The GRM committee should conduct their meeting within 3 weeks of receipt of complaint and solution need to be provided at meeting or within 3 weeks. 173. If the grievance cannot be solved at the project level, the GRM committee needs to submit it to the PMO. The PMO with assistance from the Environmental Specialist and WUSC experts should resolve the grievance. If the grievance cannot be solved by the PMO, it will be referred to the Municipality and district DWSS. 174. In case the district DWSS cannot solve the problem it will be referred to the relevant court of law. Affected Person

Grievance/ Complaint

GRM Committee

Redress PMO Grievances

Environmental and WUSC Social Safeguard Specialist Municipality

DWSS

Court of Law Figure 2: Grievance Redress Mechanism

CHAPTER VIII MATTERS TO BE MONITORED DURING IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT

8.1 Mitigation and Monitoring 175. The environmental management plan (EMP) has been prepared to guide the implementation of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements. It includes institutions and their roles, environmental management activities, environmental management organizational structure and budget for mitigation measures. 176. The EMP should be implemented in such a way that the contractor is monitored during the construction phase (to see if the work is being done according to the contract documents where mitigation measures are specified). The mitigation measures required is outlined in chapter IV of this report. The EMP will require regular monitoring of the actual environmental impacts during project operations over the years following project completion. The impacts that have been monitored will be compared with the anticipated impacts at the time of the preparation of the project. 177. The following are the monitoring indicators during the construction and operation stages: 8.1.1 Construction Phase 178. Environmental Management Plan along with monitoring plan and associated cost during Construction Phase are given below in Table 13 8.1.2 Operation Phase 179. Environmental Management Plan along with monitoring plan and associated cost during Operation Phase are given below in Table 14

Table 13: Monitoring Plan and Cost during construction Phase Impacts/Project Monitoring Plan Activities Environmental Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost Impact Monitored Physical Environment Damage to utility lines, Location of project Number of Within project Observation, DWSS/SSTWSSSP Weekly No extra community services structures avoid electric infrastructures construction consultation with during cost and infrastructure poles, power supply damaged activities local people construction required structures and Disagreements with infrastructures local people People will be notified and services restored as soon as possible to overcome public inconvenience Letter of approval and agreements will be obtained Air, water and noise Dust suppression at the site Dust problem within Areas within Observation, PMO/DSC Monthly 30,000 pollution by sprinkling water at the locality construction sprinkling of water; regular intervals. Degradation of surface activities DO, oil and grease, No equipment, which will and ground water turbidity etc. in produce heavy noise will be Noise levels surface and ground used water; Haphazard disposal of Amount of noise waste by workers will be levels in dB monitored. Leakage and disposal of oil and grease will be checked regularly and repaired immediately if noticed. Impacts on Quarry and Avoiding unstable and Condition of quarry Quarry sites Observation DSC/WUSC Monthly No extra Spoil disposal site erosion prone sites sites and spoil cost Quarrying activities from and spoil disposal sites disposal sites required rivers/streams will not be 39

Impacts/Project Monitoring Plan Activities Environmental Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost Impact Monitored allowed so as to change the river cross sections and longitudinal profiles Quarry site will be levelled to suit the local landscape after extraction is complete Dumping of excavated soil in outer side of trench opposite to roadside and backfilling Erosion and land Excavated soil will be Excavated soil reused, Excavation Observation and DSC/WUSC Weekly No extra surface disturbance placed against erosion Condition of land sites records on amount cost Reuse of excavated soil and exposed of land excavated required backfilling of trenches will and excavated soil be done reused As far as possible construction activities will be avoided in the rainy season. Temporary diversions and signboards will be provided for the pedestrians Biological Environment Loss of vegetation The location of reservoirs Amount of trees fell Community Observation, DFO/DSC Daily while No extra and route of the and ground vegetation forest Consultation with working cost transmission line from the cleared, Status of CFUGs inside forest required intake at the stream to the community forest area storage tank has been planned to avoid main forest. 40

