Space Exploration N20110007105 ADA585898 Energy Storage Technology Development for Exploration and Validation of the Sdhash Space Exploration
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Toward Designing Social Human-Robot Interactions for Deep Space Exploration
Toward Designing Social Human-Robot Interactions for Deep Space Exploration Huili Chen Cynthia Breazeal MIT Media Lab MIT Media Lab [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT sleep deprivation, decrease in group cohesion, and decrease in mo- In planning for future human space exploration, it is important to tivation [8]. On the team level, factors related to interpersonal consider how to design for uplifting interpersonal communications communications and group dynamics among astronauts also deci- and social dynamics among crew members. What if embodied social sively impact mission success. For example, astronauts will have to robots could help to improve the overall team interaction experi- live in an ICE condition for the entirety of the mission, necessitating ence in space? On Earth, social robots have been shown effective group living skills to combat potential interpersonal problems [11]. in providing companionship, relieving stress and anxiety, fostering Their diverse cultural backgrounds may additionally impact coping connection among people, enhancing team performance, and medi- in an ICE environment and interplanetary crew’s behavior [49]. ating conflicts in human groups. In this paper, we introduce asetof Unlike shorter-duration space missions, LDSE missions require as- novel research questions exploring social human-robot interactions tronauts to have an unprecedented level of autonomy, leading to in long-duration space exploration missions. greater importance of interpersonal communication among crew members for mission success. The real-time support and interven- KEYWORDS tions from human specialists on Earth (e.g., psychologist, doctor, conflict mediator) are reduced to minimal due to costly communi- Human-robot Interaction, Long-duration Human Space Mission, cation and natural delays in communication between space and Space Robot Companion, Social Connection Earth. -
Global Exploration Roadmap
The Global Exploration Roadmap January 2018 What is New in The Global Exploration Roadmap? This new edition of the Global Exploration robotic space exploration. Refinements in important role in sustainable human space Roadmap reaffirms the interest of 14 space this edition include: exploration. Initially, it supports human and agencies to expand human presence into the robotic lunar exploration in a manner which Solar System, with the surface of Mars as • A summary of the benefits stemming from creates opportunities for multiple sectors to a common driving goal. It reflects a coordi- space exploration. Numerous benefits will advance key goals. nated international effort to prepare for space come from this exciting endeavour. It is • The recognition of the growing private exploration missions beginning with the Inter- important that mission objectives reflect this sector interest in space exploration. national Space Station (ISS) and continuing priority when planning exploration missions. Interest from the private sector is already to the lunar vicinity, the lunar surface, then • The important role of science and knowl- transforming the future of low Earth orbit, on to Mars. The expanded group of agencies edge gain. Open interaction with the creating new opportunities as space agen- demonstrates the growing interest in space international science community helped cies look to expand human presence into exploration and the importance of coopera- identify specific scientific opportunities the Solar System. Growing capability and tion to realise individual and common goals created by the presence of humans and interest from the private sector indicate and objectives. their infrastructure as they explore the Solar a future for collaboration not only among System. -
Lunar Base Camp Is the First Step Towards the Establishment of a Permanent Lunar Base for Long Duration Human Exploration
Background NASA and international partners are planning the next steps of human exploration by establishing assets near the Moon, where astronauts will build the systems that are needed for deep space exploration. The space near the Moon offers an excellent environment for testing the systems that are needed for extended exploration missions to other destinations like Mars. To support these missions, NASA is working with commercial partners to develop hardware to support missions around the Moon that are more ambitious than ever before. The first phase of this development effort will utilize current technologies to allow astronauts to gain operational experience spending weeks, rather than days, away from Earth. These missions will enable NASA to develop the techniques and systems that will solve the challenges that astronauts will face when traveling to Mars and other exploration destinations. Although NASA is focusing on Mars exploration as its long term mission planning goal, there are a plethora of exploration missions that can be conducted in cis-lunar space that can extend our knowledge of the solar system and prepare for those future missions. NASA and its international partners are keenly interested in the exploration of the lunar surface and the potential utilization of lunar resources. Establishment of a permanent lunar surface base could provide both experience for astronauts and potential resources that can be utilized to support future Mars missions. The deployment of a lunar base camp is the first step towards the establishment of a permanent lunar base for long duration human exploration. This Request for Proposal seeks an innovative idea and engineering design to commercially procure a fully functional lunar base camp for a planned lunar expedition in 2031. -
