S

Institute of Zoology c i e n

The Zoological Society of London c e f o

Regent’s Park r C

o Institute of Zoology London NW1 4RY n s e r v a t i o

Telephone 020 7449 6610 n

A LIVING conservation

Facsimile 020 7586 2870 n n u [email protected] a l R www.zsl.org e p o r t o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o f Z o o l o

g Science for Conservation y 2 0

0 Annual Report of the Institute of Zoology 2005/06 5 / 0 6 Institute of Zoology mission: To identify, undertake, and communicate PhD Theses © 2006 The Zoological Society of London. Registered charity no. 208728 high-quality research to benefit the conservation Anderson, J. (2005) Evaluating incentives for the sustainable hunting of bushmeat. University College of animal species and their habitats. London, UK. Boakes, E. (2005) An investigation of inbreeding Edited by Linda DaVolls depression and purging in captive populations. Design by newlevel.co.uk University of Cambridge, UK. All rights are reserved, no part of this publication Collen, B. (2005) Mammalian diversity patterns: effects of bias and scale. Imperial College London, UK. may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, Devas, F. (2005) The influence of social relationships on electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, foraging success in chacma baboons (Papio ursinus). University of Cambridge, UK. without prior permission of the publisher.

MSc Theses (Wild Animal Biology) Awarded by University of London, UK

Harris, K. (2005) Alloparenting, behavioural patterns and preferred social partners of mothers and infants in captive chimpanzees. i .

t Lopez-Jimenez, L. (2005) Patterns of prospecting d s

e behaviour in juvenile Egyptian vultures. t e y n u e q IoZ objective 1 IoZ objective 2 IoZ objective 3 Morgan, K. (2005) Microsatellite analysis of inbreeding e r m levels in poxvirus infected and non-infected red squirrels. e l n To undertake relevant, To anticipate and respond to To communicate outcomes and results to p o g high-quality biological research conservation research priorities scientists, conservation practitioners and

m Perrett, E. (2005) An investigation into the nutrition of e i l

b and research training identified by conservation the wider community captive hyacinth macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) e a l b i organisations relative to health using empirical methods. a e o } v t

a Rose, P. (2005) A comparison of husbandry, feed intake s i s

i and cause of death of captive giraffe (Giraffa t i y t camelopardalis) in the United Kingdom. h g c e i t

h We run a programme of meetings and

a IoZ HEFCE funded programme Westbury, A. (2005) An evaluation of the nutritional r w t a publications see page 6: adequacy of gorilla diets in EEP facilities.

s Activities n i We undertake research and research training. Current themes are: e y h

t • Biodiversity and macroecology see page 10 a MSc Theses (Wild Animal Health) f w r • Population and community ecology see page 12 • Conservation biology book series o Awarded by University of London, UK

e published with CUP

n • Behavioural and evolutionary ecology see page 14 h o t i • Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability see page 16 Chuei, J. (2005) Restoration of reproductive potential s d r t • Wildlife epidemiology see page 18 • Journal of Zoology and Animal n following expiration or removal of melengestrol acetate e a v • Reproductive biology see page 20 Conservation conraceptive implants in tigers (Panthera tigris). , l l y

u We provide training through MSc and PhD programmes see page 25 s g f

e • Annual programme of evening Dale, T.D. (2005) Gastrointestinal parasites found in a t A

a population of Eurasian badger (Meles meles L. 1758) r . scientific meetings t

s in Woodchester Park, south west England: s r Science Plan. The major topics:

o a coprological study. h t • Biannual international symposia

c (a) Biodiversity patterns and processes see page 2 a r r

a on topical themes in conservation o How can we explain and model biological diversity at a range of spatial, Hewitt, S. (2005) Disease prevalence in captive western e b h

s temporal and biological scales? biology lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the United a l e l

r (b) People and the environment in a changing world see page 2 Kingdom and Ireland (1896–2005). o r c • Technical publications to support

u How can we manage wild species and habitats sustainably alongside d

o Horton, D. (2005). Caribbean chytrid: the threat posed c best practice in zoos (International

n human population growth and development? f

a by chytridiomycosis to the mountain chicken

o Zoo Yearbook) and in field

s (Leptodactylus fallax) and other amphibians endemic s r

t conservation (Conservation Reports)

e to the Lesser Antilles. c n e r t r p

a • Conservation Science and Practice book

s with ZSL We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s Conservation Kent, J. (2005) Prevalance of simian retroviral infections, p a Programmes see page 22: series published with Blackwell simian T lymphotropic virus (STLV) and simian r n i u immunodeficiency virus (SIV cpz) in a colony of a • Bushmeat and forests a o captive chimpanzees, (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)

m • Carnivores and people h

t in Uganda. i

e • Deserts and rangeland e h w t • Marine and freshwater Kilgallon, C.P. (2005) A cross sectional analysis of s • UK native species

e two serum markers of bone formation and one serum s s i • Island ecosystems marker of bone resorption in asian elephants r

a (Elephas maximus).

m We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s living e m Killick, R. (2005) The presence of mycotoxins in wild bird

u animal collection:

s food exposed to UK climatic conditions. • Animal health and welfare research (cover) e l • Reproductive monitoring As human pressures increase, the b Masters, N. (2005) Perioperative and anaesthetic related r a distributions of threatened species, such t mortality risks in great apes (Hominidae) in zoological s

i collections in the UK and Ireland. as cheetahs, are becoming increasingly h }

T fragmented, until they survive only in We maintain and develop Our research is influenced by We contribute to the Tropical Millins, C. (2005) Assessment of thyroid gland with meta-populations made up of many morphology in relation to accumulated levels of z Cambridge research links with Zoology and organisations in the Cambridge Biology Association programme and persistent environmental pollutants in the Eurasian otter. small sub-populations. Understanding University other relevant departments Conservation Forum Cambridge Student Conference the dynamics and genetics of these Molenaar, F. (2005) Assessing iron storage disease in meta-populations is key to the long-term black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis): reference ranges o with institutions We maintain and develop Our research is influenced by Our meetings facilities and for iron levels and biochemistry. conservation of these species in London research links with academic London-based conservation issues programme of talks communicate science i bodies, especially the Centre for and conservation Obon Losada, E. (2005) Prevalence of west Nile virus Ecology and Evolution antibodies in captive and wild birds from the United Kingdom. We run MSc courses in Wild Provan, H. (2005) The condition scoring of stranded Animal Health and Wild Animal cetaceans using direct and indirect techniques. Biology with the Royal Veterinary College see page 25 Wijesinghe, C.G. (2005) Reproductive endocrine profiles of the Sri Lankan rusty-spotted cat (Prionailurus rubiginosus phillipsi) assessed by fecal estrogen, with other Collaboration with most relevant Research questions are influenced Our meetings facilities and progesterone and testosterone metaboliten. organisations outside bodies for our core by our formal links with the programme of talks communicate science Zachariah, A. (2005) Evidence of Leptospira interrogans research interests see page 28 Wildlife Conservation Society and and conservation infection in the phocid species of United Kingdom. English Nature Professor Sir Brian Heap was awarded an Honorary Fellowship in 2005

I am pleased to introduce this year's annual report from the Institute of Zoology, ZSL, and to commend its comprehensive coverage of an eventful year to all

d our readers and supporters.

r The relationship between the University of Cambridge and ZSL for the HEFCE grant that supports the IoZ is proceeding smoothly and productively. This year we were pleased to see and approve the new science plan (2005–2010) which o underpins the agreement. The plan identifies two major areas on which research will focus, and these are presented in this report: 'Biodiversity patterns and processes', and 'People and the environment in a changing world'. These topics w are of high value to both science and policy and, importantly, include topics

e on which both University and IoZ researchers are working.

Scientific highlights from IoZ this year include topical issues such as amphibian r declines, UK marine mammal strandings, and biodiversity hotspots. In a year when the full extent of global amphibian declines became better known, though o far from understood, it is good to see work here that contributes towards our understanding of the emerging diseases that seem to be the cause of the more f enigmatic declines. IoZ's work in wildlife epidemiology includes a range of studies from very fundamental knowledge on the epidemiology of emerging diseases, through to practical involvement in UK native species conservation and recovery programmes. This year, the latter included the attempted rescue of the Thames whale, something that for a brief 24 hours captured major news coverage nationally and internationally.

