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Ngā Pakanga O Aotearoa: the New Zealand Wars

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Ngā Pakanga O Aotearoa: the New Zealand Wars Journal Ngā Pakanga o Aotearoa: SchoolNOVEMBER 2014 The New Zealand Wars School Journal by Ross Calman Level 4, November 2014 Year 8 Overview “The New Zealand Wars” describes the wars fought between 1845 and 1872. The wars were about who controlled the country and who owned the land. This long and fascinating article explains the circumstances of the wars, This article provides: including the areas and tribes involved. There are good general descriptions ■ a challenge for students to read a of the main confrontations and key players, both Māori and British. The text lengthy, complex text with support is written by a Māori author who presents a balanced account of the wars and from the structure, timelines, their impacts. summaries, and illustrations ■ a powerful context for exploring the social studies topic of community challenges ■ opportunities for students to question the text, evaluate ideas, Texts related by theme and discuss the way that history shapes the future. “King and Country” SJ L4 June 2014 | “Te Hokowhitu-a-Tū: The Pioneer Māori“The Battalion” Desert Kaupoi” SJSL L4 2013 | SJ L3 June 2014 Text characteristics from the year 8 reading standard u 11 JANUARY 1846: HŌne Heke Pōkai and the Flagpole: THE NORTHERN WAR (1845–46) The British win the Battle of Wīremu Kīngi’s Defiance: Ruapekapeka, and the Northern Hōne Heke Pōkai, a Ngāpuhi chief, was a Could Auckland be next? Was the young THE TARANAKI WAR (1860–61) War ends. proud leader. He had been the first chief colony about to descend into chaos? In the years after the Northern War, boatloads of u 1853: The first election for a to sign the treaty, hoping it would benefit Under strong pressure, Governor FitzRoy fresh settlers arrived in New Zealand. By the late New Zealand parliament is held. his people. However, many Ngāpuhi faced requested more soldiers from Sydney and 1850s, Pākehā outnumbered Māori. The new arrivals u 1856: The Māori population hard times after 1840, especially when mounted a military campaign against the had been promised cheap land, and many eyed is around 56,000, the Pākehā the capital was moved from the Bay of Ngāpuhi chief. However, things didn’t go up the prime sites occupied by Māori. Some Māori population around 59,000. Islands to Auckland in 1841. This meant according to plan. were happy to sell, but many were not. They were u MARCH 1859: Te Teira sells the there was less trading in the north. The first battle, at Puketutu on worried about Pākehā taking over the country, so it Waitara block to the government. In protest, Heke Pōkai chopped 8 May 1845, was inconclusive. The next was decided to establish a Māori king. He would lead u 20 FEBRUARY 1860: down the British flagpole at Kororāreka month, the pro-British faction of Ngāpuhi opposition to the British and help to prevent further Wīremu Kīngi prevents a survey of (which the British called Russell) not once had more success when they captured the Waitara block. land sales. In 1858, the Waikato chief Pōtatau but three times between July 1844 and Heke Pōkai’s pā at Te Ahuahu. Because no Te Wherowhero became the first Māori king and u 17 MARCH 1860: The Battle of January 1845. So Governor FitzRoy brought British troops had been involved in the Te Kohia is fought (inconclusive). elements that require interpretation, such as complex plots, leader of the Kīngitanga (King Movement). troops from Sydney and stationed them in encounter, FitzRoy was unable to claim it sophisticated themes, and abstract ideas Towards the end of the 1850s, New Plymouth u 28 MARCH 1860: The British win the town. The Northern War began on as a victory. In the next battle involving the Battle of Waireka. complexsettlers layers put of meaningpressure on and/or Governor information Browne to that make is irrelevant to 11 March 1845 when Heke Pōkai and British troops, at Ōhaeawai, soldiers more land available. The governor bought the u 27 JUNE 1860: Māori win the the identified purpose of reading (that is, competing information),Battle of Puketakauere. his ally, Kawiti, attacked and routed the attempted to storm Kawiti’s pā but came Waitara block from the young Te Āti Awa chief requiring students to infer meanings or make judgments British garrison at Kororāreka. Most of the under intense fire from Māori, who shot Te Teira, even though Browne knew the other owners u 18 MARCH 1861: A truce is declared, town was destroyed during the fighting. from hidden positions. The soldiers were of the block opposed the sale. Expecting trouble, and the Taranaki War ends. Heke Pōkai’s seemingly easy victory forced to retreat, and a hundred men were Browne sent troops to the area to build a fort. shocked Pākehā. They had expected killed or wounded. FitzRoy didn’t get the Wīremu Kīngi Te Rangitāke, a senior leader