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Car1 Christiansson Car1 Christiansson Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala and Department of Physical Geography, University of Stockholm Soil Erosion and Sedimentation in Semi-arid Tanzania Erosion and Sedimentation -arid Tanzania Studies of Environmental Change and Ecological Imbalance Car1 Ghristiansson Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala and Department of Physical Geography, University of Stockholm This study also appears as Medd~lnnd~Nr A l19 from the Department of Physical Geography, Universit~of Stockholm, Box 6801, S-l 13 86 Stockholm, Sweden Car1 Christiansson and Scandinabian Institute of African Studies 198 1 ISBN 91-7106-197-5 Printed by Borgstroms Trvckeri AB, Motala, Sweden 198 1 Abstract Christiansson, C., 1981: Soil Erosion and down to bedrock within 50-100 years. Sedimentation in Semi-arid Tanzania. Stu- Important erosion processess in the in- dies of Environmental Change and Eco- logical Imbalance. Scandinavian Institute vestigated area are splash erosion, sheet of African Studies, Uppsala and Depart- wash, rilling and gullying. At present ment of Physical Geography, University of the first two are quantitatively domi- Stockholm. Uppsala 1981 208 p. ISBN nant. 91-7106-197-5. Due to high sediment production, two of the studied reservoirs have an ex- Research on soil erosion and related pected life of 3545 years only. The problems was carried out within the other two have an expected tota! life of scope of the DUSER project in Ugogo in 80-90 and 120-130 years, respectively. semi-arid central Tanzania in the years To assess long term environmental 1968-74. changes, land degradation is viewed in a The present thesis describes and historical perspective based mainly on analyses factors of importance for the written sources. According to these it initiation and acceleration of soil erosion seems as if the initiation and large scale and discusses the geomorphological development of soil erosion in the area effects of erosion processes in the semi- are due to: arid environment. Pressure from hostile neighbours on A twofold approach to the problems is the Wagogo, who during part of the used: 19th century crowded around the cen- 1. Recording of the present situation tral range of hills causing overpopula- 2. Reconstruction of past environmental tion and overexploitation of the land; change effects of the 19th century caravan To assess the present situation the trade, with large demands on food and types, rates and extent of soil erosion firewood; 20th century expansion of the and sedimentation were studied within livestock herd sizes well above the carry- five selected catchments, four of which ing capacity of the area; increased popu- with reservoirs. The principal methods lation density resulting in local land used are field surveys and air photo in- shortage and reduced fallow periods. terpretation. To give an idea of the present land The rates of erosion in the investigated potentials of Ugogo an attempt is made catchments are high, corresponding to to estimate the population and livestock sediment yields of 174 to 602 m3/kmzper carrying capacity of the area. Possible year as averages for the longest periods effects on the environment of the new of available records. Annual denudation settlement pattern are also considered. rates on moderately grazed upper In the concluding section suitable meas- pediments average between 1 and 2 mm ures for conservation of the marginal per year rising to around 10 mm per lands of Ugogo and similar semi-arid vear on overgrazed slopes with erodible areas in East Africa are reviewed. soils. Cultivated areas experience ero- sion rates in the same range. With the C. Chrzstzanrson, Department of Phjszcal present agricultural system the soil Geography, Unzverszty of Stockholm, Box cover on parts of the slopes will be lost 6801. S- 113 86 Stockholm, .S-r~leden. Contents 1. Introduction 1 7. Ikowa dam and catchment 5 1 2. Scope of the study 4 Ikowa dam. Construction 5 1 Ikowa irrigation scheme 52 3. Methods 5 Reservoir surveys 54 General 5 Sediment yield 56 Catchment studies 5 Morphology and types of Reservoir surveys 6 deposits 57 Population and land use 7 Catchment erosion 61 Inselbergs and other hill- 4. Location of the study area 9 slopes 61 5. The environment 12 Upper pediment slopes 62 Geology 12 Lower pediment slopes 63 Topography 14 Gently undulating areas 64 Soils and vegetation 15 Stream channels and sand Vegetation types 15 fans 65 Soil zones and associated vegeta- Rainfall 66 tion 22 Infiltration and soil moisture 67 The skeletal soil zone 23 Evapotranspiration 68 The red soil zone 23 Drainage pattern and dis- The hardpan soil zone 24 charge 68 The zone of grey and black clays 26 8. Imagidam 72 Forms of erosion 27 9. Msalatu dam and catchment 74 Climate 31 Construction and operation of the Rainfall 33 dam 74 Temperature, evaporation, Drainage pattern 78 humidity 35 Erosion and conservation 79 Wind 35 Present distribution of erosion in Drainage 37 the catchment 82 6. Population