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Emergence, Construction Et Transformations D'une `` Cause

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Emergence, Construction Et Transformations D'une `` Cause Emergence, construction et transformations d’une “ cause ” : sociologie historique des dévouements en faveur de la “ cause ” des Palestiniens 1960 – 2010 : recherche historique et enquête ethnographique Alexandre Mamarbachi To cite this version: Alexandre Mamarbachi. Emergence, construction et transformations d’une “ cause ” : sociologie historique des dévouements en faveur de la “ cause ” des Palestiniens 1960 – 2010 : recherche historique et enquête ethnographique. Science politique. Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2020. Français. NNT : 2020PA100010. tel-02936223 HAL Id: tel-02936223 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02936223 Submitted on 11 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 2 Résumé de la thèse : Cette thèse est une contribution à la sociologie des problèmes publics, de l’action collective et des groupes d’intérêt. Elle interroge les conditions d’émergence d’une « cause » au début des années 1960 et ses transformations successives. Comment la défense d’un intérêt particulier, celui des populations palestiniennes, a-t-elle conduit à l’affirmation d’une identité politique par les groupes revendiquant une nation palestinienne ? On montre que la construction de cette cause s’est inscrite dans une conjoncture marquée par l’indépendance de l’Algérie et la décolonisation : elle a été indexée à la cause algérienne et au Tiers-Monde. Le ralliement de soutiens extérieurs a contribué à renforcer et légitimer cette revendication. A la fin des années 1970, le problème est reformulé dans le cadre de la protection des droits de l’homme : des associations de juristes se mobilisent en invoquant le droit international humanitaire (DIH) pour plaider en faveur de ces populations. Une défense juridique et morale est mise en œuvre pour promouvoir cette cause : le soutien international s’insère dans l’espace des mobilisations humanitaires et l’aide au développement ; de nouveaux acteurs, les ONG et les collectivités territoriales, mènent des coopérations en faveur du développement avec les collectivités palestiniennes. Les ressources mobilisées sont l’expertise, le droit, le plaidoyer international, caractéristiques du répertoire transnational-solidariste. L’enquête de terrain montre précisément de quelle façon une municipalité en France a conduit une coopération avec un camp de réfugiés en Cisjordanie. Les élus municipaux et les acteurs associatifs se sont investis dans un « jumelage » en soutenant un micro-projet porté par des femmes. Cette action publique vise à promouvoir la « culture de la paix » et les « coopérations solidaires » : l’action humanitaire permet de justifier l’engagement municipal et de mobiliser les habitants. Mots-clés : Entrepreneurs de cause ; Plaidoyer international ; Cause humanitaire ; Politiques du conflit ; Carrière des dévouements ; Groupes d’intérêt ; Droit international. English Summery : This research aims to contribute to the sociology of public policies and social movements. It questions the conditions of emergence of a “cause” at the very beginning of the 1960’s and its successive transformations. Claiming for Palestinian interests has raised the affirmation of a political identity. The edification of this “cause” during the political context of the 1960’s points out that this issue has been referred to the Algerian national liberation movement. It’s a “Third- World” problem. But at the end of the 1970’s, this cause has been framed by the International Law and Humanitarian Topics. New actors reconfigured the problem: Associations of Jurists A. MAMARBACHI | UNIVERSITE PARIS NANTERRE | 2019 | 3 claimed assistance for the civil populations. Advocacy networks promoted Human rights and conducted an international moral protest. NGO’s and local civil authorities supported the development of Palestinian Territories by providing humanitarian aid. This cooperation belongs to a new Repertory of collective actions: Transnational-Solidarity. We have investigated the local level of a cooperation conducted by a French municipality with a Palestinian city in the West Bank (a refugee camp). Our enquiry points out how the actors provide support for empowerment of Female inhabitants. Humanitarian Aid for civil population is a way to legitimate political engagements. Key-Words: Cause lawyering ; Advocacy Network ; Humanitarian issue ; Contentious Politics ; International Law ; Israel-Palestine Conflict. 