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Assessing China's Soft Power Diplomacy and Its Implications on Asia

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Assessing China's Soft Power Diplomacy and Its Implications on Asia Assessing China’s Soft Power Diplomacy and its Implications on Asia Cooperation By Zhou Ying Introduction China‟s influence in Asia has increased remarkably over the past decade. This can account for various China threat theories and the argument of China Rising in academic narratives. Analysis and debates concerning China‟s rise is focused almost entirely on the economic and military aspects of its growing power. Yet soft power is increasingly recognized as the essential components of Great Power status. Some scholars point out that besides increase in its steaming economic growth and military strengthening, the reinforcing of China‟s soft power has been crucial in expanding the country‟s regional influence. During the last decade, not only have Chinese media and scholars increasingly paid more attention to the development and wielding of China‟s soft power, but also Beijing has adopted more and more soft power-based foreign policies. With the continued momentum of China‟s rapid economic growth and China‟s ever-increasing influence in the world, the inevitable question is how has China developed its own soft power resources and wield them in its foreign relations? Is there any intricate connection between Chinese idea of soft power and its power behavior? And if China‟s soft power really rising in Asia as a lot of analysts argued? This elicited a lot of discourses within and without about China‟s intentions with its soft power diplomacy. First is the power balance discourse. It is often interpreted in this school of thought that China seeks to shape the region‟s emerging political-institutional contours and to encourage movement toward an “East Asian Community” in order to balance the declining influence of the Unite States. They think that China is using its soft tools to balance the influense of outside player, especially the US. As they argued, China appears to be using its soft power to incrementally push Japan, Taiwan, and even the Unite States out of regional influence. 1 The second is the regional hegemony discourse. This school of thought mainly argue that China‟s soft power is uniform to its grand stategy. In Asia, it means to seek for the leadership and the dominant role, holding its regional hegemony. China is no longer a “clumsy elephant” to its Southeast neighbors, but an “agile dragon” in the quest for restoring its regional hegemony. Soft power is imperative to play a hegemonic leadership role in shaping policies in the region. 2 China is determined to 1 David Shambaugh, Focus on China: China‟s New Diplomacy in Asia. Foreign Service Journal, May 2005. David Shambaugh, China Engages: Reshaping the Regional Order, international security, vol.29.no, 3, 2004. Joshua Kurlantzick: China‟s charm: implications of Chinese Soft Power, Policy Brief of Carnegie Endowment for international peace, Washington, no.47, June 2006. Chien-Peng Chung: China‟s approach to the institutionalization of regional multilateralism, Journal of Comteporary China (2008), 17(57), November, 747-764. Denise E. Zheng: China s use of soft power in developing world: strategic intentions and implications for the United State. See Implications for the United States------competition and cooperation in the developing world. A Report of the CSIS Smart Power Initiative. edited by Carola McGiffert, Center for Strategic & International Studies. March 2009. 2 H.H.Michael Hsiao and Alan Yang: Soft Power Politics in the Asia Pacific, Chinese and Japanese Quests for Regional Leadership, Japan Focus. And Transformation in China‟s Soft Power toward ASEAN. From China Brief, Volume VIII, Issue 22, November 24, 2008.Bates Gill and Yanzhong Huang: Sources and Limits of Chinese „soft power‟, Survival, Vol.48 No.2 Summer 2006, pp1.7-36. Johannes Dragsbaek Schmid, China s soft power diplomacy in Southeast Asia, translated by Yin Jiwu, guowai lilun dongtai, 2009, 3. Meng Honghua: Report on the Analysis of China‟s Soft Power, part 2, Intenational observes, Guoji Guancha, International Observer, 2007, no.3. Joel Wuthnow: the concept of soft power in China s Strategic Discourse, Issues and Studies 44, no.2 (June 2008): 1 demonstrate its commitment to a peaceful foreign policy as an important contributor to its further economic development and regional leadership. The third is image-building discourse. In recent years, the perception of the China threat, along with China‟s series of domestic dilemmas become the main obstacles for China to project its national image. Hence, many scholars think that China call for a good world image through its soft power diplomacy. 3 The fourth is the discourse of reducing China threat and legitimatizing China rising. Chinese strategists have awared that China‟s economic and military rise has been perceived as a threat by the external world, especially those with significant strategic interest in Aisa. Then, these scholars explain, “China hopes that, through soft power, it can achieve its most important goals, which are, at a regional and global level, to mitigate the “China threat theory”, earn the understanding of the international comminity, and garner support for China‟s peaceful development.” 