and land use 38 Sediment yield and reservoir capa- Population. Immigration into city 83 Ugogo 38 Morphology and types of Spatial organization 40 sediments 89 Residential mobility 4 1 Grain size composition and concen- Land use 42 tration of suspended sediment 91 Cultivation 42 10. The proposed Mkonze dam and Crops 42 catchment 96 Cropping methods 44 Livestock and grazing 46 11. Matumbulu dam and catch- Water supply 49 ment 98 "A land condemned to perpetual Construction and potential use of drought" 49 the dam 98 Water reservoirs 50 Drainage 103 Erosion and conservation 103 Environmental degradation in the Erosion 103 precolonial and colonial period 150 Conservation 106 Adaptation to the environ- Upstream sedimentation 107 ment 150 Sediment surveys 110 The formation of "the cultivation Morphology of sediments 113 steppe" 152 Grain size composition 116 "Land development" in Ugogo during the colonial period 157 12. The methods-A critical re- Transformation of the socio- view 117 economic structure 157 Representativity of the study Anti-erosion measures 158 area 117 The caravan trade-its role in Relevance of the methods em- the development of the soil ero- ployed 117 sion complex 159 Field measurements 117 Early regional trade 159 Satellite image and air photo in- Caravan routes through terpretation 119 Ugogo 160 Reliability of basic data 12 1 19th century food re- 13. Contemporary erosion and sources 160 sedimentation in Ugogo. Discus- Food requirements of the cara- sion and comparisons with other vans 163 areas 123 15. The post-Independence Rates of runoff 123 situation 166 Sources of sediment and types of Availability of land and population erosion 127 carrying capacity 166 Erosion on inselbergs and Ikowa catchment 167 bedrock hills 127 The Dodoma catchments 17 1 Erosion on pediments-splash Livestock density and carrying and sheet wash 128 capacity 173 Overgrazed upper pedi- ments 128 16. The future 178 Cultivated upper and lower The new settlement pattern; its im- pediments 129 pact on the semi-arid Vegetationless surfaces 132 environment 178 Cropping areas 133 17. Summary and Conclusions 182 Deciduous thicket 134 History of the soil erosion complex Grass 135 in Ugogo 182 Gully erosion 136 Processes and rates of erosion and Gullying on pediments 136 sedimentation 183 Gullies associated with fault Conservation and management 187 lines 138 Rates of catchment denudation and Appendix 190 sedimentation 139 Acknowledgements 195 14. The historical perspective 147 References 197 Early observations of soil erosion in Ugogo 147 Maps, air photos and satellite im- Erosion by water 147 ages 207 Erosion by wind 148 Abbreviations 208 List of tables Table l Climatological statistics. Dodoma Table 18 Rainfall and runoff in Bubu and Meteorological Station. Kinyasungwe catchments. Table 2 Windspeeds in Ugogo. Table 19 Percentage runoff of total precipi- Table 3 Ikowa dam. Construction data. tation and soil lost per ha with different land use and plot treatments at Mpwapwa soil Table 4 Ikowa catchment. Sediment yield erosion experiments, 1933-38. and soil denudation rate. Table 20 Percentage runoff of total precipi- Table 5 Ikowa reservoir. Rate of sedimen- tation and soil lost from identical plots with tation. different land use at the Mpwapwa soil ero- Table 6 Grain size composition of sediment sion experiments, 1946-54. samples from Ikowa reservoir. Table 2 1 Percentage runoff of total precipi- Table 7 Monthly rainfall at 9 stations in tation and soil lost from plots with different Ikowa catchment and 3 stations at Dodoma. land use at Ouagadougou, Upper Volta. Table 8 Areal inventory of main landform Table 22 Reservoir data, sedimentation and units. soil denudation rate for five catchments in semi-arid Tanzania. Table 9 Msalatu dam. Construction data. Table 23 Dodoma district, Ikowa and Do- Table 10 Msalatu dam. First eight years of doma catchments. Total population and operation. population density. Table 11 Dodoma catchments. Areas of se- Table 24 Ikowa and Dodoma catchments. vere erosion, 1960. Population density of enumeration areas, Table 12 Msalatu catchment. Sediment 1967. yield and soil denudation rate. Table 25 Ikowa catchment. Population and Table 13 Msalatu reservoir. Rate of livestock numbers, 197 1/72. sedimentation. Table 26 Dodoma catchments. Areal cover- Table l4 Grain size composition of soil age of woodlandlthicket and cultivations, samples from Msalatu catchment. 1960. Table 15a Msalatu dam. Total amount of Table 27 Size of Wagogo homesteads, size suspended matter in the reservoir. of homestead herds and average hectarage cultivated. Table 15b Msalatu and Matumbulu dams. Chemical analysis of the water in the reser- Table 28 Ikowa and Dodoma catchments. voirs. February, 1970. Landform units with associated soils, veg- etation and land use in relation to soil ero- Table l6 Matumbulu dam. Construction sion. data. Table 17 Transect record from Matumbulu catchment. List of figures Fig 1 Sounding in Matumbulu reservoir. Fig 24 Gully erosion, Mkonze catchment.
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