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Occurrence of a New Species of Colonial Ascidian – Eudistoma Kaverium Sp

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Occurrence of a New Species of Colonial Ascidian – Eudistoma Kaverium Sp Indian Journal of Marine Sciences Vol. 31(3), September 2002, pp. 201-206 Occurrence of a new species of colonial ascidian – Eudistoma kaverium sp. nov. and four new records of Eudistoma to Indian coastal waters V. K. Meenakshi Department of Zoology, A.P.C. Mahalaxmi College for Women, Tuticorin 628 002, Tamil Nadu, India [ E-mail: [email protected] ] Received 14 August 2001, revised 10 June 2002 Five species of colonial ascidians of the genus Eudistoma are reported of which Eudistoma kaverium sp. nov. is new to science and the other four ⎯ Eudistoma constrictum Kott, 1990; Eudistoma laysani (Sluiter, 1900); Eudistoma ovatum (Herdman, 1886); Eudistoma toealensis Millar, 1975 are new records to Indian waters. [ Key words: colonial ascidians, Eudistoma kaverium, new records ] So far only two species of the genus Eudistoma – long arising from a common basal test. The basal test Eudistoma viride Tokioka1, 1955 by Renganathan2, mass and about half of the base of the cylindrical 1984 and Eudistoma lakshmiani Renganathan3, 1986 lobes are intensely coated with sand and have sand have been reported from Indian waters. The present internally. The surface test of the head of the colony is study reports the occurrence of a new species – always free of sand. The free upper ends of the lobes Eudistoma kaverium sp. nov. and four more species – are usually circular to oval with 2 mm to 1 cm diame- Eudistoma constrictum Kott4, 1990; Eudistoma ter. The number of lobes in a colony range from laysani (Sluiter5, 1900); Eudistoma ovatum (Herd- 16-51. Occasionally the lobes show short branches. man6, 1886); Eudistoma toealensis Millar7, 1975 for Living colonies are translucent whitish (colour of cau- the first time from Indian waters. liflower) with light flesh coloured zooids. In preserva- Eudistoma kaverium sp. nov. tive the test becomes transparent and flesh coloured. Class: Ascidiacea Faecal pellets are completely absent from the test. Order: Enterogona Suborder: Aplousobranchia Family: Polycitoridae Genus: Eudistoma Species: Eudistoma kaverium sp. nov. Habit and habitat ⎯ Many colonies, found at- tached to the upper surface of dead corals and mollus- can shells were collected from the littoral zone of Mandapam (lat. 9º16’N and long. 79º 8′E), south east coast of India (western Bay of Bengal). Holotype ⎯ (VOCM AS51) deposited in the as- cidian collections of the Museum of the Research De- partment of Zoology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India. Paratype ⎯ (AS.8) deposited in the national collec- tions of the Zoological Survey of India, Southern Re- gional Station, 100, Santhome High Road, Chennai 600 028, India. External appearance ⎯ (Figs 1 and 2A,B) The colony consists of upright, cylindrical lobes 1-1.5 cm Fig. 1 ⎯ Colony of Eudistoma kaverium sp. nov 202 Indian J. Mar. Sci., Vol. 31, No. 3, September 2002 The zooids open by separate branchial and atrial vascular appendage projects from the posterior end of apertures on the upper surface placed near to each zooid. A maximum of 6 to 7 embryos are present in other in an oval transparent area of test. Each zooid is the atrial cavity of which one or two of them are tailed contained in a compartment in the test which is of the larvae. The larval trunk measures 0.5 to 0.7 mm long. same diameter without any constriction. The con- The tail is wound halfway round. Lateral and median tracted zooids are always found occupying the middle ampullae are present (Fig. 2E). or basal part of the compartment and they are never Remarks ⎯ The characters used to distinguish the severed. Zooids are arranged at right angles to the different species of this genus are the shape, colour of surface test and can be seen extending vertically the colony, cloacal system, test inclusions, number of through the transparent compartments. stigmata in each row, nature of alimentary canal and Internal structure ⎯ (Fig. 2C,D) Zooids are robust, larva. well-expanded zooids measure 9-10 mm. But usually So far only two species of the genus Eudistoma – the contracted zooids are only 3-4 mm long. Zooids Eudistoma viride and Eudistoma lakshmiani have are pinkish brown in preservative. Siphons are rela- been reported from Indian waters. The present species tively short. Thirteen longitudinal muscles are present lacks the characteristic black spots on either side of in the thorax which extends as 4 bundles into the ab- the oral siphon observed in Eudistoma viride and the domen. Twenty six circular muscles are present which larval characters of Eudistoma lakshmiani like the are closely placed in the anterior and middle part of four pairs of lateral ampullae subdivided into two the thorax and loosely placed in the posterior thoracic prominences in the distal end and a single median region. The number of stigmata varies