Debits and Credits in Accounting Examples
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Accounts Receivable Purchase Programs Offer Compelling Financing Advantages
Accounts Receivable Purchase Programs Offer Compelling Financing Advantages By John Padwater Director, Financial Supply Chain Americas [email protected] Although the global financial crisis is behind us, corporations continue to seek new and more advantageous sources of liquidity. One strategic financing option that is gaining popularity is an accounts receivable (A/R) purchase program. In an A/R purchase program, a bank typically purchases a corporation's receivables as soon as the company delivers goods to its customer and issues an invoice. Advantages of such a program can include less expensive financing, favorable off- balance sheet treatment of receivables assets, and reduced credit risk related to the particular obligor. Many corporations are turning to A/R purchase programs because of the negative impact that recent regulatory and accounting changes have had on two other financing alternatives — asset-based lending (ABL) facilities and asset securitization programs. Regulatory and Accounting Drivers Basel III, the latest global regulatory standard for bank capital adequacy, can require financial institutions to hold more capital in support of ABL facilities and asset securitization programs than if they were providing financing through an A/R purchase program. This creates a pricing advantage for corporations selling their receivables. In an asset-based loan, a bank takes a security interest in the collateral. In contrast, with an A/R purchase program, the bank purchases the receivable on a true sale basis, often buying a 100% interest in it on a non-recourse or limited-recourse basis. This affords a particular advantage to non-investment grade companies that have substantial accounts receivable due from investment grade or highly rated counterparties. -
Capital/Fixed Assets Depreciation Schedule Updated: February 2021
Kentucky Department of Education Munis Guide Capital/Fixed Assets Depreciation Schedule Updated: February 2021 Capital/Fixed Assets Depreciation Schedule Office of Education Technology: Division of School Technology Services Questions?: [email protected] 1 | P a g e Kentucky Department of Education Munis Guide Capital/Fixed Assets Depreciation Schedule Updated: February 2021 OVERVIEW The Fixed Assets Depreciation Schedule provides a listing of asset details that were depreciated for the report year as posted from the Fixed Asset module for the report year. Asset descriptions and depreciation details are included such as estimated life, number of periods taken for the year, first and last year periods of depreciation and acquisition cost; all to assist auditors in verifying the depreciation calculation and amounts. The report also includes assets that have been fully depreciated but have a balance remaining of Life-To-Date accumulated depreciation for the reported year. The asset amounts are reported as posted from the Fixed Asset history detail records generated from the Fixed Asset module and does NOT include amounts generated from General Journal Entries. The Depreciation Schedule pulls from two different Fixed Asset sources: 1. Fixed Asset Master File Maintenance 2. Fixed Asset history records The Fixed Asset Master File Maintenance or Asset Inquiry is where the actual asset master records reside; where assets are added and maintained. Key fields and amounts such as the asset Acquisition cost field, Asset Type (Governmental or Proprietary), Class and Sub-class codes are pulled from the asset master file for the Depreciation Schedule. It is vital that these key fields are accurate and tie to the fixed asset history records. -
Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of Goods Sold Inventory •Items purchased for the purpose of being sold to customers. The cost of the items purchased but not yet sold is reported in the resale inventory account or central storeroom inventory account. Inventory is reported as a current asset on the balance sheet. Inventory is a significant asset that needs to be monitored closely. Too much inventory can result in cash flow problems, additional expenses and losses if the items become obsolete. Too little inventory can result in lost sales and lost customers. Inventory is reported on the balance sheet at the amount paid to obtain (purchase) the items, not at its selling price. Cost of Goods Sold • Inventory management Involves regulation of the size of the investment in goods on hand, the types of goods carried in stock, and turnover rates. The investment in inventory should be kept at a minimum consistent with maintenance of adequate stocks of proper quality to meet sales demand. Increases or decreases in the inventory investment must be tested against the effect on profits and working capital. Standard levels of inventory should be established as adequate for a given volume of business, and stock control procedures applied so as to limit purchase as required. Such controls should not preclude volume purchase of nonperishable items when price advantages may be obtained under unusual circumstances. The rate of inventory turnover is a valuable test of merchandising efficiency and should be computed monthly Cost of Goods Sold • Inventory management All inventories are valued at cost which is defined as invoice price plus freight charges less discounts. -