Near-Earth Asteroids Accessible to Human Exploration with High-Power Electric Propulsion
AAS 11-446 NEAR-EARTH ASTEROIDS ACCESSIBLE TO HUMAN EXPLORATION WITH HIGH-POWER ELECTRIC PROPULSION Damon Landau* and Nathan Strange† The diverse physical and orbital characteristics of near-Earth asteroids provide progressive stepping stones on a flexible path to Mars. Beginning with cislunar exploration capability, the variety of accessible asteroid targets steadily increas- es as technology is developed for eventual missions to Mars. Noting the poten- tial for solar electric propulsion to dramatically reduce launch mass for Mars ex- ploration, we apply this technology to expand the range of candidate asteroid missions. The variety of mission options offers flexibility to adapt to shifting exploration objectives and development schedules. A robust and efficient explo- ration program emerges where a potential mission is available once per year (on average) with technology levels that span cislunar to Mars-orbital capabilities. Examples range from a six-month mission that encounters a 10-m object with 65 kW to a two-year mission that reaches a 2-km asteroid with a 350-kW system. INTRODUCTION In the wake of the schedule and budgetary woes that led to the cancellation of the Constella- tion Moon program, the exploration of near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) has been promoted as a more realizable and affordable target to initiate deep space exploration with astronauts.1,2 Central to the utility of NEAs in a progressive exploration program is their efficacy to span a path as literal stepping stones between cislunar excursions and the eventual human -
AAS SFMC Manuscript Format Template
Proof-reading draft. Final version will be made available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.62412 PASSIVE SORTING OF ASTEROID MATERIAL USING SOLAR RADIATION PRESSURE D. García Yárnoz,* J. P. Sánchez Cuartielles,† and C. R. McInnes ‡ Understanding dust dynamics in the vicinity of asteroids is key for future science missions and, in the long-term, for asteroid exploitation. This paper ana- lyzes the feasibility of manipulating asteroid material by means of solar radia- tion pressure. A novel method is proposed for passively sorting material as a function of its grain size or density, where solar radiation pressure is used as a passive in-situ ‘mass spectrometer’. A simplified analysis shows that in prin- ciple this method allows an effective sorting of regolith material. This could have immediate applications for a sample return mission, and for industrial scale in-situ resource utilization to separate and concentrate regolith according to par- ticle size or composition. INTRODUCTION Asteroids are regarded as prime targets for space exploration missions. This interest is justi- fied as asteroids are among the least evolved bodies in the Solar System and can provide a better understanding of its formation from the solar nebula [1]. Under NASA’s flexible path plan [2], * PhD Researcher, Advanced Space Concepts Laboratory, Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK. † Research Fellow, Advanced Space Concepts Laboratory. ‡‡ Director, Advanced Space Concepts Laboratory. 1 asteroids have also become attractive targets to be visited by crewed missions, with the benefit of not requiring the capability to land in and take-off from a deep gravity well. -
China's Planning for Deep Space Exploration and Lunar Exploration
0254-6124/2018/38(5)-591–02 Chin. J. Space Sci. ¤¢£¥¥¡ XU Lin, ZOU Yongliao, JIA Yingzhuo. China’s planning for deep space exploration and lunar exploration before 2030. Chin. J. Space Sci., 2018, 38(5): 591-592. DOI:10.11728/cjss2018.05.591 China’s Planning for Deep Space Exploration and Lunar Exploration before 2030∗ XU Lin ZOU Yongliao JIA Yingzhuo (State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190) Abstract The current lunar exploration has changed from a single scientific exploration to science and resource utilization. On the basis of the previous lunar exploration, Chinese scientists and technical experts have proposed an overall plan to preliminarily build a lunar research station on the lunar South Pole by several missions before 2035, exploring of the moon, as well as the use of lunar platforms and in-site utilization of resources. In addition, China will also explore Mars, asteroids and Jupiter and its moons. This paper briefly introduces the ideas of Chinese scientists and technical experts on the lunar and deep space exploration. Key words Deep space exploration, Lunar exploration, Mars exploration Classified index P3 ionospheric climates and environment of Mars. 1 Deep Space Exploration Program 1.2 Asteroid Exploration Mission of China before 2030 China’s asteroid exploration is planned to conduct by 2030. The mission includes flyby observation, global There will be four missions for the deep space ex- remote sensing, landing and in-situ measurement and ploration of China between 2020–2030, including sample return. two Mars exploration missions, one asteroid explo- The scientific goals include: to measure the phy- ration mission, the Jupiter system (Jupiter and its sical features and detect the topography, surface com- moons) and interplanetary exploration mission be- position, internal structure, space weathering, and yond Jupiter. -
