In My View What Is the Fastest Route to a COVID-19
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Modelling Immunization Strategies with Cytomegalovirus Vaccine Candidates
Epidemiol. Infect. (2011), 139, 1818–1826. f Cambridge University Press 2011 doi:10.1017/S0950268811000343 Modelling immunization strategies with cytomegalovirus vaccine candidates R.S. AZEVEDO1* AND M. AMAKU2 1 Departamento de Patologia & LIM 01 HC, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil 2 Departamento de Medicina Veterina´ria Preventiva e Sau´de Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterina´ria e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil (Accepted 16 February 2011; first published online 14 March 2011) SUMMARY In order to analyse the impact of vaccination against cytomegalovirus (CMV) on congenital infection incidence using current vaccines tested in phase II clinical trials, we simulated different scenarios by mathematical modelling, departing from the current vaccine characteristics, varying age at vaccination, immunity waning, vaccine efficacy and mixing patterns. Our results indicated that the optimal age for a single vaccination interval is from 2 to 6 months if there is no immunity waning. Congenital infection may increase if vaccine-induced immunity wanes before 20 years. Congenital disease should increase further when the mixing pattern includes transmission among children with a short duration of protection vaccine. Thus, the best vaccination strategy is a combined schedule: before age 1 year plus a second dose at 10–11 years. For CMV vaccines with low efficacy, such as the current ones, universal vaccination against CMV should be considered for infants and teenagers. Key words: Cytomegalovirus vaccine, immunity waning, immunization strategies, modelling. INTRODUCTION adolescence, when seroprevalence increases again [1, 2]. These observations suggest that the force of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection may be the cause of infection, defined as the per capita rate at which mental retardation and deafness in newborns, infec- susceptible individuals acquire infection, may be re- tious mononucleosis syndrome in young adults, and presented by a bimodal pattern. -
Vaccines, Emerging Viruses, and How to Avoid Disaster Rino Rappuoli
Rappuoli BMC Biology 2014, 12:100 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/12/100 INTERVIEW Open Access Vaccines, emerging viruses, and how to avoid disaster Rino Rappuoli Abstract Rino Rappuoli is a graduate of Siena University, where he also earned his PhD before moving to the Sclavo Research Center, the Italian vaccine institute, also in Siena. He then spent two years in the USA, mostly at Harvard with John Murphy and Alwin Pappenheimer working on a new diphtheria vaccine based on a non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin which has since become the basis for conjugate vaccines against haemophilus, meningococcus, and pneumococcal infections, before returning to the Sclavo Research Center where he developed an acellular vaccine based on a mutant pertussis toxin. With many achievements Rino Rappuoli in vaccine development to his credit, he is now Global Head of Vaccines Research and Development for Novartis Vaccines in Siena, and has most recently breaking out. Ebola virus is by far the most lethal that we pioneered reverse vaccinology, in which the genome have now, but all of the others are very dangerous. of the pathogen is screened for candidate antigenic and immunogenic vaccine components. We spoke to him about the potential for outbreaks of the kind we I know that there are ’flu vaccines, but are there are now seeing with Ebolavirus in West Africa, and licensed vaccines for any of the others? what can be done to prevent them. The answer is no - there are no vaccines for SARS, which emerged in 2003, there is no licensed vaccine for MERS, there is no licensed vaccine for Chikungunya, Ebolavirus disease has been much in the news there is no licensed vaccine for Ebola - so for most of recently because of the horrendous outbreak in these diseases there are no vaccines, because they are – West Africa but how many other rare, sporadic too rare to justify the economic investment. -
THE EVOLVING VIRUS Everything You What It Means How Long Before Need to Know About for the Roll-Out This Is Just the New Variants of Vaccines Another Cold?
