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Energy Analysis of Co2-Based Demand Controlled Ventilation and Economizer for Air Source Heat Pump in Schools North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Aggie Digital Collections and Scholarship Theses Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2013 Energy Analysis Of Co2-Based Demand Controlled Ventilation And Economizer For Air Source Heat Pump In Schools Nihal Al Raees North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digital.library.ncat.edu/theses Recommended Citation Raees, Nihal Al, "Energy Analysis Of Co2-Based Demand Controlled Ventilation And Economizer For Air Source Heat Pump In Schools" (2013). Theses. 106. https://digital.library.ncat.edu/theses/106 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at Aggie Digital Collections and Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of Aggie Digital Collections and Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Energy Analysis of CO2-Based Demand Controlled Ventilation and Economizer for Air Source Heat Pump in Schools Nihal Al Raees North Carolina A&T State University A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department: Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Major: Civil Engineering Major Professor: Dr. Nabil Nassif Greensboro, North Carolina 2013 i School of Graduate Studies North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University This is to certify that the Master’s Thesis of Nihal Al Raees has met the thesis requirements of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Greensboro, North Carolina 2013 Approved by: Nabil Nassif, PhD Taher Abu-Lebdeh, PhD Major Professor Committee Member Elham Fini, PhD Sameer Hamoush, PhD Committee Member Department Chair Sanjiv Sarin, Ph.D Dean, the Graduate School ii © Copyright by Nihal Al Raees 2013 iii Biographical Sketch Nihal Al Raees was born on March 12, 1965 in Baghdad, Iraq. In 1988, she earned the Bachelor Degree in Architectural Engineering from Baghdad University Iraq. During 1988-2000, she worked as an architect engineer in the National Center for Engineering Consultancy, Baghdad, Iraq. In 1989 she won the first place of designing Belat Al Shuhada’a School and the second winner by designing a Private Masgid in the notional competitions in Baghdad, Iraq. During 2000-2006, she worked for Ibnkaldon Company doing engineering consulting. Many projects were mainly about health care, school, engineering projects and private houses. In January 2011, she started her Master program at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University. iv Dedication To my parents….. My dear husband…….. My family…… And all who support and believe in me……. v Acknowledgements My truthful appreciation is to Dr. Nabil Nassif, who has been my advisor as a graduate student. Dr. Nassif started with me from the first step of understanding an HVAC system, to the point of researching to improve this system. He also taught me that research takes hard work, dedication, and determination. All his effort and belief in my potential helped me go forward in my research process. I would like to show gratitude to Dr. Abu-Lebdeh, Dr. Fini, Dr. Megri and all my instructors in the civil engineering department for all their help and encouragement. I would like to express my thanks to Dr. Sameer Hamoush and Dr. Shoou-Yah Chang for their continuous support as well. Finally, I would like to recognize the people who supported and were confident in me throughout my time as a student at North Carolina A&T State University. vi Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. x List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. x List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ xii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... xiii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 2 CHAPTER 1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Problem Statement .............................................................................................................. 4 1.1.1 Energy Crisis. ............................................................................................................. 4 1.1.2 Global Warming and CO2 Emission Crisis. .............................................................. 5 1.1.3 Building Impact on Global Energy Use. .................................................................... 5 1.1.4 School Buildings, Energy and Indoor Air Quality..................................................... 5 1.2 Buildings and Efficient Energy Use ................................................................................... 6 1.3 Building Air Conditioning and Ventilation Control ........................................................... 8 1.4 Significance of the Study .................................................................................................. 10 1.5 Thesis Statement ............................................................................................................... 10 1.6 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 11 1.7 Thesis Organization .......................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 2 Literature Review ................................................................................................... 13 2.1 HVAC System .................................................................................................................. 13 2.1.1 Heat Pump Cycle. .................................................................................................... 14 vii 2.1.2 Mechanism of Mechanical Ventilation .................................................................... 15 2.1.3 Ventilation Control Strategies.................................................................................. 16 2.2 Demand Control Ventilation ............................................................................................. 17 2.2.1 Mechanism of Demand Control Ventilation. ........................................................... 18 2.2.2 CO2 Concentration and CO2-DCV........................................................................... 19 2.2.3 CO2 Sensors. ............................................................................................................ 21 2.2.4 Sensor’s Location..................................................................................................... 21 2.2.5 Buildings Recommended with DCV. ...................................................................... 22 2.2.6 CO2-DCV Advantages ............................................................................................ 23 2.2.7 Impact of CO2-DCV. ............................................................................................... 23 2.2.8 Saving with CO2-DCV. ............................................................................................ 23 2.3 Economizer Operation ...................................................................................................... 24 2.3.1 Economizer Types and Features. ............................................................................. 25 2.3.2 Economizer Mechanism ........................................................................................... 26 2.3.3 Economizer Strategies. ............................................................................................ 27 2.3.4 Saving and Consideration. ....................................................................................... 28 2.4 Energy Simulation Software “e-Quest-3.64” .................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 3 School Modeling and Model Validation................................................................. 31 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 31 3.1 Existing School Building .................................................................................................. 32 viii 3.1.1 School Footprint....................................................................................................... 33 3.1.2 School HVAC System Description. ......................................................................... 33 3.1.3 School Utility Bills. ................................................................................................. 35 3.2 Modeling School Building ................................................................................................ 35 3.3 Validating the Model ........................................................................................................ 39 3.4 Adjust Baseline with New ASHRAE Standard ................................................................ 42 3.5 Baseline Model ................................................................................................................
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