The Orion Spacecraft As a Key Element in a Deep Space Gateway
The Orion Spacecraft as a Key Element in a Deep Space Gateway A Technical Paper Presented by: Timothy Cichan Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] Kerry Timmons Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] Kathleen Coderre Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] Willian D. Pratt Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] July 2017 © 2014 Lockheed Martin Corporation Abstract With the Orion exploration vehicle and Space Launch System (SLS) approaching operational status, NASA and the international community are developing the next generation of habitats to serve as a deep space platform that will be the first of its kind, a cislunar Deep Space Gateway (DSG). The DSG is evolvable, flexible, and modular. It would be positioned in the vicinity of the Moon and allow astronauts to demonstrate they can operate for months at a time well beyond Low Earth Orbit. Orion is the next generation human exploration spacecraft being developed by NASA. It is designed to perform deep space exploration missions, and is capable of carrying a crew of 4 astronauts on independent free-flight missions up to 21 days, limited only by consumables. Because Orion meets the strict requirements for deep space flight environments (reentry conditions, deep-space communications, safety, radiation, and life support for example) it is a key element in a DSG and is more than just a transportation system. Orion has the capability to act as the command deck of any deep space piloted vehicle. To increase affordability and reduce the complexity and number of subsystem functions the early DSG must be responsible for, the DSG can leverage these unique deep space qualifications of Orion. -
The Future of Deep Space Exploration
The Potomac Institute for Policy Studies CEEDS Center Presents The Future of Deep Space Exploration Potomac Institute for Policy Studies The Future of Deep Space Exploration or decades, the US has led the charge in space exploration. American astronauts were the first to land Fon the moon. NASA’s Pioneer, Galileo, Voyager, NEAR, and Cassini-Huygens missions continued to forge ahead: first to fly by Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; first to orbit Jupiter and Saturn; first to land on an asteroid and first to land on Titan. These are but a few of the achievements of American deep space exploration over the last five decades. So what efforts are continuing today, and what does the future look like? On October 16, 2019, the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies’ (PIPS) Center for Enterprise, Exploration, and Defense in Space (CEEDS) held a seminar titled: “The Future of Deep Space Explora- tion” to examine and discuss issues related to the next steps in the manned and unmanned exploration of our solar system. It is important to first understand why it is beneficial to continue space exploration. The exploration of space has been a beacon of US leadership since the first moon landing. It has increased American prestige and allowed the US to be the de facto leader in developing the norms of space operations. Space exploration is the perfect opportunity for international collaboration to strengthen partnerships. Like the expedition of Lewis and Clarke, it is the first step in a greater move into the solar system. Without exploration, there can be no return trips, and certainly no permanent home elsewhere in space. -
The Next Steps for Environmental Control and Life Support Systems Development for Deep Space Exploration
48th International Conference on Environmental Systems ICES-2018-276 8-12 July 2018, Albuquerque, New Mexico The Next Steps for Environmental Control and Life Support Systems Development for Deep Space Exploration Mark Jernigan1 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058 Robyn Gatens2 and Jitendra Joshi3 NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C. 20546 and Jay Perry4 NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812 Throughout the life of the International Space Station (ISS), NASA has developed, deliv- ered and operated a suite of progressively more capable environmental control and life support system (ECLSS) components and assemblies. These efforts have resulted in substan- tially reducing the supply chain necessary to sustain crews in flight and garnering invaluable lessons for sustained long term operations of the equipment. Currently, the ISS provides a unique platform for understanding the effects of the environment on the hardware. NASA’s strategy, already underway, is to evolve the ISS ECLSS into the Exploration ECLSS and perform a long-duration demonstration on ISS in preparation for deep space missions. This includes demonstrations of upgrades and/or new capabilities for waste management, atmos- phere revitalization, water recovery, and environmental monitoring. Within the Advanced Exploration Systems Program under the Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partner- ships (NextSTEP) model, NASA intends to revise the architecture developed for ISS to make the systems completely independent of the Earth supply chain for the duration of a deep space crewed mission by increasing robustness, including prospective system monitoring to anticipate failures, designing for maintenance, repair and refurbishment, reducing spare part count through use of common components, and grouping subsystems into modular pal- lets to minimize interfaces and reduce complexity. -
