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The Behavioral Ecology of the First Instar Southern Green Stink Bug, Nezara Viridula (L.) (Aggregation, Pheromone, Embryo, Egg, Nymph)

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The Behavioral Ecology of the First Instar Southern Green Stink Bug, Nezara Viridula (L.) (Aggregation, Pheromone, Embryo, Egg, Nymph) Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1985 The Behavioral Ecology of the First Instar Southern Green Stink Bug, Nezara Viridula (L.) (Aggregation, Pheromone, Embryo, Egg, Nymph). Jeffrey Alan Lockwood Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Lockwood, Jeffrey Alan, "The Behavioral Ecology of the First Instar Southern Green Stink Bug, Nezara Viridula (L.) (Aggregation, Pheromone, Embryo, Egg, Nymph)." (1985). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 4138. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/4138 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a manuscript sent to us for publication and microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to pho­ tograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. Pages in any manuscript may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. Manuscripts may not always be complete. When it is not possible to obtain missing pages, a note appears to indicate this. 2. When copyrighted materials are removed from the manuscript, a note ap­ pears to indicate this. 3. Oversize materials (maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sec­ tioning the original, beginning at the upper left hand comer and continu­ ing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or in black and white paper format. * 4. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or micro­ fiche but lack clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, all photographs are available in black and white standard 35mm slide format.* *For more information about black and white slides or enlarged paper reproductions, please contact the Dissertations Customer Services Department. IMversily Mkrdnhns International 8610648 Lockwood, Jeffrey Alan THE BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY OF THE FIRST INSTAR SOUTHERN GREEN STINK BUG, NEZARA VIRIDULA (L.) The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col. Ph.D. 1985 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a checkV . mark 1. Glossy photographs or pages______ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or ______print 3. Photographs with dark background_____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy ______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original______ copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides__ of p ag e 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages ^ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost _______in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct______ print 11. Page(s)___________ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)___________ , seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages num bered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages______ 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received_________ 16. Other______________________________________________ '________________________ University Microfilms International THE BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY OF THE FIRST INSTAR SOUTHERN GREEN STINK BUG, NEZARA VIRIDULA (L.) A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Entomology by Jeffrey Alan Lockwood S. New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 1982 December 1985 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my major professor, Dr. R. N. Story, a friend to whom I give the highest compliments as a teacher; he gave me the encouragement to try, the challenge to think, and the freedom to fail. I am grateful to my committee members, Drs. D. J. Boethel, A. M. Hammond, J. B. Graves, J. P. La Fage, J. P. Woodring, and V. L. Wright for their availability, cooperation, assistance, and review of this manuscript. I would especially like to thank Dr. Wright for consultation on statistical analyses. I would like to thank Dr. T. C. Sparks for his assistance with the graphics Dr. B. G. Harville for his review of the manuscript, and Dr. A. H. Meier for his review of Chapter II. My work was greatly facilitated by the efforts and contributions of my fellow graduate students, Ben Hua-Lye, David Orr, and David Rider and a research associate, John Aubrey. I would also like to acknowledge the patience, perseverence, and technical assistance of Dondi Alvaro, Bo Belanger, Melody Palmer, and Karen Turner. I reserve my final and most heartfelt appreciation for my wife, Nancy, whose love and support made this work more fun, exciting, and rewarding, and in a special way, less important. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE AKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........ iii LIST OF TABLES ................. ................................ v LIST OF FIGURES ................................................. vii ABSTRACT .................. ..................................... xi INTRODUCTION .................................................... 1 CHAPTER I Embryonic orientation in the Pentatomids: Its mechanism and function in the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)... ................................... 5 Abstract ................................................... 6 Introduction ............................................... 6 Materials, Methods, and Results: Part I ................... 8 Discussion: Part I ........................................ 23 Materials, Methods, and Results: Part II ................. 27 Discussion: Part II ....................................... 30 References ................................................. 32 CHAPTER II Photic, thermic, and sibling influences on the hatching rhythm of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)...................................... 34 Abstract ................................................... 35 Introduction ......... 35 Materials and Methods ............ 37 Results ...... 39 Discussion .................. 51 References ................................................. 56 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) PAGE CHAPTER III Bifunctional pheromone in the first instar of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Penatomidae): its characterization and interaction with other stimuli ..... 59 Abstract .................................................... 60 Introduction ................................................ 60 Materials and Methods ...................................... 61 Results ..................................................... 66 Discussion .................................................. 74 References .................................................. 81 CHAPTER IV Adaptive functions of aggregation in the first instar southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) ...................................... 84 Abstract ................................. 85 Introduction ................................................ 85 Materials and Methods ...................................... 87 Results ..................................................... 96 Discussion ......................................... ........ 115 References ................................................... 122 CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................................... 126 APPENDIX .......................................................... 130 VITA ............................................................... 132 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page CHAPTER I 1. Angular deviation from central orientation by N. viridula embryos for egg mass rows 1 through 5, with row 1 being the outermost row and row 5 being the innermost r o w ....................................... 11 2. Central and perpendicular orientation angles of outer and pooled inner row embryos in the egg masses of eleven pentatomid species.............................. 14 3. The effects of removing viridula outer row eggs at selected times after oviposition on the orientation of the embryos which were removed and those in the resulting outer row of the egg mass.................... 19 4. The effects of a glued perimeter on outer row embryo orientation in viridula egg masses.................. 22 5. The effects of ethanol extraction on outer row embryo orientation in viridula egg masses.................. 24 6. The role of outer row embryos on the hatching and aggregation of NU viridula............................. 28 CHAPTER II 1. Effects of post-hatching treatments on the synchronization of hatching in pairs of eggs of viridula................................................
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