Etude Microtomographique De L'endocrâne De Reptiles Marins (Plesiosauria Et Mosasauroidea) Du Turonien (Crétacé Supérieur)

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Etude Microtomographique De L'endocrâne De Reptiles Marins (Plesiosauria Et Mosasauroidea) Du Turonien (Crétacé Supérieur) MUSEUM NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE Ecole Doctorale Sciences de la Nature et de l’Homme – ED 227 Année 2017 N° attribué par la bibliothèque |_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DU MUSEUM NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE Spécialité : Paléontologie Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Rémi ALLEMAND Le 21 novembre 2017 Etude microtomographique de l’endocrâne de reptiles marins (Plesiosauria et Mosasauroidea) du Turonien (Crétacé supérieur) du Maroc : implications paléobiologiques et comportementales Sous la direction de : Mme BARDET Nathalie, Directrice de Recherche CNRS et les co-directions de : Mme VINCENT Peggy, Chargée de Recherche CNRS et Mme HOUSSAYE Alexandra, Chargée de Recherche CNRS Composition du jury : M. JALIL, Nour-Eddine Professeur, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris Président du jury Mme WEISBECKER, Vera Lecturer, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia Rapporteur M. SCHEYER, Torsten Research Associate, Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Rapporteur Switzerland M. BRISCHOUX, François Chargé de Recherche CNRS, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, Université de La Examinateur Rochelle, France M. BUFFETAUT, Eric Directeur de Recherche CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France Examinateur Mme BARDET, Nathalie Directrice de Recherche CNRS, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France Directrice de Thèse Remerciements Cette thèse est le résultat des recherches que j’ai réalisées pendant trois ans au Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Trois ans…ça peut paraitre long mais en réalité c’est assez court et on donne surtout l’impression de courir après le temps (surtout sur la fin !). Le travail que j’ai effectué a été possible grâce à un grand nombre de personnes qui m’ont apporté leur aide et soutien, et avec qui j’ai interagi durant ces trois dernières années. Je tiens donc à prendre le temps ici de remercier toutes ces personnes qui ont, d’une manière ou une autre, permis à ce travail d’être ce qu’il est. Je voudrais tout d’abord remercier Nathalie Bardet, Alexandra Houssaye et Peggy Vincent, directrice et encadrantes de ma thèse, pour le rôle important que vous avez eu au cours de ces trois ans. Nathalie vous m’avez encadré durant mon stage de Master 2 qui portait sur la description d’un bassin de ptérosaure. Même si ce sujet de Master n’avait rien à voir avec le sujet de thèse, vous avez eu assez confiance en moi pour me proposer de continuer cette aventure. J’ai beaucoup apprécié de travailler sur cette thématique qui m’a permis de m’intéresser à des domaines très variés. Mon seul regret sera de n’avoir pu partir sur le terrain avec vous, j’aurai enfin pu vous tutoyer ! Alexandra, Peggy, si Nathalie a fait figure de "seconde mère" au cours de cette thèse, vous êtes considérées comme les "grandes sœurs". A vous trois, vous formez un "trio de choc". Je pense avoir beaucoup appris à vos côtés, et je ne vous remercierai jamais assez pour votre soutien au quotidien, votre disponibilité, vos conseils, votre patience (surtout quand je dois conclure ou que je suis trop négatif) et votre aide. Je tiens également à remercier les membres de mon comité de thèse Xavier Pereda Suberbiola, Marc Herbin, Damien Germain, ainsi que mon référent à l’école doctorale du MNHN, Antoine Zazzo, pour leur suivi et les conseils donnés afin de mener à bien ce travail. Je remercie sincèrement mes rapporteurs, Vera Weisbecker et Torsten Scheyer, ainsi que mes examinateurs, Nour-Eddine Jalil, François Brischoux et Eric Buffetaut d'avoir accepté de lire et d'évaluer le présent travail. J'espère sincèrement qu'il sera à la hauteur de vos attentes. 1 Je remercie le Labex BCDiv pour le financement de ce travail, et plus particulièrement Myriam Meziou et Anne-Cécile Haussonne pour m’avoir grandement facilité la vie quand il s’agissait de réserver des billets d’avions ou toute autre tâche administrative. Cette étude sur les endocrânes n’aurait pu être possible sans le matériel adéquat. Un immense merci à Renaud Boistel, Gheylen Daghfous, Anthony Herrel, et Alexandra Houssaye pour m’avoir prêté les nombreux scans qui ont été utilisés au cours de cette thèse. Je tiens également à remercier Erin Maxwell, Michael Polcyn ainsi que le Musée de Rhinopolis pour les prêts des spécimens fossiles. Un très grand merci à Miguel Garcia Sanz et à la plateforme AST-RX du MNHN pour la production des données CT. Toutes ces données ont été traitées à la salle d’imagerie 3D du CR2P. Je tiens vivement à remercier Florent Goussard pour m’avoir formé à l’utilisation de Mimics, pour avoir été présent à chaque fois que j’avais un problème