THE HUMMING UNIVERSE Do gravitational waves permeate all of space-time? BEYOND LITHIUM Batteries you can make from common salt GENETIC EXCLUSION The diversity issue undermining medicine WEEKLY 23 January 2021 No3318 Australia $9.50 (Inc. GST) New Zealand NZ$9.50 (Inc. GST) Print Post Approved 100007877 COVID-19 THE EVOLVING VIRUS Everything you What it means How long before need to know about for the roll-out this is just the new variants of vaccines another cold? PARENTAL BURNOUT Why it’s time to take it seriously PLUS SAVING THE NORTHERN WHITE RHINO / UNSWATTABLE FLIES / BIN BAG SMELL / HOW TO SPOT A LIAR / OLDEST ANIMAL PAINTING News, ideas and innovation www.newscientist.com 210123_R_Cov_EvolvingVirus.indd 66 19/1/21 23:04 The leader Time to adapt As the coronavirus mutates, we will need to adjust our approach to it JUST one month ago, the world Now the virus has picked up need for tweaks to vaccines or new was already struggling to contain mutations that allow it to spread treatments (see page 10). the spread of the coronavirus. more easily and, in some cases, The news of these new variants has Now the challenge has become that could help it evade our coincided closely with the widespread even harder. The emergence of new immune system (see page 8). and very welcome roll-out of vaccines variants with different properties has A faster-spreading virus leads against covid-19. These vaccines offer changed the rules of engagement. to more infections, as has been seen us a way out of the pandemic, but we That the coronavirus should evolve already knew it would be a long road isn’t surprising – this is what viruses “ A virus that can evade our to vaccinating almost the entire adult do. -
Moderna Inc Corporate Analyst Meeting on April 14, 2020 / 12:00PM
Client Id: 77 THOMSON REUTERS STREETEVENTS EDITED TRANSCRIPT MRNA.OQ - Moderna Inc Corporate Analyst Meeting EVENT DATE/TIME: APRIL 14, 2020 / 12:00PM GMT THOMSON REUTERS STREETEVENTS | www.streetevents.com | Contact Us ©2020 Thomson Reuters. All rights reserved. Republication or redistribution of Thomson Reuters content, including by framing or similar means, is prohibited without the prior written consent of Thomson Reuters. 'Thomson Reuters' and the Thomson Reuters logo are registered trademarks of Thomson Reuters and its affiliated companies. Client Id: 77 APRIL 14, 2020 / 12:00PM, MRNA.OQ - Moderna Inc Corporate Analyst Meeting CORPORATE PARTICIPANTS Juan Andres Moderna, Inc. - Chief Technical Operations & Quality Officer Lavina Talukdar Moderna, Inc. - Head of IR Stéphane Bancel Moderna, Inc. - CEO & Director Stephen Hoge Moderna, Inc. - President Tal Zaks Moderna, Inc. - Chief Medical Officer CONFERENCE CALL PARTICIPANTS Alec Warren Stranahan BofA Merrill Lynch, Research Division - Associate Cory William Kasimov JP Morgan Chase & Co, Research Division - Senior Biotechnology Analyst Edward Andrew Tenthoff Piper Sandler & Co., Research Division - MD & Senior Research Analyst Geoffrey Craig Porges SVB Leerink LLC, Research Division - Director of Therapeutics Research, MD & Senior Biotechnology Analyst Hartaj Singh Oppenheimer & Co. Inc., Research Division - Research Analyst Maxwell Nathan Skor Morgan Stanley, Research Division - Research Associate Salveen Jaswal Richter Goldman Sachs Group Inc., Research Division - VP Umer Raffat Evercore ISI Institutional Equities, Research Division - Senior MD & Senior Analyst of Equity Research Yasmeen Rahimi Roth Capital Partners, LLC, Research Division - MD, Senior Research Analyst & Co-Head of Biotechnology Research Andrew Lo Flor Munoz-Rivas Kathryn Edwards Mark Denison Mark R. Denison Paul Heath PRESENTATION Operator Good morning, and welcome to Moderna's Virtual Vaccine Day. -
Drugs and Vaccines Will Be Necessary to Control Tuberculosis
applied sciences Editorial Drugs and Vaccines Will Be Necessary to Control Tuberculosis Rino Rappuoli 1,2,3 1 GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy; [email protected] 2 Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy 3 Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK Received: 5 June 2020; Accepted: 9 June 2020; Published: 10 June 2020 For most infectious diseases, vaccines are used to prevent infection and drugs are used for acute therapy and eradication of established infections. This is not the case for tuberculosis, where BCG, the vaccine against tuberculosis, which is given to most children in low- and middle-income countries, does not prevent infection, but