The First Human Asteroid Mission: Target Selection and Conceptual Mission Design
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Mission to Jupiter
This book attempts to convey the creativity, Project A History of the Galileo Jupiter: To Mission The Galileo mission to Jupiter explored leadership, and vision that were necessary for the an exciting new frontier, had a major impact mission’s success. It is a book about dedicated people on planetary science, and provided invaluable and their scientific and engineering achievements. lessons for the design of spacecraft. This The Galileo mission faced many significant problems. mission amassed so many scientific firsts and Some of the most brilliant accomplishments and key discoveries that it can truly be called one of “work-arounds” of the Galileo staff occurred the most impressive feats of exploration of the precisely when these challenges arose. Throughout 20th century. In the words of John Casani, the the mission, engineers and scientists found ways to original project manager of the mission, “Galileo keep the spacecraft operational from a distance of was a way of demonstrating . just what U.S. nearly half a billion miles, enabling one of the most technology was capable of doing.” An engineer impressive voyages of scientific discovery. on the Galileo team expressed more personal * * * * * sentiments when she said, “I had never been a Michael Meltzer is an environmental part of something with such great scope . To scientist who has been writing about science know that the whole world was watching and and technology for nearly 30 years. His books hoping with us that this would work. We were and articles have investigated topics that include doing something for all mankind.” designing solar houses, preventing pollution in When Galileo lifted off from Kennedy electroplating shops, catching salmon with sonar and Space Center on 18 October 1989, it began an radar, and developing a sensor for examining Space interplanetary voyage that took it to Venus, to Michael Meltzer Michael Shuttle engines. -
JUICE Red Book
ESA/SRE(2014)1 September 2014 JUICE JUpiter ICy moons Explorer Exploring the emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants Definition Study Report European Space Agency 1 This page left intentionally blank 2 Mission Description Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer Key science goals The emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants Characterise Ganymede, Europa and Callisto as planetary objects and potential habitats Explore the Jupiter system as an archetype for gas giants Payload Ten instruments Laser Altimeter Radio Science Experiment Ice Penetrating Radar Visible-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging Spectrometer Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph Imaging System Magnetometer Particle Package Submillimetre Wave Instrument Radio and Plasma Wave Instrument Overall mission profile 06/2022 - Launch by Ariane-5 ECA + EVEE Cruise 01/2030 - Jupiter orbit insertion Jupiter tour Transfer to Callisto (11 months) Europa phase: 2 Europa and 3 Callisto flybys (1 month) Jupiter High Latitude Phase: 9 Callisto flybys (9 months) Transfer to Ganymede (11 months) 09/2032 – Ganymede orbit insertion Ganymede tour Elliptical and high altitude circular phases (5 months) Low altitude (500 km) circular orbit (4 months) 06/2033 – End of nominal mission Spacecraft 3-axis stabilised Power: solar panels: ~900 W HGA: ~3 m, body fixed X and Ka bands Downlink ≥ 1.4 Gbit/day High Δv capability (2700 m/s) Radiation tolerance: 50 krad at equipment level Dry mass: ~1800 kg Ground TM stations ESTRAC network Key mission drivers Radiation tolerance and technology Power budget and solar arrays challenges Mass budget Responsibilities ESA: manufacturing, launch, operations of the spacecraft and data archiving PI Teams: science payload provision, operations, and data analysis 3 Foreword The JUICE (JUpiter ICy moon Explorer) mission, selected by ESA in May 2012 to be the first large mission within the Cosmic Vision Program 2015–2025, will provide the most comprehensive exploration to date of the Jovian system in all its complexity, with particular emphasis on Ganymede as a planetary body and potential habitat. -