Impacts/Project Monitoring Plan Activities Environmental Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost Impact Monitored CFUs will be supported in afforestation Possible Firewood Use of fuel wood and Amount of illegal Forest and Observation, DFO/DSC Monthly No extra extraction and timber collection will be collection and harvest nearby project Records and cost NTFP/Timber prohibited of fuel wood, timber area consultation with required Exploitation, Hunting Illegal collection of NTFPs and NTFP local people and and Poaching of Wild and trade will be prohibited. Records on hunting CFUGs life LPG/kerosene will be and poaching of provided to the workforce. wildlife Encourage and support the local community to control illegal hunting and poaching of wildlife and smuggling of forest resources. Awareness raising programmes will be organized to educate local people in forest conservation. Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment Source dispute and Consultation and agreement Agreements with Project area Consultation with DWSS/SSTWSSSP Once during No extra water use conflicts with water users groups different water users different water users Design Phase cost groups groups required Employment Priority to local people Number of local Camp site Consultation with PMO/DSC Monthly No extra generation and increase On job training people employed local people, cost in income Number and employment records required effectiveness of on job training provided Disturbance to Traffic Management Plan Traffic disturbance High traffic Observation and DSC/WUSC Weekly No extra community activities will be developed and work during construction areas Consultation with cost 41

Impacts/Project Monitoring Plan Activities Environmental Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost Impact Monitored will be conducted as quickly local people required as possible to minimize disturbance Residents will be consulted and informed about the disturbances in advance Social dispute and Local people will be given Number of conflicts Construction Observation, DSC/WUSC Weekly No extra dissatisfaction priority for the employment and social disputes area Consultation with cost All the workers will be aroused local people required instructed to act in a responsible manner Prohibition of alcohol, gambling Occupational Health Provide training to workers Use of occupational Construction Observation and PMO/DSC Weekly No extra and Safety on the potential health and safety sites and camp consultation with cost occupational health and measures, first aid box sites labors and local required safety impacts/hazards and at camps and people mitigation measures to be construction sites, used during construction insurance papers First aid will be kept at hand in working area General public will be excluded from all construction sites Insurance will be provided to the workers Community Health and Required hygienic Hygienic condition of Community Observation DSC/WUSC Weekly No extra Safety conditions will be the community and and labor cost maintained in the labor labor camps camps required camps. 42

Impacts/Project Monitoring Plan Activities Environmental Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost Impact Monitored Drinking water facility and temporary pit latrine will be established at construction sites to control open defecation and pollution of water bodies by the workers. Awareness related to community health and safety to the local people

Table 14: Monitoring Plan and Cost during Operation Phase Impacts/Project Monitoring Plan Activities Environmental Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost Impact Monitored Improvement in Regular operation and Adequacy and Users Consultation with local DWSS/WUSC/ Annually 10,000 Health and Sanitation maintenance of the water quality of water committe, people, site observation, Municipality supply and sanitation system supplied and individual hh water quality test sanitation system Women Health and awareness raising Number of Women in the Consultation with women WUSC/ Annually No extra empowerment programmes awareness community and different Municipality cost programs groups/organizations required launched involved in women empowerment Increment in Local Regular supply of potable Increase in income Commercial Site observation, consultation Municipality Annually No extra economy and drinking water and sanitation level, market areas with local people cost commercial activities facility development etc. required Risk of contaminated Regular testing and Quality of water Water supply Testing of water quality of DWSS/WUSC Monthly 25,000 43

Impacts/Project Monitoring Plan Activities Environmental Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost Impact Monitored water in the maintenance of the aeration supplied from the facility supplied drinking water distribution system plant, pressure filter and water supply Records of training provided chlorinator and testing of scheme to staffs residual chlorine will be done Trainings on a routine basis and provided to staffs recorded Regular water quality monitoring of water of the distribution system System staff will be trained and supervised Toxic chemical Usage, handling and storage Knowledge on Water O&M manual. DWSS/WUSC Once in No extra hazard of chlorine will be prescribed handling toxic Treatment O&M records Three cost and guidelines developed chemicals Plant month required First aid measures will be including chlorine located in emergencies Provision of First aid measures

8.2 Environmental Procedures and Institutions 180. Responsibility for environmental management associated with the proposed water supply project involves a number of parties, each with specific responsibilities for particular activities. Main parties responsible for the implementation of environmental safeguards measures prior to -, during – and following - proposed water supply project are:

• MOUD • DWSS • SSTWSSSP • Project Design and Supervision Consultant (DSC) • Contractor – construction 181. Within this water supply sector, MOUD has the overall responsibility for ensuring whether environmental safeguards are being respected. 182. Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS), as the main proponent, has the ultimate responsibility for the supervision of proposed project including environmental safeguards to be fully respected. Implementation of proposed water supply project in Vyas Municipality will be under the responsibility of SSTWSSSP which will undertake responsibility including environmental assessment (study) for the proposed project, provide advice related to environmental augmentation and mitigation, for monitoring of the implementation in proposed project. 183. Design and Supervision consultant (DSC) has prepared final detail designs of the proposed water supply scheme, conducted necessary environmental study, and ensures that EMAP recommendations are incorporated in the design. DSC will also oversee entire activities of proposed water supply project including day to day supervision of construction undertaken by the contractor, making sure environmental safeguards fully respected as a part of constructions. This will ensure full compliance of all aspects of work related to EMAP specifications by the contractor, with reporting direct to SSTWSSSP and DWSS. 184. Construction contractor will be responsible for undertaking all project works assigned to him in accordance with contract document, including specified conditions in EMAP. Consultant contractor will prepare an Environmental Mitigation Execution Plan (EMEP) before the work starts and get it approved. Contractor will work closely with the supervising consultant in order to ensure that proposed water supply project works are undertaken according to EMAP specified standards. 185. The DWSS and MOUD will evaluate the monitoring results, as and when necessary. The Project intends to invite an independent monitoring team to safeguard its environmental image. The environmental agencies will have a number of opportunities to visit and monitor the Project activities as a part of compliance monitoring. Hence, environmental monitoring is an additional commitment of the Proponent to best implement the mitigation measures and make the project environment-friendly. DWSS staff will work alongside with the construction and operation personnel to ensure that the measures and requirements outlined in the EMP are carried out effectively.

MOUD

• CFC • CDO District Forest Office • DWSS • DDC/Municipality District Agriculture • • District Survey Office Office • Local consultative Forum • District Irrigation Office (LCF)

SSTWSSSP

Consultant NGOs/CBO

Contractors

Figure 3: Organization of EMP

8.3 Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures

186. Potential Environmental enhancement measures required for this project are Enhancement of Community Development Services, Women Empowerment, use of local labor and their Skill enhancement, Enterprise development and business promotion, Appreciation of land value and Support to Community forests. Mitigation measures for these enhancement measures are already mentioned in chapter IV. DWSS will be responsible for monitoring with incorporation of Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures for the Project. 8.4 Reporting Procedure 187. It is necessary to have a mechanism in order to put together the entire mitigation operation plus the reports on progress and status of all mitigation activities undertaken in the project. 188. The contractor has a crucial role in ensuring that the mitigation measures are implemented during construction. The contractor will develop in consultation with supervision consultant an Environmental Mitigation Execution Plan (EMEP) based on the EMP provided in the IEE report. The contractor shall report weekly about the progress of work with safeguard compliances to the supervision consultant. 189. The supervision consultant then shall ensure that all the procedures and mitigation measures are being compiled by the contractor. The supervision consultant shall be responsible to check the weekly progress report of the contractor and conduct field verification to ensure if the mitigation measures as designed in EMEP are being implemented.

190. The supervision consultant shall prepare an environmental monitoring section to be inserted in the monthly and routine periodic reports based on the weekly status report. The Environmental Specialist of the PMO will review the status and recommendations and act accordingly to take corrective measures. 191. Routine progress reports, including biannual and annual reports on the implementation of EMP will be produced by the PMO on a regular basis and submit to ADB for review. The report should contain information of all the activities conducted within the given time including the non- compliances and any corrective measures undertaken. 8.5 Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates 192. Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates will be prepared including mitigation measures and EMP as mentioned in this IEE report. This will make contractors and other stakeholders responsible for adopting mitigation measures as mentioned in this reoprt. 193. Most of the costs related to the mitigation and monitoring activities are either included in the construction cost estimates in accordance with the contract specification or covered in the operation and maintenance costs and thus are not detailed here. 194. Further funds are needed mainly for developing the capacity and facilities of the WUSC for environmental monitoring and for conducting environmental training and awareness campaigns. The estimate is presented in table 15. Table 15: Annual Environmental Cost S.N Activities Estimated Cost Remarks (NRs.) 1 Training for WUSC staff 20,000 During operation period 2 Environmental Awareness 50,000 During construction and operation Campaigns periods Total 70,000 8.6 Work Plan 195. The agencies responsible, period and frequency of monitoring for the implementation of the required mitigation measures have been outlined in the above sections with consolidated summary below. 196. During the design phase PMO and the consultant should see that mitigation measures are included in the design and contract documents in compliance with Environment Protection Act and Regulations. 197. During the construction phase the parties involved should see that all mitigation measures and precautions that are required to be taken by the contractor are written explicitly SPSC and WUSC shall be responsible to see that works carried out by the contractor are according to the contract documents and mitigation measures are taken accordingly with the overall guidance of the DWSO and the PMO. 198. During the operation phase, DWSO, and WUSC should monitor the system for leakage, water quality, pump maintenance and disease outbreak etc. and prepare a monthly report should be sent to DWSS via the Regional Directorate. 199. If impacts other than those mentioned in the report are observed, they shall be mitigated at the project cost.