IoZ researchers have also been heavily involved in some large collaborative projects analysing newly emerging global data sets on the distribution and conservation status of the world's mammals and birds. These data allow assumptions in conservation plans to be critically evaluated for the first time, Contents and have therefore also attracted much interest.

1 Foreword The programme of meetings organised by the IoZ continued to attract both 2 Director’s introduction excellent speakers and good audiences this year. The highlight was Professor 3 News and events Sir John Lawton's Stamford Raffles lecture on climate change and biodiversity, 5 Awards 6 Communicating science delivered to a packed theatre on an appropriately warm evening in June. 8 Funding 10 Biodiversity and macroecology Professor Sir Brian Heap 12 Population and community ecology Chair, ZSL/University of Cambridge Joint Committee. 14 Behavioural and evolutionary ecology 16 Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability 18 Wildlife epidemiology 20 Reproductive biology 22 ZSL conservation programmes 24 Library 25 Education and training 26 Governance, staff and students 28 Collaborations 30 Staff representation 31 Publications

foreword 1 Science Plan: The major topics

(a) Biodiversity patterns and processes How can we explain and model biological diversity at a range of spatial, temporal and biological scales?

(b) People and the environment in a changing world How can we manage wild species and habitats sustainably alongside human population growth and development?

Each of these two themes comprises a number of more specific questions. One of the most important achievements These will be reviewed annually.

s this year was the production of a new ’

n science plan for the IoZ. The formal agreement that underpins our General principles

r relationship with Cambridge University 1. All our research will be underpinned o requires an indication of the focus of our by excellent scientific practice, and our

i work over the next 5 years. Although we results published in the peer-reviewed o have previously considered the literature.

t disciplinary areas in which we work, 2. We will maintain the flexibility in t leading to the research themes whose staff and skills to undertake fundamental outputs are highlighted in pages 10–21, science across the areas in which we c c we have never before attempted to work. This will allow us to track and to prioritise specific areas on which we as inform changing priorities as well as to e u an institution will focus. Both the new attract the best scientists. funding agreement with Cambridge 3. We will deliver high-quality

r University, and the increasing pressures postgraduate research training across d

i from donors to clarify the scientific the areas in which we work, especially priorities of organisations in which they through PhD and MSc programmes.

o are investing, suggested that this would 4. We are a small and specialised

D be a good thing to do. The process to research institute. We must collaborate develop the science plan began in the widely with relevant institutions in order r summer of 2005 with discussions among to be able to successfully address staff. These discussions fed into an broader issues of significance. Hence t internal workshop in September at which we regard our collaborators as a great deal was achieved in terms of important and will treat them with due

n highlighting scientific topics of relevance care and respect. and therefore opportunities for IoZ. 5. We will maintain core skills, I During the autumn we consulted with capabilities and our reputation in the colleagues in Cambridge, and with areas that work best in our funding and others in ZSL, and the final plan was institutional environment. These include: approved by the end of the year.The a. working at the interface between plan actually has two elements – a fundamental science and practical set of general principles about how we conservation; think research in the IoZ should be b. working internationally and globally, focused, and two science topics on as well as within the UK; which we plan to prioritise our efforts c. exploiting links to veterinary science, over the period 2005–2010. ZSL’s Conservation Programmes The development of the plan was an and zoos; interesting and enjoyable experience for d. exploiting the convening power of ZSL; all of us; and was especially timely given e. developing and maintaining the arrival of a number of new research unique/distinctive resources of staff who had the opportunity to national/international significance, e.g. participate and put their ideas into the wild species genetic resource banks, discussions. We are still working on how pathology reference archives, key to track progress and to monitor species-related datasets; developments in the science questions, f. continuing to develop innovative tools as well as to link this work with and techniques for conservation, colleagues in Cambridge and other recognising that we expect to pass collaborating institutions. them on for implementation, e.g. reproductive assays and interventions, Georgina Mace disease screening, species extinction Director of Science risk assessments, survey techniques.

2 (top to bottom) Andrew Bourke John Bridle Alex Rogers Nick Isaac Sam Turvey

In any research institution, the arrival

s and departure of research staff mark turning points in research directions, as

t leaders in particular areas of study come and go. This year has been important for the Institute of Zoology, as staff changes n will undoubtedly mark changes in our research focus. e

Andrew Bourke joined the University of v East Anglia as a Chair in Evolutionary Biology. Andrew had been at the IoZ e since 1992, and had become a key member of the senior academic staff. As well as leading his own areas of science

& in behavioural ecology, he contributed greatly to the smooth running of research. His appointment to UEA is

s appropriate recognition of his success as a scientist, and a well-deserved recognition of his academic leadership. John Bridle left IoZ after 6 years to take W up a lectureship at the University of

E Bristol. We wish both of them well. At the same time, we were delighted to welcome Alex Rogers to our senior staff.

N Alex is a marine biologist, previously at the British Antarctic Survey. His interests are in oceanic biodiversity, focusing on the discovery and understanding of poorly known systems in hydrothermal vents and seamounts. Alex’s work brings a whole new ecosystem to the IoZ, and links well to other parts of ZSL, especially to the new aquarium project (Biota! – see http://www.zsl.org/biota/), and to work in the Marine and Freshwater Conservation programme.

Nick Isaac and Sam Turvey were successful in winning NERC Fellowships. Both previously held fellowships at IoZ, but have now won funding to take We were awarded three further forward their plans. Nick will be working fellowships under the RCUK scheme, on a macroecological approach to and several large Research Council and population dynamics, and Sam is taking government-funded grants. In addition, his work on assessing the scale and we have renewed contracts with English focus of pre-historical extinctions Nature for the species recovery project, through to the present. We are delighted and with DEFRA for the cetacean to have this new work here. strandings project.

director’s introduction / news and events 3 s The Daily Telegraph D E t Thursday, January 26, 2006. U

n left to right: Becki Lawson, N e I Matt Perkins, Rob Deaville T v and Paul Jepson N e O & C s W E N

Jonathan Baillie’s work on developing biodiversity indicators has made much progress during the year. Apart from the existing collaboration with IUCN for the Red List Programme, we have now formed a new partnership with WWF to work on the development of the Living Planet Index, and we welcomed Jonathan Loh from WWF to the IoZ for this project. This is an established project in WWF but the index is now adopted as one of the headline biodiversity indicators, and we are collaborating to improve its coverage and application. The work done by Jonathan’s group has strong links into our Conservation Programmes and Zoos, and so it has been established as a new cross-cutting unit within ZSL – The Biodiversity Assessments and Indicators Unit.

Congratulations are due to various award winners this year. Georgina Mace was the 2005 recipient of the Ulysses The stranding of a northern bottlenose Seal Award for Conservation Innovation, whale in the Thames in central London Karina Acedevo-Whitehouse won an caused a completely unexpected award for Excellence in Science interruption to routine work on the Communication from the Society for cetacean project. Paul Jepson, our Marine Mammalogy for her presentation veterinary pathologist on the project, Unravelling the genetic basis of was one of the first vets on the scene, heterozygosity – fitness correlations in called in by the British Divers Marine Life diseases in California sealions. PhD Rescue organisation (which takes the students Andy King and Nana Satake lead on occasions such as this). won prizes for their posters at However, our proximity to the site, and postgraduate student events at the expertise available in the IoZ team, University College and the Royal soon led to its playing a major role in the Veterinary College, respectively. attempt to rescue the stranded animal. Sadly, but perhaps inevitably, the rescue was unsuccessful and the whale died. The team quickly moved into its more usual role of undertaking the post- mortem analysis. The results were released 4 days later to a packed press conference, and included a full account of the circumstances leading to the animal’s stranding and death. It was an extremely hectic few days for Paul Jepson, Becki Lawson, Matt Perkins and Rob Deaville but the entire process was professionally managed and much useful experience was gained.

4 ZSL recognises outstanding The Marsh Award for

S achievements in the field Conservation Biology of conservation and zoological research Awarded to: Professor Bill Sutherland, through its annual presentation of University of East Anglia, for his D awards and prizes. In 2005 the following extensive contributions to conservation awards were presented. biology. R

The Frink Medal for British Zoologists The Marsh Award for Freshwater and A Awarded to: Professor Geoff Parker FRS, Marine Conservation Liverpool University, for research into Awarded to: Professor Ian Boyd, Sea evolutionary processes ranging from Mammal Research Unit, University of W the origin of sex to individual behaviour St Andrews, for research that has guided and speciation. best practice in the management of A marine ecosystems.