it is only effective in decreasing infant mortality. The consequence is that infection occurs in one third of the global population and, following infection, the bacterium establishes a lifelong chronic presence. More than 2 billion people today are chronically infected. The immune system of the chronically infected individuals is effective to keep the bacterium at bay for most of the time, however there are circumstances where the immune system becomes temporarily or permanently weaker and the bacterium escapes the immunity and causes severe disease. The consequence are 1.5 million deaths every year. In addition to the only partially effective BCG vaccine against tuberculosis, also the available therapies for tuberculosis are suboptimal. They require months to eradicate the infection and they are largely ineffective due to the increasing rate of bacteria resistant to antibiotics. The question we have is why in 2020 we still rely on a vaccine developed a century ago (in 1922) and why we do not have better drugs. -
Curriculum Vitae
CURRICULUM VITAE RINO RAPPUOLI Business address GSK Vaccines Via Fiorentina, 1 53100 Siena – ITALY Office: +39-0577-243414 Email: [email protected] Current positions 2015 - to date Chief Scientist and Head External R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines (Siena, Italy). Previous positions 2017 - 2019 Professor of Vaccines Research, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (London, United Kingdom) 2014 Global Head Research and Development, Novartis Vaccines (Siena, Italy). 2007-2015 Founder and chairman of the Board of the Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health (Siena, Italy). 2006 Global Head Vaccines Research, Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics (Siena, Italy). 2003 Chief Scientific Officer and Vice President Vaccines Research, Chiron Corporation (Emeryville, USA). 1996 Vice President Vaccines Research, Chiron Corporation (Emeryville, USA). 1992 Head of Research of IRIS, the Chiron S.p.A. Research Institute (Siena, Italy). 1988-1991 Head of the Sclavo Research and Development (Siena, Italy). 1985-1987 Head of the laboratory of Bacterial Vaccines at the Sclavo Research Center. Worked on the molecular genetics of Bordetella pertussis and the development of a new vaccine against whooping cough. 1982-1984 Sclavo Research Center, Worked on the molecular biology of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and the development of a new vaccine against diphtheria. 1980-1981 Visiting scientist at the Harvard Medical School (Boston, USA). Worked on the molecular biology of bacteriophages of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in the laboratory of John Murphy. 1979 Visiting scientist for four months at the Rockefeller University (New York, USA). Worked on the purification of gonococcal antigens in the laboratory of Emil Gotschlich. 1978-1984 Staff scientist at the Sclavo Research Center (Siena, Italy). -
Profile of Rino Rappuoli
PROFILE Profile of Rino Rappuoli ino Rappuoli grew up in the shadow of what he describes as a testament to the devastating impact of infectious disease: Rthe unfinished wall of the Siena Cathe- dral in Siena, Italy. When the plague hit the city in 1348, it slashed the popula- tion from 100,000 to 30,000. ‘‘It basically shut down one of the most powerful economies of the time, and that momen- tum was lost forever. I see it as an ex- ample of what could happen today with pandemic influenza,’’ says Rappuoli, whose current research focuses on devel- oping a vaccine for avian influenza. Rappuoli, currently the Global Head of Vaccines Research for Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics (Siena, Italy), was elected as a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences in 2005. He has spent his career developing vaccines for pertussis, meningitis, and Helicobacter pylori and is jointly responsible for engi- neering the carrier protein used in many conjugate vaccines. He is credited with launching the field of reverse vaccinology, the first fruits of which are revealed in his Inaugural Article in this issue of PNAS Rino Rappuoli (1), where he describes a universal vaccine for serogroup B meningococcus. fellowship at Siena’s Sclavo Research to Alwin Pappenheimer, who became a Bucolic Beginnings Center, the Italian vaccine institute that mentor to Rappuoli. ‘‘He was one of Rappuoli was born in 1952, in Radicofani, had been developing and producing vac- the fathers of microbiology and immun- Italy, a village 40 miles south of Siena. cines for almost a century. ology....Heisanother person who really When he was 11, his family moved closer shaped my career,’’ says Rappuoli. -