Constellation Program Overview
Constellation Program Overview October 2008 hris Culbert anager, Lunar Surface Systems Project Office ASA/Johnson Space Center Constellation Program EarthEarth DepartureDeparture OrionOrion -- StageStage CrewCrew ExplorationExploration VehicleVehicle AresAres VV -- HeavyHeavy LiftLift LaunchLaunch VehicleVehicle AltairAltair LunarLunar LanderLander AresAres II -- CrewCrew LaunchLaunch VehicleVehicle Lunar Capabilities Concept Review EstablishedEstablished Lunar Lunar Transportation Transportation EstablishEstablish Lunar Lunar Surface SurfaceArchitecturesArchitectures ArchitectureArchitecture Point Point of of Departure: Departure: StrategiesStrategies which: which: Satisfy NASA NGO’s to acceptable degree ProvidesProvides crew crew & & cargo cargo delivery delivery to to & & from from the the Satisfy NASA NGO’s to acceptable degree within acceptable schedule moonmoon within acceptable schedule Are consistent with capacity and capabilities ProvidesProvides capacity capacity and and ca capabilitiespabilities consistent consistent Are consistent with capacity and capabilities withwith candidate candidate surface surface architectures architectures ofof the the transportation transportation systems systems ProvidesProvides sufficient sufficient performance performance margins margins IncludeInclude set set of of options options fo for rvarious various prioritizations prioritizations of cost, schedule & risk RemainsRemains within within programmatic programmatic constraints constraints of cost, schedule & risk ResultsResults in in acceptable -
Projekt Brána Do Vesmíru
Projekt Brána do vesmíru Hvězdárna Valašské Meziříčí, p. o. Krajská hvezdáreň v Žiline Súčasnosť a budúcnosť výskumu medziplanetárnej hmoty RNDr. Peter Vereš, PhD. University of Hawaii / Univerzita Komenského Ako sa objavila MPH ● Pôvodne iba nehybná hviezdna sféra ● Mesiac a Slnko ● Bludné planéty viditeľné voľným okom Starovek => novovek Piazzi ● 1.1.1801 ● Objekt pozorovaný 41 dní ● Stratený...predpoklad, medzi Marsom a Jupiterom ● Laplace – nemožné nájsť ● Gauss (24) vynašiel metódu, vypočítal, Ceres bol nájdený... Halley ● Kométy, odjakživa považované za poslov zlých správ, vysvetlené ako atmosferické javy ● ● ● ● Názov Kometes (dlhovlasá) ● 1577 Brahe = paralaxa, ďalej ako Mesiac ● Edmond Halley si všimol periodicitu kométy 1531, 1607, 1682 = návrat v 1758 Meteory ● Zaznamenané v -1809, - 687 (Lyridy) ● Ernst Chladni 1794 Kniha o pôvode Pallasovho železa ● 1798 Brandes, Benzenberg, paralaxa 400 meteorov, 22 spoločných ● 1803 dážď / Paríž, priznanie kozmického pôvodu ● 1833 USA dážď 20/s, LEO ● 1845/46 rozpad kométy Biela, dažde Andromedíd (72, 85, 93, 99) ● 1861 = Kirkwood, súvis rojov s kométami ● 1866 Schiaparelli: Swift-Tuttle (Perzeidy), Tempel (Leonidy) ● 1899 Adams vypočítal, že Jupiter narušil dráhu kométy, dážď nebol 1833, rytina, Leonidy 1998, foto, Leonidy, AGO Modra MPH a Slnečná sústava ● Slnko ● planéty (8) ● trpasličie planéty /Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, Eris ● MPH = asteroidy, kométy, prach, plyn, .... Vznik a vývoj asteroidov ● -4571mil. rokov – vznik Sl. sús. ● Akrécia hmoty – nehomogenity, planetesimály, „viskózna -
The J–2X Engine Powering NASA’S Ares I Upper Stage and Ares V Earth Departure Stage
The J–2X Engine Powering NASA’s Ares I Upper Stage and Ares V Earth Departure Stage The U.S. launch vehicles that will carry nozzle. It will weigh approximately 5,300 explorers back to the moon will be powered pounds. With 294,000 pounds of thrust, the in part by a J–2X engine that draws its engine will enable the Ares I upper stage to heritage from the Apollo-Saturn Program. place the Orion crew exploration vehicle in low-Earth orbit. The new engine, being designed and devel oped in support of NASA’s Constellation The J–2X is being designed by Pratt & Program, will power the upper stages of Whitney Rocketdyne of Canoga Park, Calif., both the Ares I crew launch vehicle and Ares for the Exploration Launch Projects Office at V cargo launch vehicle. NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. The J–2X builds on the The Constellation Program is responsible for legacy of the Apollo-Saturn Program and developing a new family of U.S. crew and relies on nearly a half-century of NASA launch vehicles and related systems and spaceflight experience, heritage hardware technologies for exploration of the moon, and technological advances. Mars and destinations beyond. Fueled with liquid oxygen and liquid hydro The J–2X will measure 185 inches long and gen, the J–2X is an evolved variation of two 120 inches in diameter at the end of its historic predecessors: the powerful J–2 upper stage engine that propelled the Apollo-era Shortly after J–2X engine cutoff, the Orion capsule will Saturn IB and Saturn V rockets to the moon in the separate from the upper stage. -
