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The Reef Heron AUSTRALIAN NATURAL HISTORY Published Quarterly by the Australian Museum, College Street, Sydney Ed it or: F. H. TALI30T, Ph.D., F.L.S. Annual subscription, $1.40 po ted A istant Editor: P. F. COLLIS Single copy, 30c (35c posted) \'OL. 16, 0. 5 MARCH I 5. 1969 CONTENTS PAGE CO SERVI G THE SOUTHWEST TASMA l A W I LDER ESS- J. G. J\fos/ey 145 THE REEF H ERON- Harry F. Rec/1er and Judy A. Rec/1er 151 BooK R EVIEW .. 155 TilE A USTRALASIAN SUBANTARCTIC' I SLANDS (PART I )- J. C. Yafdll')'ll 156 SOMc I TRODVCED L A D MOLLUSCS- Brian J. Smith 162 THE PREHISTORY OF THE H UNTER RIVER VALLEY- Dar id R. /lfoore 166 THr: D ecEPTI VE S1 tPLICJTY oF NEMATODES- W. Gram lng lis 172 Mr. CT 0 R Co TRIBUTORS 176 e FRONT COVER: The Brush-tailed Possum (Trichosurus ••u/pecu/a) is a common marsupia l which is widely distributed throughout most of Australia. e\•eral forms have been described and some of the e have been given full specific ra nk. They show an interesting cline in their distribution, since the more southerly forms are larger a nd darker than a re those from northern areas. In spite of intense urban development, the Brush-tailed Possum has rema ined abundant in the vicinity of large cities, due to its ability to adapt itself readily to its changed environment. Norma lly, it nests in the hollow limbs of large gum trees, but in cities frequently lh•es in the roofs of older houses. This pattern of behaviour ensures adequa te refuges despite the clearance of trees caused by suburba n house-building. BAC K COVER: This strikingly marked jelly-fish, of the genus Chrysaora, turned up in Sydney Harbour and the mouth of the nearby Hawkesbury River in the early summer of 1968. Its appearance was something of a rarity, as title Australian Museum has no previous local re­ cords of it. rt inflicts stings and is luminescent, like the related species, Pelagia noctiluca, a frequent visitor in these latitudes. Its colouring is striking, being transparent in the light areas and dark blood-red wherever there are spots. The specimen in the photo is juvenile; as the jelly-fish grow the dark markings become larger and intenser, so that the adult has a series of dark double ribs running from the centre of the umbrella towards the margin, with a single rib in between. T he specimen photographed was taken at Manly, Sydney. [Photos: C. Turner.] Bathur t Channel. Port D avey. with Mt Berry in the background . Open sedgeland d om inated b) Button Grass (Mesomelaena sphaerocepltala) CO\ers most of the area. The rockiness of the q uartLitic Mt Berry i typical o f the mo untain ra nge o f the Southwest. [Photo: J. Thwaites.] CONSERVING THE SOUTHWEST TASMANIAN WILDERNESS By .!. G. MOSLEY Department of Geography, chool of Genera l Studies. Australian ationa l Unh•e rsity. Canberra , a nd ssistant Director Au tralian Con en·ation Foundation HE I wa a ma ll boy avidly reading con i t. of exten ive a nd ea il y penetrated W tra\ el book o n the o ther side o f the Butto n G ras plains. At the same time, it world o ne of the d i tant area which most wa ea~y to ee how the So uthwest had gained fired my imaginatio n and gave me a n interest a reputa tion for inaccessibility. T o reach in geography and natural histo ry was the the open pluins the earl y traveller had to o uthwestcrn corner o f Tasmania . The pa thro ugh a mo unta ino u and den ely book de cribed it a one of the world's last timbered country, and most o f the ta les of unex pl o red wilderncsse , a nd took pa ins to travel hard hip relate to j o urney through expl ain the diffic ultie o f travel through the thi bell. treachero us ho rizontal scrub. The seco nd notion that I had to jettison When in 196 1 I wa able to realize a was that parts of the Southwest are still boyhood wi h a nd make a n extended walking unex pl o red, altho ugh I found that offi cia l trip thro ugh the a rea o me o f the images o f repo rt till referred to the area. a. " virtua ll y my youth were quickly battered. To begin unexplo red". Cutting tracks where nece - with, 1 fo und that much o f the So uthwest ary. a nd fo ll owing Butto n Gra lead. M arch. 1969 Page 145 wherever possible, first the piners, then the Government surveyors, and fi nally the pros­ pectors, had between them poked their noses into every substantial part of the Southwest