Trends in Vaccine Availability and Novel Vaccine Delivery Technologies: 2008–2025
Landscape Analysis Trends in vaccine availability and novel vaccine delivery technologies: 2008–2025 July 2008 Bâtiment Avant Centre Phone: 33.450.28.00.49 13 Chemin du Levant Fax: 33.450.28.04.07 01210 Ferney Voltaire www.path.org France www.who.int Landscape Analysis Trends in vaccine availability and novel vaccine delivery technologies: 2008–2025 July 1, 2008 Version: January 22, 2009 ii Table of contents Acronyms and abbreviations.......................................................................................................................................... iv Executive summary......................................................................................................................................................... 1 TRENDS IN VACCINE AVAILABILITY: 2008–2025 ............................................................................................. 2 Choice of vaccine types to be surveyed........................................................................................................................... 2 Vaccine availability and use: 2008–2025........................................................................................................................ 2 Vaccine availability............................................................................................................................................... 2 Delivery strategies................................................................................................................................................. 4 Extensions -
Deploy Vaccines to Fight Superbugs
PROGRAM ON THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY OF AGING AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY Working Paper Series Deploy Vaccines to Fight Superbugs Rino Rappuoli, David E. Bloom, and Steve Black December 2017 PGDA Working Paper No. 142 http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/pgda/working/ Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P30AG024409. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. COMMENT WEATHER Research must HEALTH How people with MEDICINE Sanctions leave long OBITUARY Ronald Breslow, adapt to the demands Lyme disease were shadow for users of blood- pioneering organic chemist, of society p.168 finally vindicated p.174 clotting factor in Iran p.175 remembered p.176 EDUARDO SOTERAS/AFP/GETTY EDUARDO Vaccines can have an effect on antimicrobial resistance by reducing the number of ill people and avoiding unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions. Deploy vaccines to fight superbugs Immunizations combined with antibiotics could be our best shot at combating drug-resistant microbes, argue Rino Rappuoli, David E. Bloom and Steve Black. acteria, viruses, parasites and fungi Antimicrobials alone won’t be able to stakeholders need to see antibiotics and that are resistant to drugs cause mitigate the threat. The supply of naturally vaccines as complementary tools. Here we 700,000 deaths each year. By 2050, such occurring antibiotics seems thin. And efforts focus on antibiotic-resistant bacteria, for B‘superbugs’, inured to treatments, could cause to engineer new ones have floundered. which the need for solutions is most urgent. -
Sitting Down with Johannes Khinast
APRIL 2021 # 74 Upfront In My View NextGen Sitting Down With The risk profile of Analyzing capsids for Unit-level traceability of Johannes Khinast – the only pharma-grade whey gene therapy glass containers science is good science 07 12 38 – 42 50 – 51 www.themedicinemaker.com Value beyond the vial When you have questions, we have answers. When evaluating your product against a reference standard, questions arise. Give yourself a cushion of confidence. When you need expert advice or are seeking a training course to help you with our reference standards, you’ll always have access to answers when you need them — with USP. Move forward with more confidence: Contact USP. 1-301-881-0666 | usp.org/chemical-medicines A Roadmap for Access We must secure sustainable markets to ensure patient Editorial access to generic and biosimilar medicines he pandemic has presented a unique challenge to healthcare systems and