The Scientific Medal Awarded to: Dr Daniel Haydon, The Thomas Henry Huxley Award C University of Glasgow, for his use of Presented for the best doctoral thesis

I mathematical models to clarify our in the UK. understanding of population biology, Awarded to: Dr Andy Gardner, F spatial coupling and disease spread in University of Edinburgh, for his

I wild and domesticated animal thesis Developments in the theory of populations, and Professor Andy Purvis, social evolution.

T Imperial College London, for his major contributions to the fields of The Prince Philip Prize macroecology, conservation biology Given for the best zoological project by n and phylogeny estimation. an A-level student or equivalent.

E Awarded to: Ailsa Bradbury of Wallington The BIOSIS Award for High School for Girls, for her project I Communicating Zoology Investigation into the sensory responses Awarded to: Charles Clover, Environment of Calliphora larvae.

C Editor of The Daily Telegraph, for his bookThe End of the Line: How

S Honorary Fellowships overfishing is changing the world and Awarded to: Professor Sir Brian Heap, what we eat. University of Cambridge, Professor Sir

L John Krebs, University of Oxford, and The Silver Medal Dr Katherine Ralls, Smithsonian National S Awarded to: Alastair Fothergill, BBC Zoological Park, Washington, DC. Natural History Unit, for Deep Blue, a

Z feature-length selection of the highlights of the BBC’s highly successful documentary series The Blue Planet.

The Stamford Raffles Award (top, left to right) Given annually for distinguished Professor Andy Purvis, Nigel Robinson (BIOSIS), Charles Clover, Susan Crump, Dr Dan Haydon, contributions to zoology by amateur Professor Sir Patrick Bateson, Professor Geoff Parker, zoologists. Professor Bill Sutherland, Dr Andy Gardner, Awarded to: Dr Peter Grubb for his Dr Peter Grubb, Professor Ian Boyd, remarkable body of research on Professor Sir Brian Heap, Ailsa Bradbury, mammalian systematics. Brian Marsh (The Marsh Christian Trust), Dr Katherine Ralls

awards 5 An essential part of IoZ’s work is facilitating the communication of information between researchers, professional zoologists and the public.

Publications Conservation, edited by Kjell Danell,

E Roger Bergström, Patrick Duncan and Animal Conservation John Pastor, were published during Our quarterly journal provides a forum the year. C for rapid publication of novel, peer- reviewed research into conservation of International Zoo Yearbook animal species and their habitats. The This year Volume 40 was published. N focus is on rigorous quantitative studies The special section focuses on the

E of an empirical or theoretical nature, conservation, reproduction and which may relate to populations, species management of elephants and I or communities and their conservation. rhinoceros, in situ and ex situ. Subjects covered by the journal include Overviews of the conservation status of

C population biology, epidemiology, rhinoceros in Africa and Asia are given evolutionary ecology, population and long-term conservation initiatives S genetics, biodiversity and biogeography are discussed, with a description of an and conservation economics. integrated management strategy in Kenya and a review of co-operative

G Journal of Zoology population management in captivity. Our pre-eminent international journal Articles in Section 2 The Developing Zoo dedicated to academic zoology World include descriptions of captive N continues to attract an increasing breeding in the Kihansi spray toad, Bali

I number of high-quality research papers starling, dibbler and the giant river otter. and reviews. The Journal, published The volume also contains essential

T monthly, promotes hypothesis-driven reference material, including the list of studies that are of interest to all readers Zoos and Aquariums of the World and

A of zoology, and provides comprehensive the list of International Studbooks. An coverage of the latest research. online version of the International Zoo Yearbook is now available: C Conservation Biology book series www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/IZY.

I This book series includes titles which reflect our research interests and provide In January we entered a new partnership an extensive review of a particular topic. with Blackwell Publishing in order to N Top Predators in Marine Ecosystems, fully exploit the potential for electronic edited by Ian Boyd, Sarah Wanless and publishing. This follows eight successful

U C.J. Camphuysen, and Large Herbivore years with Cambridge University Press. Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics and M M O C

6 Meetings Stamford Raffles Lecture The 2006 lecture was given by Professor Scientific Meetings Sir John Lawton CBE FRS, Chair of the These were held monthly throughout the Royal Commission on Environmental academic year and covered a range of Pollution and former Chief Executive of subjects, including Wild Animal Disease the Natural Environment Research Surveillance in the UK, Conservation of Council. The Lecture, Biodiversity, Large Carnivores Outside of Protected Climate Change and Unsustainable Areas, Captive Breeding and Development, explored the mechanisms Reintroduction of Native Species and conservation biologists have put in Madagascar: The Island Continent. place or plan to develop in order to slow down the loss of biodiversity by 2010, Symposia and gave a stark account of the In January ZSL and the Wildlife unsustainability of the human enterprise Conservation Society held an in its present form. international symposium on Wild Rangelands: Conservation in the World’s Grazing Ecosystems, organised by Richard Kock, James Deutsch and Monica Wrobel. This two-day conference explored a variety of strategies for conserving grazing ecosystems. Rangeland resources, health at the human-livestock-wildlife nexus, policy and planning and human–wildlife conflicts were discussed, along with an examination of the effects of expanding markets, globalisation and new methods for monitoring and assessing rangeland habitats.

Science and Conservation Seminar Series This series provides our staff and students with the opportunity to learn more about the work of visiting researchers, collaborators and invited speakers. A wide range of subjects were covered during the year, including: Context-dependent virulence in host- parasite systems and Evolutionary biology of stalk-eyed flies.

communicating science 7 As usual, we received our annual core Two of our applications for funding income from HEFCE via the University of biodiversity research through DEFRA's

g Cambridge; however, this year 49% of Darwin Initiative scheme were successful our income came form other sources, this year. Richard Pettifor was awarded especially the Research Councils and £239,577 for the project ‘Integrating n government departments. A total of 58 crane conservation with sustainable

i new grants was received during the year. habitat utilisation’ and Kate Jones was awarded £179,029 for the project Major new grants included two NERC ‘Use of roadside bat biodiversity as d fellowships. Sam Turvey was awarded a indicators of sustainable development fellowship (for £215,823) for his project in eastern Europe’. ‘How useful is the subfossil record for n interpreting pre-human ecosystems and A new project was funded by WWF for current extinctions’, and Nick Isaac was the development and implementation of

u also successful with his application (for the Living Planet Index 2006–2010. This is £202,379.20) for his project ‘Revealing a new partnership for us, but WWF have f the effects of spatial scale on population established the LPI as one of the leading abundance and dynamics’. In addition, indicators of the state of the world's we were pleased to hear that Jinliang biodiversity.This project will be Wang had been awarded £177,127.66 undertaken in the newly established from BBSRC for his project ‘Inference of Indicators and Assessments Unit, under genealogical relationships among Jonathan Baillie's leadership, alongside individuals from genetic markers’ and continuing work on the Sampled Red List that Andrew Bourke and Bill Jordan were Index in partnership with IUCN. awarded £321,177 from NERC for their Continued funding for this work has project ‘Conflict resolution and direct been contributed by the Rufford Maurice benefits of kin-selected conflicts in Laing Foundation. social groups’.

Institute of Zoology Income 12 months, 1 August 2005–31 July 2006

Total Income £3,797,355

Core Grant £1,938,240

Research Grants & Contracts £1,549,945

(Research Councils £330,245)

(European Union £10,588)

(Government Bodies £325,013)

(Other Organisations £884,099)

Other Income £309,170

8 © N i c k y J e n n e r

Funding organisations

Association for the Study of Animal Behaiour (ASAB) Bat Conservation Trust Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) Birdcare Standards Association Born Free Foundation British Andrology Society British Association for the Advancement of Science British Ecological Society British Veterinary Association: Animal Welfare Foundation Centre for Population Biology (Imperial College London) CJ WildBird Foods Ltd Commonwealth Commission Conservation Agency Conservation International Cranswick Pet Products Darwin Initiative (DEFRA) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council English Nature Gardman Ltd Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) International Seabed Authority IUCN Morris Animal Foundation National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts Natural Environment Research Council North of England Zoological Society Ocean Park Conservation Foundation People’s Trust for Engandered Species Primate Society of Great Britain Project Tiger (Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment) Rio Tinto plc Royal Society Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Royal Veterinary College Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation Saint Louis Zoological Park Society for Reproduction and Fertility UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre United Nations Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) University of Cardiff University of Girona University of London Central Research Fund University of Oxford University of Padova Wildlife Conservation Society World Wildlife Fund International

funding 9 The Biodiversity and Macroecology Research Theme aims to describe patterns of diversity in the biology, ecology and distribution of animals species and their habitats at regional and global scales, and to test hypotheses about the evolutionary and ecological processes that may explain the origin and maintenance of this diversity.We also aim to work with practitioners to apply this knowledge in setting priorities for conservation action.