et pour avoir galéré avec moi quand il a fallu exporter un fichier STL à partir de VG Studio Max. Merci également à Damien Germain pour m’avoir formé à l’utilisation de VG, je suis d’accord avec toi, le rendu 3D est bien meilleur que mimics mais ce n’est pas encore au point pour faire un pdf 3D (demande à Florent). Je remercie également Raphaël Cornette pour son aide et ses conseils lors des diverses manipulations sous le logiciel R, quand on te voit faire ça à l’air simple mais une fois qu’on est seul devant son ordi c’est une autre histoire. Cette thèse a été effectuée au sein du Centre de Recherches sur la Paléobiodiversité et des Paléoenvironnements (CR2P), UMR 7207 et département Histoire de la Terre, et au sein du laboratoire Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), UMR 7179 et département Adaptations du Vivant du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Je souhaite donc remercier leurs directrices respectives, Sylvie Crasquin et Fabienne Aujard pour m'avoir accueilli dans leurs laboratoires. Un très grand merci à toutes les personnes avec qui j’ai pu discuter et interagir au cours de ces années, notamment à Arnaud avec qui j’ai pu partager les longues heures à galérer en salle 3D, à Claire, Fabrice, Maxime, Charlène, Malcolm, Constance, François, Valentin, Bérengère, Eli, Donald, Thomas, Julien, Martial (mon premier colocataire de bureau), Séverine, Marion, Léo, Ameline, Ronan, Colas, Yohan, Véronique, Sandrine, Renaud. Je m'excuse par avance pour toute personne qui aurait été oubliée. Ce n'est bien évidement pas volontaire mais plutôt à mettre sur le compte d’une écriture tardive des remerciements (pourtant on m’avait prévenu de tenir une liste…). 2 Je tiens particulièrement à remercier toute l’équipe de "Palbot". Vous êtes en grande partie responsable du fait que l’on se sente vite comme chez soi dans ce bâtiment. Merci à Dario, Olivier, Eloïse, Marc, Jean, Anaïs, Sandra. Merci pour ces moments partagés. Merci pour votre soutient, vos petits mots d’encouragement. Je me dois de remercier tout particulièrement les thésards, post-doc et membres occasionnels de la "Palbot", mon actuel colocataire de bureau Cédric, Mélanie, Guillaume, Yingying, Julien, Pauline, Hugo. Ces moments partagés avec vous ont été très agréables, j’espère très vite fêter le rendu de thèse au cours d’un "afterwork" que Cédric nous aura planifié. Je tiens également à remercier mes parents, mes sœurs ainsi que toute ma famille pour votre soutien et l’intérêt que vous avez porté à mon travail. Un très grand merci à tous les amis "hors muséum" avec qui j’ai toujours autant de plaisir à discuter du métier si peu ordinaire de paléontologue. Merci de montrer autant d’intérêt dans ce que je fais. Un très grand merci à Anouck pour ton soutien, ton aide au moment de l’écriture, et pour ta présence tout au long de cette aventure. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ...................................................................................................... 8 Abbreviations of the institutions .................................................................. 13 Chapter 1 Mosasauroidea (Squamata) and Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia): Phylogenetical context, paleobiology and paleoecology ............................. 14 1.1. Mosasauroidea (Squamata) ....................................................................................... 15 1.2. Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) ..................................................................................... 19 Chapter 2 Goulmima, an exceptionally preserved outcrop from the Turonian (Late Cretaceous) of Southern Morocco .................................... 25 2.1. Geographical and stratigraphical contexts ................................................................ 27 2.2. Preservation ............................................................................................................... 29 2.3. Paleogeographical and paleoenvironmental contexts ............................................... 31 2.4. Goulmima faunal assemblages .................................................................................. 31 Chapter 3 Paleoneurology and endocast ..................................................... 35 3.1. Brief history of the paleoneurology .......................................................................... 37 3.1.1. Paleoneurology from 1804 to 1960s ................................................................... 37 3.1.2. Paleoneurology from 1960s to present ............................................................... 40 3.2. Endocranial studies and associated information ....................................................... 44 3.2.1. Endocasts as brain proxies ................................................................................. 44 3.2.2. Endocasts as sources of phylogenetic information ............................................. 47 3.2.3. Endocasts as sources of sensory
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