4 The fifth is hard power limits discourse. This school of thoughts claims that at present, China possesses few, if any, forward-deployed military forces in Southeast and South Asia. Hard power resources alone would be insufficient for China to reach the level of a global power. China‟s capacity to shape events in this region (Asia) through coercion or military-to-military contacts remains limited. In this situation, soft power will serve as an alternative. 5 The sixth is geopolitics discourse. This school states that China‟s fundamental interests lie in Asia. This makes China place more weights in this area. They think China used soft power diplomacy in Asia region in order to allay suspicions in Asian countries what wary of its great power ambitions and foster perceptions that the nation‟s return to the nautical arena. 6 The finally is the national interests-oriented discourse. 7 It is commonly 1-28. Implications for the United States------competition and cooperation in the developing world. A report of the CSIS Smart Power Initiative. edited by Carola McGiffert, Center for Strategic & International Studies. March 2009.Li Xing& Zhang Shengjun: China and Regional Integration in East Asia: Opportunities, Constraints and Challenges, CCIS (Centre for Comparative Integration Studies) Research Series Working Paper No.9.ISSN: 1902-9718. Gary D. Rawnsley.. A Survey of China‟s Public Diplomacy, May 12, 2007. 3 C.F. Bergsten, C Freeman, N. lardy, D. Mitchell: Soft Power in China‟s Foreign Policy, from People‟s Daily Online, http://englishpeopledaily.com.cn/, February 05, 2009. Ingrid d Hooghe, the Rise of China Public Diplomacy, Netherlands Institution of IR, July 2007. See Lijie: Tisheng ruanshili dui shixian woguo heping jueqi de zuoyong; Guo Shuyong: xin guojizhuyi yu zhongguo ruanshili waijiao; Su Changhe: Zhongguo de Ruanshili; Alastair. Iain. Johnston: Zhongguo Canyu Guoji Tizhi de Ruogan Sikao, shijie jingji yu zhengzhi,1999,7. Xiao Huanrong: China‟s great power responsibility and its regionalism strategy. World Economics and International Politics, 2003(3). 4 Young Nam Cho and Jong Ho Jeong: China Soft Power: discussion, resources, and prospects, Asia Survey, Vol. XLVIII, No.3. May-June 2008. Fang Changping: Zhongmei Ruanshili Bijiao Jiqi dui Zhongguo de Qishi, “A Comparison of Soft Power between China and the US and its Implications for China”, Shijie Jingji Yu Zhengzhi, World Economics and Politics, No.7, 2007. pp.21-27. Sheng Ding: To build a harmonious world: China‟ s soft power wielding in the global south. Journal of Chinese Political Science. Vol.13, No2, 2008. Also see Sheng Ding‟ s PhD thesis: soft power and the Rise of China: an Assessment of China s Soft Power in its Modernization Process. Bonnie S. Glaser and Melissa E. Murphy: Soft power with Chinese characteristics---the ongoing debate. Ma Jianying: guojia jueqi bu ke hu shi de liliang: ruanliliang. Journal of Sheng Yang University, Vol. 18, No.5. 5 Toshi Yoshihara and James R. Holmes: China‟s Energy-Driven Soft Power, Winter, 2008. Bruce A. Elleman, Waves of Hope: The US Navy‟sResponse to the Tsunami in Northern Indonesia (Newport, R.I.: Naval War College Press, Februry 2007),pp. 103-105. 6 Pang Zhongying: Transformation of China‟s Asia Policy: Challenges and Opportunities, http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/singapur/04601/2007-2/zhongying.pdf. 7 Ma Jianying: guojia jueqi bu ke hu shi de liliang: ruanliliang. Journal of Sheng Yang University, Vol. 18, No.5. Pang Zhongying: China‟s soft power. See Liao Wang (Outlook News Weekly). Ren Xiao: Between Adapting and Shaping: China‟s role in Asian Regional Cooperation, Journal of Contemporary China (2009), 18(59), March, 303-320. Li Mingjiang: China debates soft power, Chinese journal of international politics, Vol. 2, 2008, 287-308. Gao hongqiang : zhongguo muling waijiao zhong ruanyingshili de goujian jiaodu. Esther Pan: China‟s Soft Power Initiative may 18, 2006. Gary D. Rawnsley.. A Survey of China‟s Public Diplomacy, May 12, 2007. 2 believed that Beijing is trying to convince the world of its peaceful intentions, secure the resources it needs to continue its soaring economic growth, and isolate Taiwan. It must be served to the national interests and the basic goals of China‟s foreign policy which is to “preserve China‟s independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity,” and “to create a favorable international environment for China‟s reform and opening up and modernization construction.” 8 Certainly, these discourses can explain China‟s intentions with its soft power in Asia. Also, based on these discussions, a number of observers see China‟s soft power is rising in Asia and other part of the world. 9 This paper examines the recipient of Taiwan‟s response toward China‟s soft power diplomacy in an effect to diagnose if China‟s soft power rising or not in Asia, aiming to clear about the academic dispute.
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