200. Following table shows the proposed implementation schedule for the project: Table 16: Project implementation schedule

CHAPTER IX CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

201. It is expected that the planned water supply and sanitation project for Vyas Municipality will have only minor adverse impacts on the environment which can be easily and cheaply mitigated through adequate mitigation measures and regular monitoring during the design, construction and operation phases. 202. Due to this Project, there will be significant improvement in personal, household and community hygiene practices, and environmental sanitation thereby increasing the quality of life and community health. 203. From this IEE, it can be seen that no adverse or harmful impacts of any significance are expected and hence a full scale EIA is not required. The project falls under Category B (no major environmental impacts expected) for which only an IEE is required. 204. Hence the project is recommended along with implementation of mitigation measures and management framework mentioned in this IEE report.

REFERENCES ADB (2003): Environmental Assessment Guidelines. Asian Development Bank ADB (2009): Safeguard Policy Statement. Asian Development Bank HMG/N (1996): Environmental Protection Act (with amendments). His Majesty‟s Government of Nepal HMG/N (1997): Environmental Protection Rules (with amendments). His Majesty‟s Government of Nepal Draft Detailed Design Report of Vyas Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Tanahu (Batch II, Package II). Initial Environmenal Examination (IEE) Report on Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project, Phidim Initial Environmenal Examination (IEE) Report on Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project, Phidim National EIA Guidelines 2050 B.S. Uprety, B. K. 2003: Environmental Impact Assessment: Process and Practice. www.lawcommission.gov.np

Annexes

Annex I: Approved TOR

Annex II: REA Checklist

Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions:

(i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES) for endorsement by the Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Vyas Small Town Water Supply Project Country/Project Title:

Sector Division: Water Supply and Sanitation

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A. Project Siting Is the project area…

Densely populated? √ The project area consists of dense settlements with total of 2238 households

Heavy with development activities? √ The service area of the project has urban setting with development activities Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas?

√ There are no remarkable cultural heritage sites except few newly • Cultural heritage site constructed temples and Vyas cave near project area. The project activity does not have any impact on these sites There are no environmentally Protected Area √ • sensitive areas within the project

area • Wetland √

• Mangrove √

• Estuarine √

• Buffer zone of protected area √

• Special area for protecting biodiversity √

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks • Bay √

B. Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause…

pollution of raw water supply from upstream wastewater √ discharge from communities, industries, agriculture, and soil erosion runoff?

impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas and √ loss/damage to these sites?

hazard of land subsidence caused by excessive ground water √ The project does not include ground pumping? water extraction

social conflicts arising from displacement of communities ? √ No any communities will be displaced due to project conflicts in abstraction of raw water for water supply with √ Madi river has sufficient water other beneficial water uses for surface and ground waters? quantity

unsatisfactory raw water supply (e.g. excessive pathogens or √ The raw water quality in the area mineral constituents)? will be treated to meets the National Drinking Water Quality Standards. delivery of unsafe water to distribution system? √ Treated water will be supplied which will be under NDWQS inadequate protection of intake works or wells, leading to √ The subproject includes fencing and pollution of water supply? other protection works of water intakes to prevent pollution of water supply, and will be accessible only to authorized persons. The water will also be regularly monitored to ensure only treated water is distributed. over pumping of ground water, leading to salinization and √ ground subsidence?

excessive algal growth in storage reservoir? √ Storage reservoirs are only for treated water. The water will be chlorinated and the reservoirs covered to prevent algal growth increase in production of sewage beyond capabilities of √ Only manageable amount of sludge community facilities? will be generated inadequate disposal of sludge from water treatment plants? √ Disposal of sludge to be done at designated sites as per the EMP. inadequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment plants √ Adequate amount of buffer zone to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances and protect along with plantation has been facilities? designed around treatment plants. submersible pumps and noiseless generators will be used impairments associated with transmission lines and access √ Expected during pipe-relaying but roads? impacts will be temporary and short in duration. Good construction practices to mitigate transmission line impairments and to be specified in the EMP. A section-wise approach will also limit impairments to traffic and businesses during construction.

