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Effects of Winter Recreation on Wildlife of the Greater Yellowstone Area: a Literature Review and Assessment

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Effects of Winter Recreation on Wildlife of the Greater Yellowstone Area: a Literature Review and Assessment EFFECTS OF WINTER RECREATION ON WILDLIFE OF THE GREATER YELLOWSTONE AREA: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT Greater Yellowstone Winter Wildlife Working Group Greater Yellowstone Coordinating Committee October 1999 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EFFECTS OF WINTER RECREATION ON WILDLIFE OF THE GREATER YELLOWSTONE AREA: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT Greater Yellowstone Winter Wildlife Working Group October 1999 Suggested citation: Olliff, T., K. Legg, and B. Kaeding, editors. 1999. Effects of winter recreation on wildlife of the Greater Yellowstone Area: a literature review and assessment. Report to the Greater Yellowstone Coordinating Committee. Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. 315 pages. Editors: Tom Olliff, Kristin Legg, and Beth Kaeding Layout: Tami Blackford Cover photo courtesy of the National Park Service. CONTENTS PREFACE ........................................................... v BIRDS Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................ vii J. T. Stangl ...................................... 103 Trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator) CONTRIBUTORS ................................................. ix Tom Olliff ....................................... 113 REVIEWERS ...................................................... xi HABITAT Effects of recreation on vegetation INTRODUCTION J. T. Stangl ...................................... 119 Tom Olliff ................................................. 1 ISSUES MAMMALS Effects of development on wildlife Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) Wendy Clark and Ron Wiseman ..... 125 Kristin Legg ........................................ 5 Energetic costs of displacement Bison (Bison bison) Harold Picton, Ph.D. ....................... 135 Marion Cherry and Sandra Kratville ......... 11 Impacts of two-stroke engines on aquatic Elk (Cervus elaphus) resources Wendy Clark ..................................... 17 Jim Ruzycki and Jeff Lutch ............. 145 Gray wolves (Canis lupus) Habituated wildlife Dan Reinhart ..................................... 31 Dan Reinhart ................................... 151 Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) Effects of heliskiing on wildlife Dan Reinhart and Dan Tyers ............ 37 Kristin Legg .................................... 155 Lynx (Lynx canadensis) Harassment of wildlife by pets Jim Halfpenny, Ph.D., Kerry Murphy, Tom Olliff ....................................... 159 Ph.D., and Dan Reinhart ................... 49 Effects of snowmobiling across open water Mid-sized carnivores Dan Trochta .................................... 161 Dan Trochta ...................................... 65 Moose (Alces alces) APPENDICES Dan Tyers ......................................... 73 I. Impacts of winter recreation on wildlife in Mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) Yellowstone National Park: a literature Nathan Varley ................................... 87 review and recommendations Subnivean fauna Jim Caslick, Ph.D. .......................... A–1 Marion Cherry and Sandra Kratville ......... 97 II. Potential opportunity areas ............... A–139 EFFECTS OF WINTER RECREATION ON WILDLIFE v PREFACE This publication is a cooperative project of in the snowpack. This new information is not the Greater Yellowstone Coordinating Commit- included in this document. Additionally, there is tee (GYCC) and was undertaken at the request no cumulative impacts analysis in this docu- of the Greater Yellowstone Winter Visitor Use ment, as that was beyond the scope of this Management Working Group (Working Group). effort. Because the Working Group felt that the effects We hope that this document will be useful to of winter recreation on wildlife had not been managers, biologists, and scientists as they adequately addressed, the Winter Wildlife manage and further explore the effects of winter Working Group (Wildlife Group) was formed in recreation on the environment. December 1996. Twenty-six biologists and resource managers from the Forest Service, LITERATURE CITED National Park Service, the states of Montana, Bennett, L. E. 1995. A review of potential Idaho, and Wyoming, and private organizations effects of winter recreation on wildlife in were invited to participate; 18 submitted papers. Grand Teton and Yellowstone National The Wildlife Group first met in December Parks: a bibliographic database. Report to 1996. We commissioned Jim Caslick, Ph.D. the National Park Service in cooperation (Caslick 1997), retired wildlife biology faculty with the University of Wyoming Coopera- of Cornell University, to update an annotated tive Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, bibliography on the effects of winter recreation Laramie, Wyoming, USA. Available from on wildlife commissioned by Grand Teton Yellowstone National Park. National Park in 1995 (Bennett 1995). We Biodiversity Legal Foundation. 