Seeking a Human Spaceflight Program Worthy of a Great Nation
SEEKING A HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT PROGRAM WORTHY OF A GREAT NATION Review of U.S. HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT Plans Committee Review of U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee 1 SEEKING A HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT PROGRAM WORTHY OF A GREAT NATION 2 Review of U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee SEEKING A HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT PROGRAM WORTHY OF A GREAT NATION “We choose...to do [these] things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard...” John F. Kennedy September 12, 1962 Review of U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee 3 SEEKING A HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT PROGRAM WORTHY OF A GREAT NATION Table of Contents Preface .......................... ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Executive Summary ..... ...................................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 2.0 U.S. Human Spaceflight: Historical Review ............................................................................ 27 Chapter 3.0 Goals and Future Destinations for Exploration ........................................................................ 33 3.1 Goals for Exploration ............................................................................................................... 33 3.2 Overview of Destinations and Approach ................................................................................. -
Mars-Base-Camp-2028.Pdf
Mars Base Camp An Architecture for Sending Humans to Mars by 2028 A Technical Paper Presented by: Timothy Cichan Stephen A. Bailey Lockheed Martin Space Deep Space Systems, Inc. [email protected] [email protected] Scott D. Norris Robert P. Chambers Lockheed Martin Space Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] [email protected] Robert P. Chambers Joshua W. Ehrlich Lockheed Martin Space Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] [email protected] October 2016 978-1-5090-1613-6/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE Abstract—Orion, the Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, near term Mars mission is compelling and feasible, is a key piece of the NASA human exploration and will highlight the required key systems. architecture for beyond earth orbit (BEO). Lockheed Martin was awarded the contracts for TABLE OF CONTENTS the design, development, test, and production for Orion up through the Exploration Mission 2 (EM- 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 2 2). Additionally, Lockheed Martin is working on 2. ARCHITECTURE PURPOSE AND TENETS ....................... 3 defining the cis-lunar Proving Ground mission 3. MISSION CAMPAIGN, INCLUDING PROVING GROUND architecture, in partnership with NASA, and MISSIONS ................................................................ 5 exploring the definition of Mars missions as the 4. MISSION DESCRIPTION AND CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS . 7 horizon goal to provide input to the plans for 5. ELEMENT DESCRIPTIONS ....................................... 13 human exploration of the solar system. This paper 6. TRAJECTORY DESIGN ............................................ 16 describes an architecture to determine the 7. SCIENCE ............................................................. 19 feasibility of a Mars Base Camp architecture 8. MARS SURFACE ACCESS FOR CREW ......................... 14 within about a decade. -
Augustine Report”
Joint ESPI-DGAP-FRS-IFRI-SWP-ISPL Policy Memorandum Europe’s Reaction to the “Augustine Report” October 2009 1. Introduction The Summary Report of the Review of U.S. Human Space Flight Plans Committee, (“Augustine Report”), released in mid-September, 1 has received considerable attention in the space policy community and in public debate. Its findings directly impact U.S. partnership with Europe. Therefore, Europe must be prepared to respond to any possible consequences. This Joint Memorandum by European think tanks aims to analyse the context and content of the Augustine Report, evaluate the echo it received and sketch a suitable way forward for Europe in reaction to any implementation of the Report’s findings. 2. The Augustine Report and its political context In May 2009, the White House had charged a committee of high ranking experts, headed by former Lockheed Martin CEO Norman Augustine, to assess U.S. human spaceflight plans and to generate appropriate options. The so-called Augustine Report is a summary to be followed by the Committee’s final report, which is not yet available. The review is part of a broader political effort to evaluate the current situation of U.S. space plans, with other assessments going on in the field of security. This includes an interagency effort led by U. S. NSC to release a new Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR), a new Nuclear Posture Review and a new National Space Policy in 2010. The White House is also looking at a reform of the ITAR rules. 1 Summary Report of the Review of U.S.