ISTS-2017-D-074ⅠISSFD-2017-074
A look at the capture mechanisms of the “Temporarily Captured Asteroids” of the Earth By Hodei URRUTXUA1) and Claudio BOMBARDELLI2) 1)Astronautics Group, University of Southampton, United Kingdom 2)Space Dynamics Group, Technical University of Madrid, Spain (Received April 17th, 2017) Temporarily captured asteroids of the Earth are a newly discovered family of asteroids, which become naturally captured in the vicinity of the Earth for a limited time period. Thus, during the temporary capture these asteroids are in energetically favorable condi- tions, which makes them appealing targets for space missions to asteroids. Despite their potential interest, their capture mechanisms are not yet fully understood, and basic questions remain unanswered regarding the taxonomy of this population. The present work looks at gaining a better understanding of the key features that are relevant to the duration and nature of these asteroids, by analyzing patterns and extracting conclusions from a synthetic population of temporarily captured asteroids. Key Words: Asteroids, temporarily captured asteroids, capture dynamics, asteroid retrieval. Acronyms system. Asteroid 2006 RH120 is so far the only known mem- ber of this population, though statistical studies by Granvik et TCA : Temporarily captured asteroids al.12) support the evidence that such objects are actually com- TCO : Temporarily captured orbiters mon companions of the Earth, and thus it is expected that an TCF : Temporarily captured fly-bys increasing number of them will be found as survey technology improves.13) 1. Introduction During their temporary capture phase these asteroids are technically orbiting the Earth rather than the Sun, since their The origin of planetary satellites in the Solar System has Earth-binding energy is negative. -
Materials for Liquid Propulsion Systems
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20160008869 2019-08-29T17:47:59+00:00Z CHAPTER 12 Materials for Liquid Propulsion Systems John A. Halchak Consultant, Los Angeles, California James L. Cannon NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama Corey Brown Aerojet-Rocketdyne, West Palm Beach, Florida 12.1 Introduction Earth to orbit launch vehicles are propelled by rocket engines and motors, both liquid and solid. This chapter will discuss liquid engines. The heart of a launch vehicle is its engine. The remainder of the vehicle (with the notable exceptions of the payload and guidance system) is an aero structure to support the propellant tanks which provide the fuel and oxidizer to feed the engine or engines. The basic principle behind a rocket engine is straightforward. The engine is a means to convert potential thermochemical energy of one or more propellants into exhaust jet kinetic energy. Fuel and oxidizer are burned in a combustion chamber where they create hot gases under high pressure. These hot gases are allowed to expand through a nozzle. The molecules of hot gas are first constricted by the throat of the nozzle (de-Laval nozzle) which forces them to accelerate; then as the nozzle flares outwards, they expand and further accelerate. It is the mass of the combustion gases times their velocity, reacting against the walls of the combustion chamber and nozzle, which produce thrust according to Newton’s third law: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. [1] Solid rocket motors are cheaper to manufacture and offer good values for their cost. -
Silencing Nasa's Space Shuttle Crawler