Cash Receipts /Accounts Receivable
Section 8 – Cash Receipts /Accounts Receivable Overview Most local governments collect revenue over the counter and through the mail from the general public in the form of cash, personal checks, credit and debit card transactions, or money orders. Many local governments are also offering online payment options and direct debit of customers’ bank accounts for repetitive payments such as monthly utility bill payments. Collections may take place at multiple locations throughout the government’s operations and be for a number of purposes including: Tax payments Utility payments Various fees and charges Court collections Permits and licenses Other service charges It is necessary to establish an adequate system of controls to assure that all amounts owed to the government are collected, documented, recorded, and deposited to the bank accounts of the government entity, and to detect and deter error and fraud. Suitable controls should be established at each location where payments are received as well as at the centralized collections point. Documentation for each transaction may be generated manually by the use of a pre-numbered receipt form or through the use of a cash register, computer, or other electronic device that will provide the customer with a validated receipt and detailed and/or summary information for the government to use for balancing, reconciliation and auditing purposes. At the end of the day, this documentation is typically reconciled to the total of the cash, checks, and other forms of payment received. Total daily receipts are either manually recorded to the accounting system, or uploaded automatically by way of an electronic interface between the cash receipting and the accounting systems. -
Bookkeeping (Explanation)
Bookkeeping (Explanation) 1. Part 1 Introduction; Bookkeeping: Past and Present 2. Part 2 Accrual Method 3. Part 3 Double-Entry, Debits and Credits 4. Part 4 General Ledger Accounts 5. Part 5 Debits and Credits in the Accounts 6. Part 6 Asset Accounts 7. Part 7 Liability and Stockholders' Equity Accounts 8. Part 8 Income Statement Accounts 9. Part 9 Recording Transactions; Bank Reconciliation 10. Part 10 Adjusting Entries; Reversing Entries 11. Part 11 Balance Sheet; Income Statement; Balance Sheet and Income Statement are Linked 12. Part 12 Cash Flow Statement 13. Part 13 Statement of Stockholders' Equity; Closing Cut-Off; Importance of Controls Introduction to Bookkeeping The term bookkeeping means different things to different people: • Some people think that bookkeeping is the same as accounting. They assume that keeping a company's books and preparing its financial statements and tax reports are all part of bookkeeping. Accountants do not share their view. • Others see bookkeeping as limited to recording transactions in journals or daybooks and then posting the amounts into accounts in ledgers. After the amounts are posted, the bookkeeping has ended and an accountant with a college degree takes over. The accountant will make adjusting entries and then prepare the financial statements and other reports. • The past distinctions between bookkeeping and accounting have become blurred with the use of computers and accounting software. For example, a person with little bookkeeping training can use the accounting software to record vendor invoices, prepare sales invoices, etc. and the software will update the accounts in the general ledger automatically. Once the format of the financial statements has been established, the software will be able to generate the financial statements with the click of a button. -
Concepts/Principles, Accounting Equation
Accounting Notes Characteristics of Business Organizations: Sole Proprietorship Partnership Corporation 1) Owner(s) One Owner Two or more Many owners (partners) (shareholders) 2) Life of organization Limited by owners Limited by partners Unlimited choice or death choice or death 3) Personal Liability of Owner is personally Partners are Shareholders Owner(s) for business debt liable personally liable are not personally liable 4) Accounting Status Business is separate Partnership is Corporat ion is from the owner separate from separate from the partners the shareholders Accounting Concepts and Principles: The Entity Concept - An organization is a separate entity from the owner(s) of the organization. The Reliability (Objectivity) Principle - Accounting records and statements should be based on the most reliable data available so that they will be as accurate and useful as possible. The Cost Principle - Acquired assets and services should be recorded at their actual cost not at what they are believed to be worth. The Going-Concern Concept - The assumption that the business will continue operationing for the foreseeable future. The Stable-Monetary Unit Concept - Accounting transaction are recorded in the monetary unit used in the country where the business is located. Page 1 Student Learning Assistance Center, San Antonio College, 2004 Accounting Notes The Accounting Equation: Assets = Liabilities + Owner ˇs Equity Anything that belongs to or A debt owed by the The owners claim to the is owed to the business business to its creditors assets of the business. The assets that are left over after t he liabilities are paid Difference between Accounts Receivable and Notes Receivable: Accounts Receivable - The promise by a customer to pay the business for a service or product provided Note Receivable - The WRITTEN promise for a future collection of cash within a specified period. -