Diversification patterns in bats Extinction dynamics in the

Y Patterns of species diversification of bats world’s mammals & were investigated in a recent Through a long-standing collaboration collaboration between the IoZ, Jena with Imperial College and the University

G University, Germany, and the University of Virginia, USA, we have now Y of Virginia, USA. Using a new completed a large database from which methodology to assign dates of to test various ideas about what drives O T divergence to the bat phylogeny, it was the distribution of threatened species L I shown for the first time that among the world’s mammals. Our initial diversification rates have not been interest was to understand the extent to

S constant and are more uneven than in which threat is a function of the

O any other mammalian group. This means biological traits of species, or of the

R that bats are made up of either very environments and pressures that they

C speciose families (vesper bats, horseshoe face, or an interaction between these.

E bats, fruit bats, New World leaf-nosed Interestingly we found surprising

E bats) or families that consist of only a amounts of variability in threat being

V few species (bumblebee bats, disc wing simply due to the biological traits of bats, funnel-eared bats). The study also species, although, especially among O I found evidence that diversification rate certain groups, extinction risk was shifts were greatest around 30–50 million further exacerbated by their association R

D years ago and suggested that this may with high and growing human have been caused by an increase in the populations. This analysis allowed us to

C diversification of fruit and flowering identify species that are not currently

O plants around that time. This would have threatened with extinction, but which

I allowed the diversification of fruit- and possess the traits that are likely to make A flower-eating bats (a major group of them become so. Some of these species

B which are the New World leaf-nosed are found in areas with currently low bats) and perhaps insect-eating bats human population density, but not all. M (e.g. vesper bats, horseshoe bats) owing The resulting map of latent extinction to an increase in insect pollinators. risk is one of the first attempts to map The estimates of divergence times areas of importance for future calculated have also been used to conservation actions, one important estimate the evolutionary distinctiveness means to allow us to get ahead of the of each species, which is currently guiding extinction curve. global conservation plans. Furthermore, A second important approach is to the techniques developed in this study establish the right kinds of conservation form the basis of the protocols for the actions for the circumstances – different phylogeny of all mammals which is species facing different actions in (left) currently in preparation. different areas require different Honduran white bats (Ectophylla alba), solutions. Our analysis of the same one of the many unusual New World data set revealed some interesting leaf-nosed bats © Merlin D. Tuttle, Bat Conservation International, Inc. distinctions between relatively large- and small-bodied mammals, and this (far right) suggests some general rules that can Geographical distribution of three benefit efficient conservation planning. aspects of biodiversity hotspots. The bars above the maps show In particular, large-bodied mammals face the corresponding colour scale, disproportionately increasing rates of which is linear in terms of threat as body size increases. Thus, the numbers of species, indicating largest mammals really do face multiple biodiversity hotspots jeopardies as their extended habitat Jones, K.E., Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P. and Gittleman, J.L. requirements, lower productivity and (top right) (2005) Bats, clocks, and rocks: diversification patterns in Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon Chiroptera. Evolution 59: 2243–2255. slower reproductive rates all conspire

10 to make them progressively more development and forest cover. High diversity. Consequently, the different vulnerable to pressures from habitat loss levels of economic development allow types of hotspots also vary greatly in and exploitation. On the other hand, afforestation to proceed, typically their utility as conservation tools. small-bodied mammalian species rarely through investment in plantation Orme, C.D.L., Davies, R.G., Burgess, M., Eigenbrod, F., exhibit biological vulnerabilities, and forestry. In contrast, poor nations may Pickup, N., Olson, V.A., Webster, A.J., Ding, T., Rasmussen, their extinction risk can be more or less be relying heavily on income from their P.C., Ridgely, R.S., Stattersfield, A.J., Bennett, P.M., Blackburn, T.M., Gaston, K.J. and Owens, I.P.F. (2005) Global explained by human pressures on their natural forests to spur economic growth, hotspots of species richness are not congruent with environments alone. We conclude that but remain too poor to replace them. The endemism or threat. Nature 436: 1016–1019. while large-bodied species will often end result is a net decrease in the need species-specific recovery plans and amount of forest cover, and a downward extensive habitat outside protected spiral of diminishing environmental (a) Total species richness areas, small-bodied species may be quality and an ongoing reduction in the 1 959 effectively conserved by a well-planned likelihood of attaining sustainable protected area network. economic development.

Cardillo, M., Mace, G.M., Jones, K.E., Bielby, J., Bininda- Ewers, R.M. (2006) Interaction effects between economic Emonds, O.R.P. Sechrest, W., Orme, C.D.L. and Purvis, A. development and forest cover determine deforestation (2005) Multiple causes of high extinction risk in large rates. Global Environmental Change 16: 161–169. mammal species. Science 309: 1239–1241.

Cardillo, M., Mace, G.M., Gittleman, J.L. and Purvis, A. (2006) Latent extinction risk and the future battlegrounds of mammal conservation. Proceedings of the National Biodiversity hotspots Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103(11): 4157–4161. The conservation of biodiversity hotspots has been widely proposed as a ‘silver bullet’ solution for directing scarce (b) Threatened species richness

Global patterns of deforestation resources. These species-rich areas, it 1 31 Global deforestation is widely has been argued, should be the focus of recognised as one of the world’s leading conservation effort because they capture environmental problems and presents a large amounts of diversity. A consortium serious threat to global biodiversity. of research organizations, including IoZ, Consequently, it is important to tested this assumption by pooling their recognise the causes that underlie expertise and databases in a project deforestation at very large scales. Two funded by the Natural Environment global patterns have been identified: (1) Research Council. A new global database rates of deforestation are higher in poor on the breeding distribution of all known nations while wealthy nations tend to extant bird species was developed to (c) Endemic species richness have low deforestation, or even test for congruence (spatial overlap) afforestation and (2) nations with small across three types of hotspot. Results 1 89 amounts of forest cover tend to be suggest that hotspots of total species afforesting rather than deforesting. richness, threatened species richness However, an analysis of rates of and endemic species richness do not change in forest cover from 103 nations show the same geographical suggests that these relationships are far distribution. Only 2.5% of hotspot areas from straightforward. Wealthy nations are common to all three aspect of show the expected trend, because diversity, with over 80% of hotspots wealthy nations with little forest cover being idiosyncratic. More generally, tend to be undergoing rapid there is a surprisingly low overall afforestation. However, poor nations congruence of biodiversity indices, with show the exact opposite trend; poor any one index explaining less than 24% countries that have few forest resources of variation in the other indices. These remaining are destroying that resource results suggest that, even within a single at progressively faster rates. This taxonomic class, different mechanisms indicates there is an important feedback are responsible for the origin and mechanism between economic maintenance of different aspects of

biodiversity and macroecology 11 The aim of the Population and deposits of offshore oil and is currently

y Community Ecology Research Theme is undergoing a period of strong economic & to undertake research that will enhance and population growth. Unexpectedly, our understanding of the dynamics of the vast majority of dietary protein eaten

g animal populations and communities, came from imported frozen products, and their interactions with the but not by choice – fresh foods, whether n environment. These environmental fish, livestock or bushmeat, were o interactions often involve human overwhelmingly preferred, and o l impacts, such as habitat conversion correspondingly more expensive. As and hunting. Most conservation might be expected, consumer wealth i management takes place at the had a strong effect on the relative

o population level, so knowledge about amounts of alternatives consumed. t population ecology is fundamental to Richer households consumed more fresh

c effective species conservation. meat and fish, but less frozen food. a On one hand, this is bad news for the E

l prospects of controlling demand. As the Bushmeat and consumer demand population of Bata becomes larger and People have always hunted wild animals wealthier, total demand for bushmeat u

y for meat (bushmeat), and in the past, will undoubtedly increase, driving this hunting has often been sustainable. unsustainable hunting in and around p

t As human populations in the tropics nearby protected areas. On the other grow, hunting is increasingly turning from hand, bushmeat is no more expensive i

o a subsistence activity to commercial than fresh fish or livestock meat, trade, and the increased hunting suggesting that it is the freshness that is