SILENCING NASA’S SPACE SHUTTLE CRAWLER TRANSPORTER R. MacDonalda, C. Faszerb, and R. Margasahayamc aNoise Solutions Inc., #310 605 – 1st Street SW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 3S9 bFaszer Farquharson & Associates, #304 605 – 1st Street SW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 3S9 cNASA, John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida, United States of America 32899 [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract. The crawler transporter (CT) is the world’s second largest known tracked vehicle, weighing 6 million pounds with a length of 131 feet and a width of 113 feet. The Kennedy Space Center (KSC) has two CTs that were designed and built for the Apollo program in the 1960’s, maintained and retrofitted for use in the Space Shuttle program. As a key element of the Space Shuttle ground systems, the crawler transports the entire 12-million-pound stack comprising the orbiter, the mobile launch platform (MLP), the external tank (ET), and the solid rocket boosters (SRB) from the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) to the launch pad. This rollout, constituting a 3.5 to 5.0 mile journey at a top speed of 0.9 miles-per-hour, requires over 8 hours to reach either Launch Complex 39A or B. This activity is only a prelude to the spectacle of sound and fury of the Space Shuttle launch to orbit in less than 10 minutes and traveling at orbital velocities of Mach 24. This paper summarizes preliminary results from the Crawler Transporter Sound Attenuation Study, encompassing test and engineering analysis of significant sound sources to measure and record full frequency spectrum and intensity of the various noise sources and to analyze the potential for noise mitigation. -
The Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES)- a Low-Cost, Low-Risk Approach to Space Exploration Launch
The Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES)- A Low-Cost, Low-Risk Approach to Space Exploration Launch J. F. LeBar1 and E. C. Cady2 Boeing Phantom Works, Huntington Beach CA 92647 Space exploration top-level objectives have been defined with the United States first returning to the moon as a precursor to missions to Mars and beyond. System architecture studies are being conducted to develop the overall approach and define requirements for the various system elements, both Earth-to-orbit and in-space. One way of minimizing cost and risk is through the use of proven systems and/or multiple-use elements. Use of a Delta IV second stage derivative as a long duration in-space transportation stage offers cost, reliability, and performance advantages over earth-storable propellants and/or all new stages. The Delta IV second stage mission currently is measured in hours, and the various vehicle and propellant systems have been designed for these durations. In order for the ACES to have sufficient life to be useful as an Earth Departure Stage (EDS), many systems must be modified for long duration missions. One of the highest risk subsystems is the propellant storage Thermal Control System (TCS). The ACES effort concentrated on a lower risk passive TCS, the RL10 engine, and the other subsystems. An active TCS incorporating a cryocoolers was also studied. In addition, a number of computational models were developed to aid in the subsystem studies. The high performance TCS developed under ACES was simulated within the Delta IV thermal model and long-duration mission stage performance assessed. -
Ice& Stone 2020
Ice & Stone 2020 WEEK 33: AUGUST 9-15 Presented by The Earthrise Institute # 33 Authored by Alan Hale About Ice And Stone 2020 It is my pleasure to welcome all educators, students, topics include: main-belt asteroids, near-Earth asteroids, and anybody else who might be interested, to Ice and “Great Comets,” spacecraft visits (both past and Stone 2020. This is an educational package I have put future), meteorites, and “small bodies” in popular together to cover the so-called “small bodies” of the literature and music. solar system, which in general means asteroids and comets, although this also includes the small moons of Throughout 2020 there will be various comets that are the various planets as well as meteors, meteorites, and visible in our skies and various asteroids passing by Earth interplanetary dust. Although these objects may be -- some of which are already known, some of which “small” compared to the planets of our