1996. Report examined these bibliographies, an additional and formal comments on the current and bibliography supplied by the Biodiversity Legal potential adverse impacts of winter recre- Foundation (1996), and independent sources to ational use in Yellowstone National Park address impacts to wildlife species and issues of and the winter use management planning concern. process by the U.S. National Park Service. This document is only the first step in Boulder, Colorado, USA. addressing the effects of winter recreation on Caslick, J. W. 1997. Impacts of winter recre- wildlife. The short time frame allotted for ation on wildlife in Yellowstone National developing the issue statements did not allow Park: a literature review and recommenda- for original research, though clearly more tions. Report to the National Park Service, research is needed on this important topic. New Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, information is also coming to light concerning USA. Appendix I, this document. the effects of two-cycle engines on air and water quality and the deposition of heavy metals vi PREFACE EFFECTS OF WINTER RECREATION ON WILDLIFE vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The project is the result of many hours of Tom Olliff, Kristin Legg, and Beth Kaeding hard work by federal, state, and private biolo- edited this report. Christy Hendrix and Tami gists from throughout the Greater Yellowstone Blackford assisted with technical editing. In Area. Contributors took time from their busy addition, Tami completed document layout. schedules to research, write, and review the Finally, this project would not have been individual chapters, often volunteering their possible without the financial and moral support time and expertise. We are grateful for their of John Sacklin, Chief, Planning and Compli- effort and dedication. ance, Yellowstone National Park. viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS EFFECTS OF WINTER RECREATION ON WILDLIFE ix CONTRIBUTORS Edna Caslick Kristin Legg Volunteer, Natural Resources Wildlife Biologist Yellowstone National Park Pipestone National Monument P.O. Box 168 36 Reservation Avenue Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 82190 Pipestone, Minnesota 56164 Jim Caslick, Ph.D. Jeff Lutch Former Park Ranger, Yellowstone and Grand Fisheries Biologist Teton national parks, and Faculty, Cornell Yellowstone National Park University (retired) P.O. Box 168 Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 82190 P.O. Box 168 Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 82190 Kerry Murphy, Ph.D. Wildlife Biologist Marion Cherry Yellowstone National Park Wildlife Biologist P.O. Box 168 Gallatin National Forest Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 82190 P.O. Box 130 Bozeman, Montana 59771 Tom Olliff Management Biologist Wendy Clark Yellowstone National Park Wildlife Biologist P.O. Box 168 Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 82190 P.O. Box 168 Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 82190 Harold Picton, Ph.D. Professor, Montana State University (retired) Jim Halfpenny, Ph.D. 3062 Candy Lane A Naturalist’s World Bozeman, Montana 59715 P.O. Box 989 Gardiner, Montana 59030 Dan Reinhart Management Biologist Sandra Kratville Yellowstone National Park Wildlife Biologist P.O. Box 168 USDA Forest Service, Region 1 Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 82190 P.O. Box 7669 Missoula, Montana 59807 x CONTRIBUTORS Jim Ruzycki Dan Tyers Fisheries Biologist Wildlife Biologist Yellowstone National Park Gallatin National Forest P.O. Box 168 Gardiner Ranger District Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 82190 P.O. Box 5 Gardiner, Montana 59030 J. T. Stangl Wildlife Biologist Nathan Varley Gallatin National Forest Wildlife Biologist Hebgen Lake District P.O. Box 567 P.O. Box 520 Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 82190 West Yellowstone, Montana 59758 Ron Wiseman Dan Trochta Wildlife Biologist Wildlife Biologist Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest Targhee National Forest Madison Ranger District HC 66 Box 975 5 Forest Service Road Island Park, Idaho 83429 Ennis, Montana 59729 EFFECTS OF WINTER RECREATION ON WILDLIFE xi REVIEWERS Kurt Alt Dan Mahony Wildlife Biologist Fisheries Biologist Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks Yellowstone National Park 1400 South 19th Street P.O. Box 168 Bozeman, Montana 59717 Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 82190 Mark Biel Bob Martin Wildlife Biologist Natural Resources Biologist Yellowstone National Park Idaho Department of Fish and Game P.O. Box 168 1515 Lincoln Road Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 82190 Idaho Falls, Idaho 83401 Stu Coleman Terry McEneaney Chief, Branch of Natural Resources (retired) Bird Biologist Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park P.O. Box 168 P.O. Box 168 Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 82190 Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 82190 Kerry Gunther
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