Total Cost and Profit
4/22/2016 Total Cost and Profit Gina Rablau Gina Rablau - Total Cost and Profit A Mini Project for Module 1 Project Description This project demonstrates the following concepts in integral calculus: Indefinite integrals. Project Description Use integration to find total cost functions from information involving marginal cost (that is, the rate of change of cost) for a commodity. Use integration to derive profit functions from the marginal revenue functions. Optimize profit, given information regarding marginal cost and marginal revenue functions. The marginal cost for a commodity is MC = C′(x), where C(x) is the total cost function. Thus if we have the marginal cost function, we can integrate to find the total cost. That is, C(x) = Ȅ ͇̽ ͬ͘ . The marginal revenue for a commodity is MR = R′(x), where R(x) is the total revenue function. If, for example, the marginal cost is MC = 1.01(x + 190) 0.01 and MR = ( /1 2x +1)+ 2 , where x is the number of thousands of units and both revenue and cost are in thousands of dollars. Suppose further that fixed costs are $100,236 and that production is limited to at most 180 thousand units. C(x) = ∫ MC dx = ∫1.01(x + 190) 0.01 dx = (x + 190 ) 01.1 + K 1 Gina Rablau Now, we know that the total revenue is 0 if no items are produced, but the total cost may not be 0 if nothing is produced. The fixed costs accrue whether goods are produced or not. Thus the value for the constant of integration depends on the fixed costs FC of production. -
Absorption Costing - Overview
Absorption Costing - Overview 1. Overview of Absorption costing and Variable Costing 2. Review how costs for Manufacturing are transferred to the product 3. Job Order Vs. Process Costing 4. Overhead Application - Under applied Overhead - Over applied overhead 5. Problems with Absorption Costing 6. Concluding Comments Absorption Costing The focus of this class is on how to allocate manufacturing costs to the product. - Direct Materials - Direct Labor - Overhead Absorption costing is a process of tracing the variable costs of production and the fixed costs of production to the product. Variable Costing traces only the variable costs of production to the product and the fixed costs of production are treated as period expenses. Absorption Costing There are three different types of Absorption Costing Systems: - Job Order Costing - Process Costing - ABC Costing In Job Order Costing costs are assigned to the product in Batches or lots. - Printing - Furniture manufacturing - Bicycle Manufacturing In Process Costing, costs are systematically assigned to the product, since there are no discreet batches to assign costs. - Oil Distilling - Soda Manufacturing ABC Costing assigns cost from cost centers to the product - Best in a multi product firm, where there are different volumes Absorption Costing A simplified view of Production: Introduce Raw Manufacture Store finished Sell Finished Materials Product goods Goods 1. Direct materials 1. Direct labor 1. Production process are purchased applied to completed 2. Direct materials product 2. Goods are shipped are placed into 2. Overhead costs for sale production are incurred Absorption Costing How do we account for the production process? 1. Direct materials are purchased and recorded as an asset. -
A Survey of Job Activities of Entry-Level Employees in Accounting/Bookkeeping/Recordkeeping Positions in Relation to the Michiga
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-1978 A Survey of Job Activities of Entry-Level Employees in Accounting/Bookkeeping/Recordkeeping Positions in Relation to the Michigan Vocational/Technical Program Performance Objectives for Bookkeepers with Implications for Secondary School Curriculum Kathryn R. Tomaszewski Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Curriculum and Instruction Commons, and the Secondary Education Commons Recommended Citation Tomaszewski, Kathryn R., "A Survey of Job Activities of Entry-Level Employees in Accounting/ Bookkeeping/Recordkeeping Positions in Relation to the Michigan Vocational/Technical Program Performance Objectives for Bookkeepers with Implications for Secondary School Curriculum" (1978). Master's Theses. 4068. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/4068 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A SURVEY OF JOB ACTIVITIES OF ENTRY-LEVEL EMPLOYEES IN ACCOUNTING/BOOKKEEPING/RECORDKEEPING POSITIONS IN RELATION TO THE MICHIGAN VOCATIONAL/TECHNICAL PROGRAM PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES FOR BOOKKEEPERS WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM by Kathryn R. Tomaszewski A Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the Specialist in Arts Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan August 1978 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Without the continued advice, encouragement, and constructive criticism of Dr. Earl Halvas, this project would never have been completed, nor would it have been the true learning experience it was. -