P pressure that results now represents one most important, rather than the n of the most pressing threats to many particular bushmeat species involved. animal species in the tropics. This holds hope for meeting the dietary

u The human population is not only protein requirements of the urban growing, but also becoming increasingly population without overexploiting forest urban. Most consumers now live in animals, through a combination of

m cities, and we therefore need to look improved livestock production, there if we wish to understand the controlled exploitation of robust factors driving demand for bushmeat. bushmeat species, and effective

m This study surveyed patterns of meat protection of vulnerable species. and fish consumption in Bata, the East, T., Kümpel, N.F., Milner-Gulland, E.J. and Rowcliffe, second city of Equatorial Guinea, a J.M. (2005) Determinants of urban bushmeat consumption o country on the west coast of central in Río Muni, Equatorial Guinea. Biological Conservation 126: 206–215. Africa which recently discovered large C © N o ë l l e K ü m p e l

12 © K e s H i l l m a n S m i t h

Armed conflict and the the development of effective undisturbed, while farmers are free to bushmeat trade conservation policies. In addition, our exclude geese from the unprotected areas. Political instability and armed conflict findings suggest that traditional The key to the success of these are commonplace in many areas of the authorities may be potentially valuable schemes lies in their stakeholder-driven world that are rich in biodiversity. partners for bushmeat management approach. Local schemes are initiated at However, our understanding of the in the future. the request of local communities, and effects of war on the natural world is the details are decided by groups in de Merode, E. (2005) Protected areas and decentralisation surprisingly limited, due to the difficulty in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a case for devolving which farming, conservation and hunting of evaluating its impacts. In this study, responsibility to local institutions. In Rural resources and interests are all represented at both local local livelihoods in Africa: 36–58. Homewood, K. (Ed.). we studied the bushmeat trade before, London: James Currey Publishers. and national levels. Thus, while national during and after a period of armed government provides the organisational de Merode, E. and Cowlishaw, G. (2006) Species protection, conflict around Garamba National Park the changing informal economy, and the politics of access structure and funding, the local groups to the bushmeat trade in the Democratic Republic of Congo. in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Conservation Biology doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00425.x. ensure that the details of each scheme Our investigation focused on the sale of are tailored to local needs. This has protected and unprotected species in helped greatly to ensure the peaceful urban and rural markets, and the Defusing conservation conflict co-existence of geese and agriculture bushmeat commodity chains that in Scotland in Scotland. supplied these markets. Every winter, about half a million wild Cope, D.R., Vickery, J.A. and Rowcliffe, J.M. (2005) From We found that, during peacetime, geese of five species migrate to Scotland conflict to coexistence: a case study of geese and protected species from the park from their arctic breeding grounds. In agriculture in Scotland. In People and Wildlife, Conflict or Coexistence?: 176–191. Woodroffe, R., Thirgood, S. (predominantly elephant and buffalo) terms of conservation, these flocks are of and Rabinowitz, A. (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge rarely appeared in the rural markets, but international importance, as well as University Press. comprised over half of all bushmeat providing one of Britain’s greatest sales in the urban markets. This marked wildlife spectacles. Unfortunately, the pattern reflected fundamental differences geese feed in large numbers on in the commodity chains that supplied agricultural land, causing substantial the rural and urban trade. Specifically, localised damage to pasture and crops, automatic weapons were required to and hence loss of revenue to farmers. hunt large protected species, and these This is a classic human–wildlife conflict, were supplied to hunters by the military similar to that experienced in many officers who controlled the lucrative other parts of the world. Diverse urban markets. The use of such weapons solutions to such conflicts have been was discouraged by the traditional chiefs suggested. In the case of geese and who administered the village markets. agriculture, culling, scaring, Most importantly, during wartime, the compensation or the establishment of sales of protected species in the urban refuges are among the commonly markets increased fivefold. This was advocated solutions; however, the first of because the military officers fled, leaving these is not viable, either politically or behind an open-access system that led practically, while none of the others to a massive increase in the exploitation would be effective in isolation. of protected species by the soldiers who Since the early 1990s, Scotland has remained behind. In contrast, the rural pioneered a more subtle management markets remained relatively stable: a response that has greatly reduced the reflection of the continued and effective intensity of the conflict. The approach is authority of the village chiefs. based on local management schemes in Our results show that armed conflict areas of intense conflict. While the can have a major impact on biodiversity, details vary from scheme to scheme, but that the severity of this impact can most involve the zoning of land into be strongly influenced by the nature of refuges and unprotected areas. local sociopoliticial structures. An Government funds are used to provide improved understanding of these financial incentives for farmers to manage structures is therefore likely to benefit the refuges for geese and leave them

population and community ecology 13 The broad focus of the Behavioural and monopolised by a single dominant

y Evolutionary Ecology Research Theme is female, despite considerable variation & to obtain a better understanding of how between nests in parameters predicted an animal’s behaviour has evolved to to affect skew. Subordinate females

g help it survive and reproduce. The that remained in their natal colonies l survival and reproduction of individual gained indirect fitness benefits by animals is fundamental to species helping to raise offspring to which they o a conservation, and knowledge about the were related. Subordinate females also

l evolutionary forces that determine these appeared to be positioned within an

r processes can play an important role in age-based queue for inheritance of the the development of effective dominant egg-laying position. We suggest

o conservation policy and management. that the high skew in P. alternata may u result from strong ecological constraints

c on solitary nesting, high relatedness,

o and a relatively high probability that

E subordinates will eventually inherit the i position of dominance.

v Bolton, A., Sumner, S., Shreeves, G., Casiraghi, M. and y Field, J. (2006) Colony genetic structure in a facultatively eusocial hover wasp. Behavioral Ecology a doi:10.1093/beheco/arl020. r h a Hunting decisions in cheetah

e IoZ’s long-term research project on

n cheetah in the Serengeti National Park,

B Colony genetic structure in a Tanzania, continues to illuminate our eusocial hover wasp knowledge of large carnivore o The degree of genetic heterogeneity communities. This year the project made

i among the individuals in an animal use of analysis techniques from the field society is dependent on the genetic of economics to take a new look at

t structure of that society. Genetic hunting decisions in cheetah. The heterogeneity, in turn, means that group techniques allowed IoZ researchers to members will differ in their reproductive examine predation decisions within the u objectives and conflicts over context of the immediate environment reproduction may arise. The resolution of and the reproductive and hunger status l these conflicts may be reflected in the of individuals. Data came from way that reproduction is partitioned observations of cheetah together with

o between potential reproductives. We detailed data on the immediate used five microsatellite loci to environment, enabling researchers to

v investigate genetic structure and identify the environment in which an reproductive skew in 17 nests of the individual made the decision to hunt, as

E Malaysian hover wasp, Parischnogaster well as its choice of prey. The analysis alternata.The colonies of this species are revealed that cheetah hunting decisions small, with only between one and 10 were influenced by the abundance of females, and all adult colony members their main prey, the reproductive status are capable of mating and producing of the cheetah and presence of offspring. Our results indicate that competitors and predators but, colonies tend to consist of closely interestingly, not by the hunger level of related individuals and that at any one the cheetah. Once a cheetah decides to time the production of both female and hunt, its choice of prey was then driven male offspring was nearly always by the period of the year, the sex of the

14 (far left) predator, the abundance of the prey and with natural and experimental Malaysian hover wasp nest the presence of competitors. This study observations. In our most recent © Adam Cronin provides one of the first examinations of modelling work, which builds on our the factors influencing the decision of a general theoretical framework for (below) large carnivore to hunt, as well as interacting foragers in a spatially explicit Social foraging in desert baboons © Jocelyn Hacker providing a simultaneous assessment of environment, we explored the role of the an entire suite of environmental factors dominance hierarchy. On the basis of a influencing hunting decisions. It thus simple assumption, that dominant provides a new step forward in our ability animals reduce the feeding success of to understand the decisions animals subordinates, we found a variety of make in their natural environment. effects. Most importantly, we found that subordinate animals should spend more Cooper, A.B., Pettorelli, N. and Durant, S. (2006) Large carnivore menus: factors affecting hunting decisions by time moving than dominants, while cheetahs in the Serengeti. Animal Behaviour. In press. dominant animals should develop larger food reserves than subordinates. These findings provide us with new insights Predicting behaviour and its into dominance relationships and their consequences in social foragers consequences for baboons and other At any moment in time, an animal could social foragers. conduct any one of a potentially huge Rands, S.A., Pettifor, R.A., Rowcliffe, J.M. and Cowlishaw, G. number of behaviours: it could forage (2006) Social foraging and dominance relationships: the for a particular sort of food, keep a look effects of socially-mediated interference. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 60: 572–581. out for predators, travel to another place, or even find somewhere sheltered to rest. The behaviour that the animal conducts will ultimately be related to how this behaviour affects its long-term survival and likelihood of reproducing. We can quantify these effects using experimental and mathematical modelling techniques, and so predict which behaviours the animal should conduct. In baboons and other group-living animals, the predictions we make are complicated by the fact that other members of the group will also have an effect upon the behaviour of an individual. For socially foraging animals, one group member can keep an eye out for predators, whilst another may be lucky enough to find food that everybody can share. As well as these benefits of working together as a group, there may be costs: if there are lots of mouths, there may be less food to go round, whilst a large group may be more prone to predator attack than a small one. The Tsaobis Baboon Project has been working towards understanding these complex phenomena using a combination of theoretical predictions

behavioural and evolutionary ecology 15 Clustering of Atlantic salmon 3 populations in the British Isles classified