of the British soldiers, with their superior chance to make amends after the setbacks Te Āti Awa, was outraged that the governor claimed to have bought his ancestral weapons, to be more than a match for the at Kororāreka and Ōhaeawai. He lost his u 1865: The Native Land Court “Hopes Are Ebbing Fast”: TĪTOKOWARU AND TE KOOTI land and was intending it for Pākehāis established. farms. In February 1860, he drove the surveyors u 1865–67: The British army Māori warriors and their antique muskets. post shortly afterwards. away and built a pā at Te Kohia. Thiswithdraws frombecame New Zealand. the scene of the first battle of the After the Waikato War ended, the British The Pākehā population became u 1867: An armed constabulary is Taranaki War on 17 March 1860, formedwhich to replace thewas British army.inconclusive. A British victory followed army withdrew, and the New Zealand deeply concerned after these attacks. u 1867: Māori seats are established at the Battle of Waireka, but in June,in parliament. Māori won a major victory at Puketakauere. government became responsible People worried that there would be a u 9 June 1868: Tītokowaru’s war begins when his men kill three Above: The Battle of Te Ngutu-o-te-Manu MAORI VERSUS MAORI Fighting continued for a further ninemilitary settlers months, at Ketemarae. with neither side gaining a decisive for running its own army. It relied Māori uprising and their towns would u 10 July 1868: Te Kooti and advantage. A truce was declared almoston three18 hundred March followers 1861, and the Taranaki War ended. During the Northern War, and in the later campaigns against Tītokowaru and Te Kooti, land on the East Coast after they heavily on kūpapa – Māori allied to the be attacked. On 1 January 1869, escape from the Chatham Islands. u 7 September 1868: government.Māori Troops also fought moved on the through side of British Whanganui’sand colonial troops. Evening Known Herald as kūpapa, reflected these Māori Tītokowaru wins the Battle of Te Ngutu-o-te-manu. Māori settlements,had various tearingreasons forout fighting crops againstthe other general Māori, feeling some ofof whomdoom: were “The their New own relatives. u 7 November 1868: Tītokowaru u wins the Battle of Moturoa. Some kūpapa were traditional enemies of those Māori who were resisting the government. u 10 November 1868: Te Kooti and burning houses. Sporadic fighting Year brings no joy or gladness to leads the Matawhero raid. Others felt that they needed to stay onside with the government in a bid to preserve their u 5 December 1868: continued, but it seemed that Māori Wanganui. Suspense is everywhere Colonial troops attack Te Kooti at own lands. Others did it for the money. Kūpapa always retained a degree of independence Ngātapa pā. resistance was waning. and hopes are ebbing fast.” u 5 January 1869: Te Kooti escapes from Ngātapa. Many of and sometimes even refused to fight. his followers are killed. Then, during 1868, two Māori leaders But events soon turned against the u 2 February 1869: Tītokowaru 12 leaves Taurangaika pā and retreats to inland Taranaki. This is the end 15 emerged to challenge the government two Māori leaders. Te Kooti narrowly of Tītokowaru’s war. u 1871: The Māori population Above: Te Kooti and spread fear among settlers. For six escaped from a battle at Ngātapa pā, Below: Te Kooti’s war flag, Te Wepu is around 50,000, the Pākehā adverbial clauses or connectives that require students to make links population around 300,000. months, they managed to outwit the where many of his followers were u 14 February 1872: The New across the whole text Zealand Wars end. army. In South Taranaki, Ngā Ruahine captured and killed. In February 1869, 2121 leader Tītokowaru won two decisive Tītokowaru lost the support of his illustrations, photographs, text boxes, diagrams, maps, charts, and victories against government soldiers in people and had to retreat to inland graphs, containing main ideas that relate to the text’s content the area. Meanwhile, Rongowhakaata Taranaki. It had been a close call for leader Te Kooti escaped from the the Pākehā population. Chatham Islands, where he had been After his escape from Ngātapa, The above spread: kept prisoner. He then launched a series Te Kooti was pursued mostly by kūpapa Text copyright © Crown. Theof imagesraids in on Poverty pages 20–21 Bay, (bottom, including reference a raid A-173-031); through page the 21 (top,central reference North C-033-006); Island for the TEACHER SUPPORT MATERIAL FOR “ and page 21 (middle, reference MNZ-0910-1/2) are used with permission from the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington. Reading standard: by the end of year 8 at Matawhero on 10 November 1868, next three years.NGĀ PAKANGA On 14 February O AOTEAROA: 1872, THE NEW ZEALAND WARS where more than fifty Māori and the last shots of the New Zealand Wars ”, SCHOOL JOURNAL, LEVEL 4, NOVEMBER 2014 Pākehā were killed.
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