THAP Proteins in the Transcriptional Control of Cell Proliferation

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THAP Proteins in the Transcriptional Control of Cell Proliferation Unicentre CH-1015 Lausanne http://serval.unil.ch Year : 2019 THAP proteins in the transcriptional control of cell proliferation Dehaene Harmonie Dehaene Harmonie, 2019, THAP proteins in the transcriptional control of cell proliferation Originally published at : Thesis, University of Lausanne Posted at the University of Lausanne Open Archive http://serval.unil.ch Document URN : urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_02ABC667C6557 Droits d’auteur L'Université de Lausanne attire expressément l'attention des utilisateurs sur le fait que tous les documents publiés dans l'Archive SERVAL sont protégés par le droit d'auteur, conformément à la loi fédérale sur le droit d'auteur et les droits voisins (LDA). A ce titre, il est indispensable d'obtenir le consentement préalable de l'auteur et/ou de l’éditeur avant toute utilisation d'une oeuvre ou d'une partie d'une oeuvre ne relevant pas d'une utilisation à des fins personnelles au sens de la LDA (art. 19, al. 1 lettre a). A défaut, tout contrevenant s'expose aux sanctions prévues par cette loi. Nous déclinons toute responsabilité en la matière. Copyright The University of Lausanne expressly draws the attention of users to the fact that all documents published in the SERVAL Archive are protected by copyright in accordance with federal law on copyright and similar rights (LDA). Accordingly it is indispensable to obtain prior consent from the author and/or publisher before any use of a work or part of a work for purposes other than personal use within the meaning of LDA (art. 19, para. 1 letter a). Failure to do so will expose offenders to the sanctions laid down by this law. We accept no liability in this respect. Centre Int´egratifde G´enomique THAP proteins in the transcriptional control of cell proliferation Th`ese de doctorat `essciences de la vie (PhD) pr´esent´ee`ala Facult´ede biologie et de m´edecinede l'Universit´ede Lausanne par Harmonie DEHAENE diplom´eede l'Ecole´ Polytechnique, Paris, France et Master en Biologie M´edicalede l'Universit´ede Lausanne, Suisse Jury Prof. Christian Hardtke, pr´esident Prof. Winship Herr, directeur de th`ese Prof. Ivan Stamenkovic, expert Prof. Bart Deplancke, expert Lausanne, 2019 A Aurore, mon petit soleil 3 4 R´esum´evulgaris´epour le grand public L'immense majorit´edes cellules de notre corps comporte la m^emeinformation g´en´etique,c'est `adire l'ensemble des instructions n´ecessaires`aleur fonctionnement. Selon le contexte | par exemple, le type de cellule, ou encore les signaux que celle-ci re¸coit| diff´erentes unit´esd'information g´en´etiquepeuvent ^etrelues. Les infor- mations peuvent donc ^etreinterpr´et´eesdiff´eremment. Les facteurs responsables de cette lecture s´elective sont des prot´einesappel´eesfacteurs de transcription. Dans cette th`ese,je m'int´eresse `aune famille particuli`ere de ces facteurs: les prot´einesTHAP, qui sont au nombre de 12 chez l'homme. Des ´etudespr´ec´edentes ont sugg´er´eque ces diff´erentes prot´einessont capables d'interpr´eter,en ´etroitecollaboration avec une prot´eine partenaire appel´eeHCF-1, l'information g´en´etiquereli´ee`ala prolif´eration cellulaire et au d´eveloppement. De plus, certaines de ces prot´einessont impliqu´eesdans diverses maladies comme notamment certains cancers, une maladie neurod´eg´en´erative et un trouble rare du m´etabolisme de la vitamine B12. Ceci rend donc la compr´ehensionde leur mode d'action primordiale. Ma th`esevise `amieux comprendre les m´ecanismesqui permettent aux prot´einesTHAP d'interpr´eter l'information g´en´etiqueet ainsi de r´egulerla prolif´erationcellulaire. Je montre que ces prot´eines sont des facteurs essentiels pour la r´egulationde la prolif´erationcellulaire, chacune poss´edant des fonctions et car- act´eristiques`ala fois communes et sp´ecifiques.En outre, je clarifie les m´ecanismessous-jacents `ala maladie g´en´etiqueli´eeau trouble du m´etabolisme de la vitamine B12. De fa¸cong´en´erale,une meilleure compr´ehension des m´ecanismesnormaux et pathog´eniquesli´es`aces prot´einesest un premier pas vers une meilleure prise en charge des maladies associ´ees. 5 6 R´esum´e Les prot´einesTHAP sont des facteurs de transcription caract´eris´eespar leur domaine THAP, un domaine de liaison `al'ADN `adoigt de zinc tr`esbien conserv´edans les esp`ecesanimales. Un nombre croissant d'´etudessoulignent l'importance de ces prot´einesdans la r´egulationde la transcription et de la prolif´eration cellulaire, et leur ´etroitecollaboration avec HCF-1, un co-r´egulateurde transcription. L'´emergencede ces prot´einesainsi que leur association avec diverses maladies humaines | comme diff´erents cancers, la mal- adie neurod´eg´en´erative \dystonia 6" ou un trouble du m´etabolisme de la cobalamine | rend leur ´etude particuli`erement importante. Dans ce travail de th`ese,j'´etudiecomment les prot´einesTHAP r´egulent la transcription des g`eneset la proliferation cellulaire. J'utilise une approche pluridisciplinaire combinant bioinformatique, biochimie