solar system, will be discovered “in the act” -- and there will also be they are nevertheless of high interest and importance various asteroids of the main asteroid belt that are visible for several reasons, including: as well as “occultations” of stars by various asteroids visible from certain locations on Earth’s surface. Ice a) they are believed to be the “leftovers” from the and Stone 2020 will make note of these occasions and formation of the solar system, so studying them provides appearances as they take place. The “Comet Resource valuable insights into our origins, including Earth and of Center” at the Earthrise web site contains information life on Earth, including ourselves; about the brighter comets that are visible in the sky at any given time and, for those who are interested, I will b) we have learned that this process isn’t over yet, and also occasionally share information about the goings-on that there are still objects out there that can impact in my life as I observe these comets. -
The New Vision for Space Exploration
Constellation The New Vision for Space Exploration Dale Thomas NASA Constellation Program October 2008 The Constellation Program was born from the Constellation’sNASA Authorization Beginnings Act of 2005 which stated…. The Administrator shall establish a program to develop a sustained human presence on the moon, including a robust precursor program to promote exploration, science, commerce and U.S. preeminence in space, and as a stepping stone to future exploration of Mars and other destinations. CONSTELLATION PROJECTS Initial Capability Lunar Capability Orion Altair Ares I Ares V Mission Operations EVA Ground Operations Lunar Surface EVA EXPLORATION ROADMAP 0506 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 LunarLunar OutpostOutpost BuildupBuildup ExplorationExploration andand ScienceScience LunarLunar RoboticsRobotics MissionsMissions CommercialCommercial OrbitalOrbital Transportation ServicesServices forfor ISSISS AresAres II andand OrionOrion DevelopmentDevelopment AltairAltair Lunar LanderLander Development AresAres VV and EarthEarth DepartureDeparture Stage SurfaceSurface SystemsSystems DevelopmentDevelopment ORION: NEXT GENERATION PILOTED SPACECRAFT Human access to Low Earth Orbit … … to the Moon and Mars ORION PROJECT: CREW EXPLORATION VEHICLE Orion will support both space station and moon missions Launch Abort System Orion will support both space stationDesigned and moonto operate missions for up to 210 days in Earth or lunar Designedorbit to operate for up to 210 days in Earth or lunar orbit Designed for lunar -
Near-Earth Asteroids Accessible to Human Exploration with High-Power Electric Propulsion
AAS 11-446 NEAR-EARTH ASTEROIDS ACCESSIBLE TO HUMAN EXPLORATION WITH HIGH-POWER ELECTRIC PROPULSION Damon Landau* and Nathan Strange† The diverse physical and orbital characteristics of near-Earth asteroids provide progressive stepping stones on a flexible path to Mars. Beginning with cislunar exploration capability, the variety of accessible asteroid targets steadily increas- es as technology is developed for eventual missions to Mars. Noting the poten- tial for solar electric propulsion to dramatically reduce launch mass for Mars ex- ploration, we apply this technology to expand the range of candidate asteroid missions. The variety of mission options offers flexibility to adapt to shifting exploration objectives and development schedules. A robust and efficient explo- ration program emerges where a potential mission is available once per year (on average) with technology levels that span cislunar to Mars-orbital capabilities. Examples range from a six-month mission that encounters a 10-m object with 65 kW to a two-year mission that reaches a 2-km asteroid with a 350-kW system. INTRODUCTION In the wake of the schedule and budgetary woes that led to the cancellation of the Constella- tion Moon program, the exploration of near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) has been promoted as a more realizable and affordable target to initiate deep space exploration with astronauts.1,2 Central to the utility of NEAs in a progressive exploration program is their efficacy to span a path as literal stepping stones between cislunar excursions and the eventual human