Competencias En Tecnologías De La Información Y

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Competencias En Tecnologías De La Información Y COMPETENCIAS EN TECNOLOGÍAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Y LAS COMUNICACIONES PARA DISEÑADORES DE LA COMUNICACIÓN GRÁFICA Francisco Emigdio Torres García Tesis para optar por el grado de Doctor en Diseño Posgrado en Diseño y Visualización de la Información Miembros del Jurado: Dr. Luis Jorge Soto Walls Director de la tesis Dr. Marco Vinicio Ferruzca Navarro Dr. Gustavo Iván Garmendia Ramírez Dr. Cesáreo Morales Velázquez Dr. Rodrigo Ramírez Ramírez Ciudad de México Agosto de 2019 Agradecimientos Al Dr. Luis Soto por su paciente y atinada guía y consejos para el acertado enfoque y desarrollo de este trabajo. Al Dr. Marco Ferruzca por sus oportunas observaciones para el mejoramiento de esta investigación. Mil gracias Declaración de Copyright El autor desea que la versión electrónica de este documento esté disponible bajo la licencia más abierta posible de Creative Commons, en la actualidad CC0 1.0, que dice: Francisco E. Torres García ha dedicado al dominio público la versión electrónica de la tesis doctoral Competencias en Tecnologías de la Información y las comunicaciones para Diseñadores de la Comunicación Gráfica mediante la renuncia a todos sus derechos a la obra bajo las leyes de derechos autorales en todo el mundo, incluyendo todos los derechos conexos y afines, en la medida permitida por la ley. Se concede copiar, modificar, distribuir e interpretar la obra, incluso para propósitos comerciales, sin pedir permiso. Este trabajo ha sido publicado en México. Es posible consultar más detalles sobre CC0 en: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.es 2 Dedicatorias A Itzel, mi esposa con inmenso amor, orgullo y agradecimiento por todo lo que es y hace por mí y por nuestra familia. A Pablo y Iarene, mis hijos con amor y gozo, mis mejores deseos de felicidad y éxito para su futuro. A Raquel, mi madre por su inacabable amor y apoyo en todas las formas imaginables a lo largo de mi vida. A Patricia, mi hermana por su gran cariño, apoyo incondicional y buen ejemplo desde el inicio de los tiempos. Un millón de abrazos 3 Lo que no puede verse es llamado lo invisible Lo que no puede oírse es llamado lo inaudible Lo que no puede tocarse se llama lo intangible Estos tres no pueden ser examinados y comprendidos, por lo tanto se mezclan juntos en uno solo LAO TSE 4 Una tesis nunca es terminada, solo abandonada Parafraseando a GEORGE LUCAS Contenido Extracto ................................................................................................................ 23 Introducción ......................................................................................................... 25 1 Planteamiento ............................................................................................. 29 1.1 Proemio ................................................................................................ 29 1.2 Motivación personal .............................................................................. 30 1.3 Postura del autor .................................................................................. 31 1.4 Delimitación del problema .................................................................... 32 1.5 La cuarta RI y otros antecedentes ........................................................ 33 1.6 Espectro de aplicación ......................................................................... 36 1.7 Las funciones de la universidad ........................................................... 37 1.8 Más que sólo habilidades, competencias ............................................. 38 1.9 Pregunta de investigación .................................................................... 39 1.10 Hipótesis ............................................................................................... 39 1.11 Objetivos .............................................................................................. 41 1.12 Resultados previstos ............................................................................ 41 1.13 Aportaciones potenciales ..................................................................... 42 1.14 Declaración de intereses ...................................................................... 43 5 2 Marco teórico .............................................................................................. 45 2.1 Enfoque ................................................................................................ 46 2.2 Competencias....................................................................................... 46 2.2.1 Origen y definición del término ................................................ 47 2.2.2 Competencia digital ................................................................. 57 2.2.3 Proponentes del enfoque por competencias ............................ 59 2.2.4 Agenda Digital Nacional........................................................... 64 2.2.5 Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, educación y TIC ......................... 65 2.2.6 Componentes de una competencia ......................................... 66 2.2.7 Clasificación de las competencias ........................................... 67 2.2.8 Competencias blandas y duras ................................................ 68 2.2.9 Dimensiones de una competencia ........................................... 69 2.2.10 Visualización gráfica ................................................................ 74 2.2.11 Cómo se especifica una competencia ..................................... 77 2.2.12 Competencias futuras .............................................................. 79 2.2.13 Cómo evaluarlas ...................................................................... 80 2.2.14 Posiciones opuestas a las competencias ................................ 81 2.2.15 Resumen ................................................................................. 83 2.3 Niveles de diseñadores ........................................................................ 85 2.4 Algunas teorías del aprendizaje y filosofías ......................................... 89 2.4.1 Taxonomía de Bloom actualizada ............................................ 91 2.4.2 Conectivismo ........................................................................... 94 2.4.3 Los MOOC ............................................................................. 104 2.4.4 Humanismo ............................................................................ 110 2.4.5 Poshumanismo ...................................................................... 112 2.5 Trabajo cognitivo ................................................................................ 117 2.6 Edward de Bono y sus sombreros ...................................................... 121 2.7 Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación, ¿por qué? ............... 125 2.7.1 Las TIC como herramientas cognitivas .................................. 125 2.7.2 Competencias clave en el 2030 ............................................. 129 2.8 Integración de las TIC a las competencias ......................................... 132 2.8.1 Componente digital ................................................................ 132 2.8.2 PLE y PLN ............................................................................. 135 2.9 Un recorrido por las competencias TIC .............................................. 138 2.9.1 El Instituto [español] de la Economía Digital .......................... 138 2.9.2 South West Grid for Learning ................................................ 139 2.10 Discusión y conclusiones de esta sección .......................................... 144 2.10.1 El currículo es otro tema ........................................................ 146 6 3 Marco metodológico ................................................................................. 147 3.1 Aparato crítico .................................................................................... 148 3.2 Análisis de textos ................................................................................ 148 3.2.1 Método tradicional ................................................................. 148 3.2.2 Minería de datos, minería de textos ....................................... 149 3.2.3 Densidad global de palabras ................................................. 155 3.2.4 Nubes de palabras ................................................................. 155 3.2.5 Arreglo tabular ....................................................................... 156 3.2.6 Análisis Bloom ....................................................................... 156 3.3 Rúbricas ............................................................................................. 157 3.3.1 Lista de cotejo ........................................................................ 160 3.3.2 Escala de apreciación ............................................................ 160 3.3.3 Guía de observación .............................................................. 161 3.3.4 Cuestionario TIC de ingreso .................................................. 161 3.3.5 Rúbrica de medios computarizados ....................................... 165 4 Análisis ...................................................................................................... 169 4.1 Localización de fuentes ...................................................................... 171 4.2 Los jóvenes estudiantes ..................................................................... 172 4.2.1 Pertenencia global ................................................................. 172 4.2.2 Economía
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