before the end of the nineteenth century. The bushwalker explorers of this centu ry scrambled up the last few virgin summits, and pro bably all that remains u ntrodden today a re a few heavily vegetated side valleys. I n spite of these misconceptions, o ne of the main impressions [ had formed about 43" the Southwest proved to be co rrect. Tn 1961 the area was still unmistakably a wilderness. The Southwest had changed little since the days of the .first white visitors. The only productive u se of its natural resources had KEY been the cutting of H uon Pine and small­ _ ___ LoJ<e Pedder scale mining. In over 2 million acres south Scemc Reserve __ Sou1 1'1-West of the Lyell H ighway there lived only two Founat OtsTr1CT families (both at Port Davey). Proposed Soutrl·Wesr - · ·NafJonol Pork ( Select Commttree) o 20 40 Although the productive use of the South­ tf!!!ff!1l. Storooes proQosed tor mti es west is infinitesimal, it is far from unused. ~ M1ddle Gordon Scheme Each summer visitors come from every part --South Wesr Scen1c Reserve, 1968 of Australia to enjoy the beauty and interest Southwest Tasmania, showing the natio nal of the natural scenery and the challenge park recommended by a Select Co mmittee of the of wilderness-living o n 1-week to 2-week Tasmania n Legislative Co uncil and the pa rk pack-carrying and ca mping trips. proclaimed in October, 1968. [Map by the autho r.) By the 1960's an unspoilt natural a rea the the nineteenth century, but most of the size of the So uthwest was a rarity anywhere usable timber had been cut out by the 1880's. in the wo rld. especia lly so close to indus­ An attempt to graze sheep o n the Button trialized western communities. Elsewhere in Grass was a failure, and, while mi nera l find s Australia there was no undeveloped area of tra nsfo rmed the landscape of the more comparable size o utside the arid interior. no rthern parts of western Tasmania, no In the eastern highlands of the mainla nd impo rta nt minerals were discovered in the the la rger blocks of wilderness had been Southwest. whittled down, ma inly thro ugh the extension of grazing, forestry, and water catchment activities, a nd, since the Second Wo rld War, Hydroelectric power development thro ugh the spread of the protecti ve fire lt wa o bvio us fro m early in thi s century road system . that the So uthwest was capa ble of supplying one form of material wealth in abunda nce. The high a ll-the-year-ro und ra infa ll and the EarJy attempts at utilization presence of suita ble dam sites on the G o rdon That the Southwest wilderness survived River gave the regio n a great potential for until the 1960's does not surprise those who hydroelectric power generatio n. It is esti ­ a re familia r with the region's forbidding mated that the full power potentia l of the a ppeara nce and clima te. The area sta nds Gordon a nd King Rivers is almost equal to square in the track of the moist westerly tha t of the completed Snowy Mo untains a irflow of the forties, and much of it has a scheme in ew South Wales. mean annua l rainfall of over 80 inches. Tasma nia began to develop its hydro­ Soils a re skeletal or non-existent on the electric power resources some 50 yea rs ago, qua rtzite ra nges, whilst podsol peats cover but the more accessible rivers were utilized the plains. first, and it was not until L967 that parlia­ Scattered sta nds of the valuable Huon mentary approval was sought for tbe G o rdon Pine attracted small-scale settlement during River power scheme. Page 146 Australian Natural H istory Precipitous Bluff (4,000 feet above sea-level), a dolcrite peak. This scene is typical of t he high plateau of the eastern part of the Southwest and the dense forests which bar the way to more open country further west. l n the sub-alpine vegetation in the foreground scoparia bushes (Richea scoparia) and the Giant H eath (Richea pandamfolia) can be seen. The dead trees in the middle distance are native pines. [Photo: I. M cK endrick.) The no rthern part of the So uthwest the biggest con ervation controver y wilderness was finally broached between T asmania ha ever known and led to decision L963 and 1966, when a 55-mile investigatio n which will pro bably determine the future of road was built west from Maydena to the the Southwe t fo r many years to come.
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