et ap- proches mol´eculaireset cellulaires, ainsi que des techniques g´en´etiqueset g´enomiquesde pointe. Je caract´erise pour commencer les diff´erentes proteines THAP dans leur ensemble avant de concentrer progressivement mon analyse sur un nombre r´eduitde prot´einesTHAP. Tout d'abord, gr^ace`ades outils bioinformatiques et aux banques de donn´eesdisponibles, je r´ev`elecom- ment ces prot´einesont ´evolu´eau sein dans les esp`ecesanimales, et caract´eriseles niveaux d'expression des g`enes THAP chez l'homme et la souris. Ensuite, je montre que les diff´erentes prot´einesTHAP humaines poss`edent des capacit´esdistinctes d'homo- et d'h´et´erodim´erisation,ainsi que de liaison avec leur partenaire suppos´eHCF-1. Ceci sugg`erel'existence d'un m´ecanismecomplexe de r´egulationdans lequel les diff´erentes prot´einesTHAP ont des fonctions `ala fois communes et particuli`eres.Focalisant ensuite mon ´etudesur les deux prot´einesTHAP7 et THAP11, j'utilise des lign´eescellulaires cr´e´eessur mesure pour d´emontrer que ces deux prot´einesr´egulent la prolif´erationcellulaire. Enfin, je concentre mes efforts sur l'unique prot´eine THAP11 et montre qu'elle se lie `al'ADN pour r´egulerdes g`enesimpliqu´esdans le d´evelopement, la pro- lif´erationcellulaire et la transcription. En outre, je clarifie les m´ecanismesmol´eculaires`ala base du trouble cobalaminique associ´e`aune mutation du g`ene THAP11. Les r´esultatsobtenus dans cette th`ese caract´erisent les facteurs de transcription THAP comme d'importants r´egulateursde la prolif´erationcellulaire, chacun poss´edant des fonctions communes et sp´ecifiques. Une meilleure compr´ehensiondes m´ecanismesnormaux et pathog´eniques sous-jacents aux fonctions de ces prot´eines est un pr´e-requispour une meilleure prise en charge des maladies associ´ees. 7 8 Abstract THAP proteins are animal-specific transcription factors, which share the THAP domain, an evolutionary conserved zinc-finger DNA-binding domain. Growing evidence implicates THAP proteins as broad transcrip- tional and proliferation regulators, working hand in hand with the HCF-1 transcription co-regulator. The emergence of THAP proteins and their association with diverse human diseases | such as several cancers, the dystonia 6 neurodegenerative disorder or a subgroup of cobalamin disorder | make them ripe for detailed exploration. In this thesis work, I clarify how THAP proteins can regulate gene transcription and subsequent cell proliferation. I use a multidisciplinary strategy combining bioinformatics, biochemistry, molecular and cellular approaches, as well as state-of-the-art genetic and genomic techniques. I start by studying the whole set of THAP proteins using bioinformatics tools and gradually concentrate my analysis to smaller subsets of human THAP proteins for wet-lab experiments. To begin with, using bioinformatics tools and available data, I shed light on the evolution of THAP proteins among animal species, and unravel the pattern of expression of human and mouse THAP genes. Then, I show that human THAP proteins possess differing potentials for homo- and heterodimer formation, and for binding to their putative HCF-1 partner. This suggests possibilities for an intricate THAP-protein regulatory network in which THAP proteins exhibit both shared and specific functions. Further focusing the scope of my analysis on the THAP7 and THAP11 proteins, I demonstrate that both proteins regulate cell proliferation using custom engineered THAP7 and THAP11 cell lines. Finally, I concentrate my efforts on THAP11 and show that it associates to DNA to regulate genes involved in development, cell proliferation and transcription. Particularly, I clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying the THAP11 cobalamin disorder- associated mutation. The results developed in this thesis implicate the THAP transcriptional factors as important regulators of development and cell proliferation, each of them likely exhibiting shared and specific functions. Sheding light on the normal and pathogenic mechanisms of the THAP proteins is therefore a first step towards managing their associated diseases. 9 10 Acknowledgements These five years of doctoral studies would have not been the same without the support of many different people, that I want to thank at the end of this doctoral journey. To begin with, I thank Prof. Winship Herr, my PhD advisor, for his guidance, advice and help during these years. You also helped me to improve my English grammar: I will probably never forget the difference between \remember" and \remind", and I now use \however" properly! Also, many thanks to the members of my thesis committee for their valuable suggestions along the different steps of my doctoral studies: Prof. Bart Deplancke, Prof. Ivan Stamenkovic and Prof. Christian Hardtke. I was also very lucky to have been mentored by Prof. Liliane Michalik: Liliane, merci pour ton soutien, tes conseils et ta bienveillance ! Also, I would like to thank all the Herr lab members I had the chance to work with for the nice atmosphere and the stimulating scientific environment.
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