Cash Flow Statement Introduction Introd. Contd
Cash Flow Statement Chapter 4 Introduction Management and other interested external parties have always recognized the need for a cash flow statement but it was never required until the FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board) issued Statement # 95 “Statement of Cash Flows” in 1988. This statement required that: - businesses include a statement of cash flow as part of their financial reporting. Introd. Contd. Under GAAP, most businesses use accrual basis of accounting. This method requires that revenue is recorded when earned and expenses recorded when incurred. Now, revenue may include credit sales that have yet to be collected in cash and expenses that have yet to be paid. Thus under accrual accounting net income will generally not equal net cash flow from operations. 1 Need for the CF statement? Fact is, not all revenue that is earned is received in cash or received immediately, and not all expenses incurred is paid. So a cash flow statement reconciles the accrual income statement to net cash collected or paid. Cash is critical to any hospitality business. A hotel or restaurant’s success or failure will be determined by, among other things, how the flow of cash is utilized by management. Purpose of Cash Flow statement • To use information about the past sources of cash to predict the hotel or restaurant’s ability to generate positive cash flows in the future. • To establish the hotel or restaurant’s ability to pay its bills – ability to meet its obligations. Purpose – contd. • To ascertain whether the business’ cash is coming from operations mostly or from other sources instead. -
Cash Advance Admin User Guide
Concur Expense: Cash Advance Admin User Guide Last Revised: August 27 2021 Applies to these SAP Concur solutions: Expense Professional/Premium edition Standard edition Travel Professional/Premium edition Standard edition Invoice Professional/Premium edition Standard edition Request Professional/Premium edition Standard edition Table of Contents Section 1: Permissions ................................................................................................ 1 Section 2: Overview .................................................................................................... 1 Typical Cash Advance Process ...................................................................................... 1 Receiving Email Notifications of a Cash Advance Pending Issuance ................................... 2 Cash Advances Using a Company Card.......................................................................... 2 Imported Transactions of Type Cash Advance ........................................................... 3 Directly Issued and Auto-Issuance Cash Advances ......................................................... 3 Section 3: Cash Advance Admin Tool ........................................................................... 3 Section 4: Procedures ................................................................................................. 4 Accessing Cash Advance Admin.................................................................................... 4 Searching for Employees ............................................................................................ -
Cash Forecasting: Challenges, Modelling, and Visualization April 8, 2019
Cash Forecasting: Challenges, Modelling, and Visualization April 8, 2019 © 2019 Treasury Webinars . All Rights Reserved 1 About Treasury Webinars Treasury Webinars offers webinars designed to empower Treasury, Accounts Payable, and Accounts Receivable success at companies of all sizes, across all industries. We only do what we do best, webinars. © 2019 Treasury Webinars . All Rights Reserved 2 Learning Objectives • Separate cash forecasting myths from reality and define what a successful cash forecast looks like at your company. • Revise specific areas of your cash forecasting process to improve the quality of the short and long-term cash forecasts at your company. • Understand how forecasting done right improves strategic planning and delivers business agility for your company. © 2019 Treasury Webinars . All Rights Reserved 3 Our Agenda • Why Cash Forecasting Matters • Cash Forecasting Myths • Defining Your Cash Forecasting Process & Framework • Leveraging the Right Technology • Cash Forecasting Best Practices • Final Thoughts & Resources © 2019 Treasury Webinars . All Rights Reserved 4 Why Cash Forecasting Matters • Impacts borrowing and investment decisions • Impacts debt covenant compliance risk • Impacts working capital efficiency • Increase visibility into the sources and uses of cash along with the associated costs and benefits • Impacts financial agility • Impacts operational agility • Increased investor focus on cash balances and cash deployment efficiency © 2019 Treasury Webinars . All Rights Reserved 5 Why Cash Flow Forecasting Matters © 2019 Treasury Webinars . All Rights Reserved 6 Budget vs. Plan vs. Forecast •Budget- What you would like to happen •Plan- How you are going to make it happen •Forecast- What you think is going to happen © 2019 Treasury Webinars . All Rights Reserved 7 A Forecast is NOT a Target © 2019 Treasury Webinars .