2 by putative celtic and boreal races according to the first three principal 1 components (PC1–PC3). Each coloured

0 Boreal point represents an Atlantic salmon PC1 Celtic population, and, although the -1 distributions of the races overlap, celtic -2 populations tend to lie to the bottom

-3 left-hand corner of the space -4 -3 -2 -2 -1 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 4 PC2 PC3 , The aim of the Genetic Variation, Fitness distinct celtic and boreal races of Atlantic

y and Adaptability Research Theme is to salmon in the British Isles as previously

n develop and apply empirical and has been suggested. Multiple regression theoretical methods to describe patterns analyses revealed associations between t of relatedness among individuals, genetic variation and local o i populations and species. Our research environmental conditions (i.e. between

i aims to test hypotheses on the effects of variation at MEP-2* and both l genetic diversity on individual fitness temperature and local river gradient), i t and population persistence and to apply providing additional evidence for this knowledge of genetic structure and adaptive population divergence in b a genetic diversity/fitness relationships to the species. the management of animal populations. i Jordan, W.C., Cross, T.F., Crozier, W.W., Ferguson, A., a McGinnity, P., Galvin, P., Hurrell, R.H., Martin, S.A.M., Moffett, I.J.J., Price, D.J., Youngson, A.F. and Verspoor, E.

r (2005) Allozyme variation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

t Population structure of Atlantic from the British Isles: associations with geography and the environment. Journal of Fish Biology 67 (Suppl. A): salmon in the British Isles 147–169. a p The Atlantic salmon is an important species for commercial and recreational v

a fisheries but is in decline over large areas of its range, including the British Alternative male mating tactics Isles. The homing behaviour of Atlantic in zebrafish d

c salmon makes its population structure The advent of genetic parentage analysis complex, but a knowledge of the has had a substantial impact on our i a population structure, and any adaptive understanding of animal mating significance it may have, is necessary to systems. Many socially monogamous t inform effective management decisions species have proven to be genetically

& in relation to harvesting, reintroduction polygamous, while territorial or harem- e and supplementation. holding males have frequently been As part of a large collaborative shown to be cuckolded. Moreover, due s

n project, data on geographical variation in to the operation of sperm competition allele frequencies at enzyme coding loci and cryptic female choice, mating s

e in Atlantic salmon from the British Isles success is not equivalent to reproductive were collated from published and success. It is now recognised that e unpublished sources. genetic analyses are crucial for G Statistically significant differences in measuring parentage, and thereby in allele frequencies were found among understanding mating system evolution n samples both within and among river and the strength of sexual selection. systems, suggesting that the Atlantic We used behavioural and genetic data t salmon in the British Isles is not a single, to investigate the effects of density on

i randomly mating population, and that male reproductive success in the even within major river systems it zebrafish, Danio rerio. Male zebrafish f cannot be treated as a single genetic exhibit two distinct mating tactics: stock for fisheries management territoriality and active pursuit of purposes. Although there was some females. Based on previous evidence of regional differences in the measurements of aggression and frequency of some rare alleles, most courtship behaviour by territorial males, single-locus variation did not show we predicted that they would sire more strong geographic patterns, with the offspring than non-territorial males. exception of the AAT-4* locus at which Microsatellite analysis of paternity allele frequencies had a significant showed that at low densities territorial latitudinal cline. There was some males had higher reproductive success evidence for the existence of genetically- than non-territorial males. However, at

16 territorial non-territorial ) The mean proportion (%) + SE of

% 60 ( offspring sired by territorial and non- g n i

r territorial male zebrafish under two p s

f 40

f density treatments. The difference in o

f reproductive success between the o

n mating tactics is significant at low o

i 20 t r density but not at high density o p o r

p 0 low high fish density

high density territorial males were no speculated that such a phenomenon more successful than non-territorial may be occurring within zoo males. Such density dependence in male populations. In 1997, this hypothesis reproductive success has important was investigated by Jon Ballou using implications for the genetically effective pedigree and fitness data from 25 population size of the species: in small, mammalian species but his results were low-density populations high tantalisingly inconclusive; although he reproductive skew towards small detected significant purging in just one numbers of territorial males will render individual population (the Sumatran the effective size much less than the tiger), he found a highly significant census size. trend of purging across species. In order to further our understanding Spence, R., Jordan, W.C. and Smith, C. (2006) Genetic analysis of male reproductive success in relation to density of purging, we used computer in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Frontiers in Zoology 3: 5. simulations to test the power of the model that Ballou used in his study. For populations with similar parameters to Detecting purging of inbreeding zoo populations, the model detected depression in captive populations purging in less than 10% of instances. Animal and plant breeders have known Our result suggests that purging may for centuries that the mating of close have been occurring in the populations relatives results in offspring which are that Ballou analysed but that the model (above) less healthy than their outbred was not powerful; enough to detect it. In 1997, Jon Ballou detected significant counterparts, an effect known as We developed an alternative model purging in the Sumatran tiger population inbreeding depression. Inbreeding which was slightly more powerful; © Michael Piskula depression is therefore a major concern however, any regression model will be in the captive breeding of threatened lacking in power when used on typical species. Consequently, zoo populations zoo data due to the small population are carefully managed in order to sizes and low generation numbers. This minimise inbreeding. However, even means that pedigree-based studies of with international co-operation, the small inbreeding depression and purging must size of some populations means that be carefully interpreted. The fact that inbreeding is unavoidable. It is known inbreeding depression and/or purging from laboratory studies that deliberate have not been detected in a population inbreeding can sometimes ‘purge’ a does not mean that they are not present. population of its deleterious genes, Boakes, E. and Wang, J. (2005) A simulation study on resulting in an increase in the detecting purging in inbreeding depression in captive population’s fitness and it has been populations. Genetical Research 86: 129–148.

80 N = 20 N = 50 70 N = 100 60 N = 200

) 50 % ( d e

t 40 c e t

The graph shows that the detection of e

d 30 s

purging increased with population size t n

(N) and with no. of generations. However, e 20 v e

the purging of mildly deleterious alleles g n

i 10 was detected in less than 10% of the g r u instances in which it actually occurred p 0 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Selection coefficent = 0.7 Dominance coefficent = 0.02 generations

genetic variation, fitness and adaptability 17 The Wildlife Epidemiology Research Theme aims to identify where disease is a threat to wildlife conservation, either as a primary cause of species declines or as a threat to remnant wildlife populations, investigate the emergence of disease as a conservation threat and to develop an understanding of the consequences of changes in wildlife disease epidemiology, both to wildlife conservation and welfare and to human health and welfare, particularly where these changes are driven by anthropogenic forces.