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks health hazards arising from inadequate design of facilities for √ Handling of hazardous materials receiving, storing, and handling of chlorine and other associated with treatment facilities hazardous chemicals. addressed in the EMP. O&M manual will specifically deal with the handling and storage of chlorine. health and safety hazards to workers from handling and √ Personal protective equipment will management of chlorine used for disinfection, other be provided to workers. Regular contaminants, and biological and physical hazards during training will also be conducted to project construction and operation? ensure that workers are aware of the health hazards of chemicals. O&M manual will be developed which will specifically deal with the handling and storage of chlorine and emergency response. dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? √ No any dislocation or involuntary resettlement is required for the project disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, √ The subproject will not affect Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups? indigenous peoples or other vulnerable groups. It will be beneficial to women and children as water will be available in their home and fetching water will no more be a problem. The contractor will be encouraged to hire local workers from the local labor force. noise and dust from construction activities? √ Expected but impacts will be temporary and short in duration. Good construction practices to mitigate noise and dust and to be specified in the EMP. increased road traffic due to interference of construction √ Expected but impacts will be activities? temporary and short in duration. Traffic management plan to form part of the EMP continuing soil erosion/silt runoff from construction √ Good construction practices to operations? mitigate soil erosion and silt runoff and to be specified in the EMP. delivery of unsafe water due to poor O&M treatment √ Any distributed water to comply with processes (especially mud accumulations in filters) and the National Drinking Water Quality inadequate chlorination due to lack of adequate monitoring of Standards and addressed in the chlorine residuals in distribution systems? EMP delivery of water to distribution system, which is corrosive √ The O&M manuals will include due to inadequate attention to feeding of corrective maintenance schedules and chemicals? monitoring program. accidental leakage of chlorine gas? √ Not applicable as calcium hypochlorite will be used in the chlorination process and chlorine gas will not be used. excessive abstraction of water affecting downstream water √ Only sustainable amount (around users? 50%) of surface water will be diverted for project competing uses of water? √ No competing users are noticed increased sewage flow due to increased water supply √ Sewage flow will be increased but within normal range increased volume of sullage (wastewater from cooking and √ Sullage and sludge will be increased washing) and sludge from wastewater treatment plant but within normal range

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks large population influx during project construction and √ Priority in employment will be given operation that causes increased burden on social to local residents. Construction infrastructure and services (such as water supply and contractors will be required to sanitation systems)? provide a worker’s camp, if required, with basic facilities. social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries are √ Priority in employment will be given hired? to local residents. risks to community health and safety due to the transport, √ Construction will not involve use of storage, and use and/or disposal of materials such as explosives and chemicals. explosives, fuel and other chemicals during operation and Trenching will be done manually. construction? community safety risks due to both accidental and natural √ Construction areas will be clearly hazards, especially where the structural elements or demarcated and access controlled. components of the project are accessible to members of the Only workers and project staff will be affected community or where their failure could result in injury allowed to visit operational sites. to the community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning?

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions Yes No Remarks The following questions are not for environmental categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks.

• Is the Project area subject to hazards such as earthquakes, √ Not applicable floods, landslides, tropical cyclone winds, storm surges, tsunami or volcanic eruptions and climate changes (see Appendix I)?

Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or extreme √ Not applicable events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or financial sustainability (e.g., changes in rainfall patterns disrupt reliability of water supply; sea level rise creates salinity intrusion into proposed water supply source)?

Are there any demographic or socio-economic aspects of √ Not applicable the Project area that are already vulnerable (e.g.,high incidence of marginalized populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)?

Could the Project potentially increase the climate or disaster √ Not applicable vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by using water from a vulnerable source that is relied upon by many user groups, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)?

* Hazards are potentially damaging physical events Annex III: Location Map

Annex IV: Public Notice

Annex V: Deed of Inquiry

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'-- ｾＮＭＯ --7 ...... ,,,_ ••-' ",' ｾｉＢＧｨ Annex VI: Minutes of Public Consultation

Annex VII: Recommendation Letter

Annex VIII: Survey Questionnaire

Annex IX: Water Quality Test Reports