from 12-16 and ampulla along the ventromedian line of the trunk. it is very difficult to count in contracted zooids. The In the absence of colonial systems the present spe- oesophageal neck is long and thin. The stomach is at cies resembles Eudistoma constrictum, Eudistoma the posterior end of the gut loop and the posterior microlarvum Kott, 1990; Eudistoma globosum Kott8, stomach is indistinct. Gonads are in the gut loop and the testis follicles in grape-like clusters spill over the sides. The vas deferens is prominent. A delicate long Fig. 2 ⎯ Eudistoma kaverium sp. nov. (A) colony, {L-lobe], (B) Fig. 3 ⎯ Eudistoma constrictum (A) relaxed zooid showing gut upper surface of a lobe showing zooid openings, (C) contracted loop, [BA ⎯ branchial aperture; AA ⎯ atrial aperture; zooid drawn from the surface (D) contracted zooid with an em- S ⎯ stigmata; A ⎯ anus; E ⎯ endostyle; R ⎯ rectum; bryo, {AC ⎯ atrial cavity; E ⎯ embryo; BA ⎯ branchial aperture; O ⎯ oesophagus; F ⎯ faecal pellet; ST ⎯ stomach], (B) gut loop S ⎯ stigmata; O ⎯ Oesophagus; ST ⎯ stomach; T ⎯ testis folli- with gonads [I ⎯ intestine; T ⎯ testis follicles; PS ⎯ posterior cles], (E) larva. stomach; V ⎯ vascular process], (C) larva. Meenakshi : Occurrence of species of Eudistoma 203 1957; Eudistoma elongatum (Herdman, 1886); Eudis- oid-bearing heads of the colony of Eudistoma elonga- toma laysani. It differs from Eudistoma constrictum tum. in the form and colour of the colony, in the absence of Whitish blue iridescence with no embedded sand sand from the surface test of the head of lobes, the and small zooids characteristic of Eudistoma laysani zooids contained in compartments of the test which is have not been observed in the present species. not constricted. The multilobed colony with the translucent whitish The specimen can be easily distinguished from test, long zooids contained in compartments of the Eudistoma microlarvum where the colonies are flat test, absence of sand from the surface test of head are investing sheets or cushions and not lobed like the characteristics of the species. In view of these special present species. The present species differs from the features the present species is identified as a new spe- colonies of Eudistoma globosum in the colour, shape cies and named Eudistoma kaverium sp. nov. of the lobes of the colony, absence of faecal pellets in the test, more than 15 stigmata per row, though they New records for India show similarities in the shape of the colony and the Eudistoma constrictum Kott, 1990 arrangement of zooids. Eudistoma constrictum Kott, 1990, p. 203 This species of Eudistoma can never be confused Habit and habitat ⎯ Many colonies were collected with the club-shaped to long cylindrical rope-like zo- from the intertidal rocky shore of Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, south east coast of India. Distribution ⎯ Australia, India External appearance ⎯ Colonies irregular cush- ions extending to about 6-7 cm and up to 1 cm high. Zooids open separately in a sand free area. Sand and faecal pellets are present in the test which gradually becomes less towards the base. In some parts of the colony sand was completely absent. The zooid is con- tained in a compartment in the test which is not con- stricted in the upper part of the oesophageal neck. Fig. 5 ⎯ Eudistoma ovatum (A) upper surface of the colony show- ing openings of zooids, (B) embedded sand on the surface test and Fig. 4⎯ Eudistoma laysani (A) zooid showing gut loop, (B) gut the apertures of the zooids in a sand free area, (C) gut loop with loop with gonads, (C) larva gonads, (D) larva. 204 Indian J. Mar. Sci., Vol. 31, No. 3, September 2002 Internal structure (Fig. 3A,B) ⎯ Zooids pinkish sand throughout the test, absence of circular systems brown when alive but on preservation the colour was and the presence of a narrow constriction between the completely lost. Longitudinal and circular muscles are thorax and abdomen. well developed. Longitudinal muscles extend into the The specimen studied has been deposited in the abdomen as bands. Short siphons, very fine branchial National Collections, Zoological Survey of India, tentacles are present at the base of the branchial si- Chennai (Reg. No.AS.11). phon. About 12-15 stigmata could be counted in each row. The dorsal end of the anterior row curves for- Eudistoma laysani (Sluiter, 1900) Distoma laysani Sluiter 1900, p.9. ward. A short oval posterior stomach present, 2 9 embryos were present in the peribranchial cavity. Polycitor laysani: Sluiter 1909, p.4. Larval trunk measures 5-6 mm. Lateral and median Eudistoma laysani: Millar 1975, p.221. ampullae alternate with the adhesive organs. Tail is Distoma parva Sluiter 1900, p.6. wound three quarters (Fig. 3C). Eudistoma parvum: Kott 1957, p.77. Polycitor (Eudistoma) olivaceum: Tokioka10 1942 p.497. Remarks ⎯ This species is being reported for the first time in India. The present species resembles Eud- Eudistoma laysani: Kott 1990, p.214. istoma constrictum.
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