Disease and extinctions in found in wild amphibians in Britain. e

y amphibians Worryingly, the site provides good Cutaneous chytridiomycosis is a fungal habitat for native British amphibians,

f disease of amphibians which has caused including Rana temporaria, Bufo bufo,

g severe population declines and local Triturus vulgaris and T. cristatus. i extinctions in many amphibians and the Considering the pattern of widespread

l total extinction of a growing number of mortality and catastrophic declines of o species. Some species, such as the North amphibians due to chytridiomycosis

l American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) repeated in Australia, Central America d and African clawed frogs (Xenopus spp.), and Spain, the introduction of however, appear to be unaffected by B. dendrobatidis to Britain could l o Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection present a major threat to native i i and these species might act as transport amphibian populations. Work, funded hosts, introducing the infection to by English Nature, is now underway to new areas and to new host species determine if B. dendrobatidis infection W m and populations. has spread to any native amphibian To investigate the distribution of species and, if so, to assess any

e B. dendrobatidis in Europe, we screened immediate effects (e.g. mortality) this archived samples from wild-caught infection might have on these species. European amphibians available from

d Garner, T.W.J., Walker, S., Bosch, J., Hyatt, A.D., various European laboratories that study Cunningham, A.A. and Fisher, M.C. (2005) Widespread

i amphibians for other purposes. We European distribution of a global amphibian pathogen. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11: 1639–1641. detected B. dendrobatidis infection in

p wild amphibians from Spain, Portugal, Cunningham, A.A., Garner, T.W.J., Anguilar-Sanchez, V., Banks, B., Foster, J., Sainsbury, A.W., Perkins, M., Italy and Switzerland. Prevalence levels Walker, S.F., Hyatt, A.D. and Fisher, M.C. (2005) The

E emergence of amphibian chytridiomycosis in Britain. were high at locations in Spain where Veterinary Record 157: 386–387. amphibian mortalities and declines are occurring, but high infection prevalences were detected also in Switzerland at sites Emerging infectious diseases where, anecdotally, no declines are and public health occurring. These results support previous Recently, the emergence of significant findings that some amphibian species threats to public health from previously- may act as “asymptomatic” carriers of unknown pathogens hosted by wildlife the disease. has catapulted the phenomenon of While our survey does not accurately “emerging infectious diseases” up describe the actual distribution of chytrid medical and political agendas. Diseases in Europe and European amphibians due with high case fatality rates in humans, to the lack of systematic sampling, it is such as AIDS and severe acute clear the pathogen has the ability to respiratory syndrome (SARS), have infect numerous European taxa and is highlighted the importance of wildlife as widely and patchily distributed on the reservoirs or vectors for disease. A continent. Our findings suggest that topical example is avian influenza, which B. dendrobatidis is extending its range can cause human pandemics after within Europe and that there is an urgent genetic mutation or reassortment need to further understand the means by between influenza viruses of wild and which the pathogen is introduced and domestic birds, other animals, and maintained within host populations. humans. The prospect of a global We also detected B. dendrobatidis pandemic of H5N1 is very real, at least infection in introduced North American for wild birds and mammals, and bullfrogs at their primary site of possibly also for humans. establishment in Britain: the first time Seventy-five per cent of new or that B. dendrobatidis infection has been emerging infectious diseases in humans

18 (left) Trent Gardner and Andrew Cunningham, toad sampling at Cowden

(below) Beached porpoise © Rod Penrose, Marine Environmental Monitoring

(bottom) Parasites and pneumonic lung

originate from wildlife and, as only Impacts of PCBs on mortality population level quantification of the risk about a fifth to a 50th of animal species patterns in porpoises posed by PCBs (and other pollutants) in have been documented, it is likely that For decades there has been growing porpoise populations of known size and wildlife will continue to be a reservoir of concern about the accumulation and PCB exposure. unfamiliar microorganisms from which toxic effects of persistent environmental Bull, J.C., Jepson, P.D., Ssuna, R.K., Deaville, R. and Fenton, previously unknown pathogens will pollutants in the marine environment, A. (2006) The relationship between polychlorinated continue to emerge. But why are we including their possible role in severe biphenyls in blubber and levels of nematode infestations in harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena. Parasitology doi: now seeing an apparently rapid increase declines of numerous marine mammal 10.1017/S003118200500942. in the emergence of new zoonoses populations in heavily industrialised Hall, A.J., Hugunin, K., Deaville, R., Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R., from wildlife? oceanic regions. The first of two studies and Jepson, P.D. (2006) The risk of infection from polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in harbour porpoise One of the major drivers of the published in 2006 tested for statistical (Phocoena phocoena) – A case-control approach. emergence of infectious disease is closer associations between nematode worm Environmental Health Perspectives 114: 704–711. human contact with wildlife, primarily burdens and polychlorinated biphenyl caused by human encroachment into, (PCB) levels in UK-stranded harbour and modification of, wildlife habitat. As porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). the human population continues to Post-mortem examinations of harbour grow, our needs for space and resources porpoises regularly reveal heavy result in further encroachment into a parasitic worm burdens. This study diminishing natural world. At the same confirmed that a significant, positive time, the exponential rise in volume and association between PCB levels and speed of trade and travel has nematode burdens was found, but was transformed the epidemiology of confounded by the sex, age and cause emerging infectious diseases, giving the of death of the porpoises. It was also outcomes of emergence events global apparent that individuals with the rather than local importance. The heaviest infestations of nematodes did international trade in wildlife is now not necessarily have the highest PCB huge, with hundreds of millions of wild level. Therefore, while PCBs are animals and their products being traded important, they are clearly not the sole globally each year. Also, travellers can determinants of nematode burdens in be in the middle of a tropical jungle one wild populations of the harbour porpoise day and commuting to their desk in around the UK. London the next. This globalisation of The second study, conducted in people and products is difficult to control collaboration with the Sea Mammal and is largely related to increasing air Research Unit, was the first rigorous transportation. Therefore, the problem of case–control study design in free-living emerging infectious diseases is set to cetaceans to determine how the risk of continue to grow. mortality from infectious disease in UK- Emerging infectious diseases are not stranded harbour porpoises increased only a problem for human health but are with increasing blubber PCB a major threat to animal welfare and to concentrations. The study found that, for species conservation. Through emerging each 1 mg/kg increase in blubber PCBs, infectious diseases, therefore, the the average increase in risk of infectious medical, veterinary, and wildlife disease mortality was 2%. A doubling of conservation professions share a risk occurred at approximately 45 mg/kg common agenda. The problem is not lipid. To avoid selection bias, controls small, and tackling it will not be easy, but that died of physical trauma were used recognising a common problem is, at as representative of the exposure least, a start. prevalence in the population that gave rise to the cases. The effect of variation Cunningham, A.A. (2005) A walk on the wild-side – wildlife diseases. British Medical Journal 331: 1214-1215. in energetic status among the cases and controls was also controlled for. These investigations should enable future

wildlife epidemiology 19 20 Reproductive biology previous workrevealed thatkangaroo suitable cryopreservation protocols.Our completely resistedattempts todevelop insemination methodsforthese species. semen andtheestablishmentof artificial protocols forthecryopreservation of considerable interestindeveloping the presenttimethereisnevertheless considered vulnerableorendangeredat and subspeciesofrock wallabies, are wallabies), includingnineteenspecies secondly and these speciesispoorlyunderstood Fir severely limitedbytwomajorfactors. procedures to is Australian marsupials The applicationofassistedreproducti kangaroos andwallabies Semen cryopreservation in dev may affect reproductive and and how environmental change we aimto findoutwhether In addition, that ma for thedevelopment oftechnologies and to usesomeofthisknowledge and understandsomeofthisdiv Research Theme we aimbothto explore IntheReproductive Biology examine. with almostev bewildering array ofadaptations butnature presents a species, number ofintensely studied model biology comeslargely from asmall Our understandingofreproductive number ofmacropods(k methods forany ofthesespecies. As a development ofsemencryopreservation very little attention hadbeenpaidtothe p P stly, thebasicbiologyofmany of rincipal iece T elopmental processes. o date macropodsemenhasalmost y , ha until thelate1 v e pr ery newspecieswe actical applications. A xoneme 980s and1990s ang aroos and ersity ve c the plasmamembrane ytoskeletal structuresbeneath ytoskeletal M iddle piece Experiments oneasterngreyk thefreeze-thawable tosurvive process. complexity andmaythereforebebetter epididymidis; theselack themembrane immature spermatoz with submembranous cytoskeleton) (whic mature caudaepididymalspermatozoa hypothesis, of wecomparedthesurvival structure andcell biologyofmacropod Scientifically, thiswork showsthatthe physiological maturationprocess. on thosethathaveyettoundergo the genetically valuableanimals,by focusing store spermatozoa post-mortem from that itmaybefeasibletorescue and practical implicationsofthiswork are clearly supported thishypothesis. The ofQueensland, University Australia, undertaken inacollaboration withthe and red-necked wallaby spermatozoa, bur membrane damage;inasense,thecells fluxes theyinevitablyundergo cytoplasmic volume inresponsetowater that ifcellsareunabletoadjusttheir during thethawingprocess.Itisknown thecell freezing, butthenre-enters water initiallyleavesthecellduring the extensi sperm fromrespondingappropriatelyto membrane stabilitythatpreventsthe confer anexceptionaldegreeof membrane, wewonderedwhetherthese immediately beneaththeplasma structures complex cytoskeletal spermatoz other marsupials? As macropod sperm ofeutherianmammalsandsome spermatozoa differ fromthe somarkedly should k destabilisation andcelldeath. Why body temperaturecausescellmembrane rew concentration alsomeansthat Unfortunately, thishigh glycerol routinely froz (by contrast,humanorbovine spermare (15–20%) ofthecryoprotectant,glycerol with unusuallyhighconcentrations thefreezingprocessiftreated survive and wallaby spermatozoa wouldonly st lik arming thespermatozoa back to h possess thecomplex e ang balloons. oa exhibitunusualandhighly ve water fluxesinducedwhen aroo andw en using6–8%glycerol). T o oa fromthecaput in allaby H vestig ead (nucleus) ate this ang aroo Longitudinal electron micrograph through a mature kangaroo spermatozoon showing the sperm head (nucleus), middle piece and principal piece. (Bar = 200 nm)