infrastructure, including the generic drug supply chain. Generic drug Tmanufacturers have met this challenge, ensuring a stable supply of life-saving medicines for patients throughout the pandemic. However, the long-term sustainability of the generic and emerging biosimilars medicines market faces threats. Policymakers should consider and address the unique challenges facing generics and biosimilars to maintain long-term access to cost savings for patients. In its latest paper, Securing Sustainable Markets, the Association for Accessible Medicines (AAM) announced a series of policy proposals intended to ensure patient access to lower-cost medicines (1). Generic drugs face competitive imbalances in the market, such as a highly consolidated drug purchasing system controlled by a few major organizations, combined with ill-advised government policies. -
Vaccines for the Twenty-First Century Society
PERSPECTIVES expectancy is above 80 years and, bearing SCIENCE AND SOCIETY in mind that predictions of a ceiling to life expectancy have been repeatedly wrong, Vaccines for the twenty-first century we can extrapolate that it could reach 100 years in six decades2. A major reason society for the steady increase of life expectancy is greater control of infectious diseases — this has led to decreased early mortality Rino Rappuoli, Christian W. Mandl, Steven Black and Ennio De Gregorio (only one in four children used to reach the Abstract | Vaccines have been one of the major revolutions in the history of age of 20) and has also provided a longer lifespan in adults by decreasing their expo- mankind and, during the twentieth century, they eliminated most of the childhood sure to acute and chronic inflammatory diseases that used to cause millions of deaths. In the twenty-first century, vaccines processes1. will also play a major part in safeguarding people’s health. Supported by the Vaccination served extremely well the innovations derived from new technologies, vaccines will address the new needs needs of our twentieth-century society, of a twenty-first century society characterized by increased life expectancy, members of which had a life expectancy of approximately 55–65 years. By eliminating emerging infections and poverty in low-income countries. many infectious diseases that used to cause millions of deaths, vaccination contributed Health is probably the most important value average lifespan was 35 years in 1750 to the increase in our lifespan (FIG. 1). of our society, which enjoys an unprecedented (REF. -
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Seminars in Immunology xxx (xxxx) xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Seminars in Immunology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ysmim Review New viral vectors for infectious diseases and cancer Emanuele Sasso a,b,1, Anna Morena D’Alise a,1, Nicola Zambrano b,c, Elisa Scarselli a, Antonella Folgori d, Alfredo Nicosia b,c,* a Nouscom srl, Via di Castel Romano 100, 00128 Rome, Italy b Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C. A.R.L., via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy c Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy d Reithera Srl, Via Castel Romano 100, 00128 Rome, Italy ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Since the discovery in 1796 by Edward Jenner of vaccinia virus as a way to prevent and finally eradicate Genetic vaccine smallpox, the concept of using a virus to fight another virus has evolved into the current approaches of viral Viral vector vectored genetic vaccines. In recent years, key improvements to the vaccinia virus leading to a safer version Cancer vaccine (Modified Vaccinia Ankara, MVA) and the discovery that some viruses can be used as carriers of heterologous Oncolytic virus genes encoding for pathological antigens of other infectious agents (the concept of ‘viral vectors’) has spurred a Poxvirus Adenovirus new wave of clinical research potentially providing for a solution for the long sought after vaccines against major Rhabdovirus diseases such as HIV, TB, RSV and Malaria, or emerging infectious diseases including those caused by filoviruses Paramixovirus and coronaviruses. The unique ability of some of these viral vectors to stimulate the cellular arm of the immune Arenavirus response and, most importantly, T lymphocytes with cell killing activity, has also reawakened the interest toward Herpesvirus developing therapeutic vaccines against chronic infectious diseases and cancer.