4 Remerciements Je tiens à remercier tous ceux qui ont permis que ce projet doctoral aboutisse à son terme. En premier lieu ma directrice de thèse, Annie Collovald, qui m’a soutenu avec patience et fait confiance depuis le début de cette aventure incertaine. Elle sait tout ce que je lui dois. J’ai beaucoup bénéficié de son séminaire doctoral à l’ISP, donnant l’occasion à chaque participant de présenter l’avancement de ses travaux et d’échanger dans une ambiance chaleureuse et constructive. J’exprime ma gratitude à Jean-Charles Szurek, ancien directeur de l’ISP (Institut des sciences sociales du politique), qui a cru dans ce projet en me soutenant dès le début, me donnant des conseils avisés pour ma recherche à laquelle il s’est beaucoup intéressé. J’en profite pour remercier toute l’équipe de l’ISP qui m’a accueilli avec gentillesse. J’ai participé à de nombreux séminaires et à la vie du laboratoire. Je salue Carole Sigman et Jérôme Tournadre qui ont animé un atelier me permettant de présenter mes travaux et d’en discuter. Je remercie Aleksandra Mikanovic pour ses nombreux conseils et son soutien. La thèse est un travail personnel et le résultat d’un processus collectif ; j’ai eu des échanges enrichissants avec les doctorants et jeunes chercheurs de l’ISP : Mathieu Providence, Philippe Habib, Rémi Guillot, Séverine Lacalmontie, Fédérica Rossi, Victor Collet, Sidi N’Diaye, Anémona Constantin, Pascal Bonnard. En tant que ATER au département de droit et science politique de l’université Paris Nanterre, j’ai bénéficié des rencontres avec l’équipe d’enseignants de cette faculté. J’ai eu des échanges continus avec Bernard Pudal, Frédéric Zalewski, Jean-Marie Demaldent. Je suis reconnaissant à toute l’équipe de La Contemporaine (BDIC) qui m’a guidé pour mes recherches dans les archives conservées sur le site de cette bibliothèque à Nanterre. J’ai eu de nombreux échanges avec les membres de cette institution qui m’ont chaleureusement accueilli et conseillé. J’exprime ma gratitude à Didier Fassin qui a dirigé l’ANR sur les nouvelles frontières de la société française (2006-2009) : il m’a reçu dans ce programme auquel j’ai contribué avec de nombreux séminaires et journées d’étude. J’ai participé avec beaucoup de plaisir à ces séances qui ont stimulé ma réflexion et nourri mes recherches (démarche et méthodes d’enquête). Les échanges entre anthropologues, sociologues, politistes et historiens m’ont beaucoup apporté et enrichi. A. MAMARBACHI | UNIVERSITE PARIS NANTERRE | 2019 | 5 Je tiens à remercier Michel Pialoux qui m’a donné le goût de l’ethnographie et de l’enquête de terrain. Je lui dois beaucoup ; il m’a conseillé et accompagné tout au long de mon parcours. Je remercie tous ceux qui ont pris le temps de relire mes chapitres de thèse et de m’indiquer des commentaires et corrections. J’ai beaucoup bénéficié de ces remarques durant le processus long de la rédaction. J’adresse ma gratitude à Pascal Bonnard, Abdellali Hajjat, Nicolas Chaignot, Séverine Lacalmontie, Béatrice Pauly, Naï Asmar. Je suis enfin très reconnaissant à tous ceux et celles qui m’ont accordé de leur temps durant mon enquête en acceptant que je réalise des entretiens enregistrés parfois longs. Certains m’ont confié des archives personnelles et ont répondu avec patience à toutes mes questions. Ce travail n’aurait pas été possible sans leur collaboration. 6 Table des matières Table des matières Remerciements ........................................................................................................................... 5 Table des matières ...................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 13 Section 1. Comment une cause perdure-t-elle ? ....................................................................... 16 Section 2. Les étapes de la construction d’un objet sociologique ............................................ 19 2.1. Quels outils et concepts mobilisés ? ........................................................................................ 19 2.2. Articuler la sociologie des problèmes publics et des groupes d’intérêt ............................... 21 2.3. La problématisation comme mode de lecture de l’histoire ................................................... 23 2.4. Les contraintes morales d’un engagement ............................................................................. 27 Section 3. Les principales hypothèses de recherche................................................................. 29 3.1. Une cause définie en
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