spermatozoa differ fundamentally from species. Although formation of the those of eutherian mammals, and even sperm reservoir involves a physical from some other marsupials in which interaction between spermatozoa and semen cryopreservation is relatively the oviductal epithelium, we have shown successful, such as wombats. that if the oviductal membrane proteins are isolated and solubilised, they still McClean, R., MacCallum, C., Blyde, D., Holt, W.V. and Johnston, S.D. (2006) Ultrastructure, osmotic tolerance, retain the ability to prolong the life of glycerol toxicity and cryopreservation of caput and cauda spermatozoa during in vitro incubation epididymidal kangaroo spermatozoa. Reproduction Fertility and Development 18: 469–476. in the laboratory. Do these proteins have any special properties? We have recently shown that when pig spermatozoa (a) Isthmus Sperm transport in mammals; interact with these proteins their what is the role of the oviduct? movement becomes slower and more Sperm storage in the female linear; this is because the proteins are reproductive tract has been extensively actually signalling to the spermatozoa documented in a range of vertebrates and modulating their flagellar activity. that includes sharks, salamanders, It also appears that the proteins help snakes and turtles, as well as many birds prepare the spermatozoa for fertilisation and mammals. Some of these species by, amongst other things, enhancing the store spermatozoa for several months or pre-fertilisation rise in intracellular pH. even years.The evolutionary Our work also suggests that the proteins development of this remarkable ability may not be species-specific; this may be provides an interesting parallel to the important in helping to improve the aims and intentions of biotechnologists success of artificial insemination who wish to extend the lifespan of techniques for the captive breeding of (b) Ampulla spermatozoa, either in a tube prior to wild species, especially if the artificial insemination, or within the spermatozoa need to be transported female reproductive tract after from one place to another. In addition Sections of oviductal epithelia from (a) the oviductal isthmus (the site of insemination. In both instances the to publishing the data from this project, sperm storage) and (b) ampulla (the motivation is to uncouple the synchrony the three collaborating academic groups site of fertilisation). Brown staining between insemination and ovulation. have jointly been granted a patent by localised at the epithelial surfaces If afforded this capability, it would be the US Patent Office. marks the apical plasma membranes possible for biotechnologists to from which the proteins have been Holt, W.V., Elliott, R.M.A., Fazeli, A., Satake, N. and Watson, extracted. (Bar in fig. a = 100 µm inseminate females without worrying P.F. (2005) Validation of an experimental strategy for and bar in fig. b = 50 µm) about the accuracy of ovulation studying surface-exposed proteins involved in porcine sperm-oviduct contact interactions. Reproduction, Fertility prediction, or at the very least they and Development 17: 683–692. would be able to relax the synchrony by Holt, W.V., Elliott, R.M.A., Fazeli, A., Sostaric, E., Georgiou, several hours without compromising A.S., Satake, N., Prathalingam, N.S. and Watson, P.F. (2006) Harnessing the biology of the oviduct for the benefit of fertility. In a collaboration with the Royal artificial insemination. In Control of pig reproduction VII: Veterinary College, London, the 248–259. Ashworth, C.J. and Kraeling, R.R. (Eds). Nottingham: Nottingham University Press. University of Sheffield and Genus Satake, N., Elliott, R.M.A., Watson, P.F. and Holt, W.V. (2006) Breeding Ltd, Ruthin, we investigated the Sperm selection and competition in pigs may be mediated role of oviductal plasma membrane by the differential motility activation and suppression of sperm subpopulations within the oviduct. Journal of proteins in maintaining sperm viability, Experimental Biology 209: 1560–1572. using cattle and pigs as model species. Although millions of spermatozoa are inseminated in mammals, the female reproductive tract imposes stringent selection criteria, only allowing a few thousand to form a sperm reservoir in the oviduct where they are nurtured and protected for 1 or 2 days, depending on

reproductive biology 21 © F i n a l y B u r n s F R S

abc

Deserts and Rangelands canine parvovirus (CPV), diseases which

s have been implicated in the decline of

n Antelope conservation in Kenya (a) endangered carnivores including the

e Rapid growth in human populations Ethiopian wolf and African wild dog. The increasingly confines wild animals in jackals’ ecological plasticity and o Africa to protected areas. Because susceptibility to disease make it a likely m i ranging patterns of large mammal vector for disease transmission between populations do not necessarily coincide species. However, little is known about

t with park boundaries, there is an urgent the key determinants of jackal spatial

m need to clarify the consequences of and social organisation, both of which

a human encroachment for wildlife in are crucial to our understanding of

a boundary zones. Since 1998, the ZSL disease transmission. Our project, based

v Antelope Research Project in Masai Mara on the Skeleton Coast in Namibia, uses a National Reserve has collected data on multidisciplinary approach to investigate r

r ranging patterns and reproductive the consequences of the jackals’ strategies of selected antelope species in ecological flexibility for sociality and g e order to inform reserve management. space-use and the implications this has Most work so far has concentrated on for disease transmission. s topi but a new focus is the ecology and o behaviour of the world’s largest antelope, the eland, which ranges widely n r outside the park at certain times of year. Marine and Freshwater Animals are individually recognised p

o which allows behavioural changes in Deep-ocean ecosystems (c) areas with human contact to be The deep oceans are on average 3,800m identified. DNA extracted from faecal deep and cover 71% of the Earth’s c pellets is analysed to determine the surface. They are therefore the largest consequences of alternative reproductive ecosystem on Earth and harbour a huge strategies for effective population size diversity of species, certainly more than l and population viability. 1 million and maybe more than 10

s million. It may seem improbable that such vast ecosystems could be

z influenced by man but advances in Carnivores and People technology have extended the exploitation of biological and mineral Black-backed jackal ecology resources to depths in excess of 2,000m. and wildlife disease (b) Deep-sea fishing has been shown to In Southern Africa the black-backed rapidly deplete species and to destroy jackal is a notorious but poorly delicate organisms associated with understood species. This highly adaptive habitats such as cold-water coral reefs canid has successfully exploited a variety and seamounts. Climate change may of niches, from urban areas where they alter the patterns of circulation and come into contact with people and productivity and the chemistry of the domestic wildlife, such as dogs and oceans, potentially leading to huge shifts livestock, to remote reserves where they in species distributions and major are sympatric with endangered wild extinctions. The Deep-Ocean Ecosystems carnivores, such as lion, wild dog and programme is a new research initiative cheetah. Wildlife diseases pose a real aimed at exploring the deep ocean, threat to carnivore conservation infecting understanding how species diversity is a variety of endangered carnivores distributed in it and how this is worldwide. Jackals are susceptible to vulnerable to human impacts. We aim to rabies, canine distemper virus (CDV) and communicate this information to policy

22 def

makers both nationally and To establish if large mammals are boundaries remain elusive. The gadfly internationally with partners such as currently using these habitats, ZSL is petrels (genus Pterodroma) are a group IUCN, UNEP and the Census of Marine using camera-traps (cameras that record of pelagic seabirds that breed on remote Life programme. Our work this year has animals on game trails), track surveys oceanic islands worldwide. These birds led to a better understanding of how and radio-telemetry, including the first have both a historically confused diversity is distributed on seamounts radio tracked Sumatran tiger. We are also taxonomy and an urgent need for and what environmental factors are looking at ways to minimise the economic conservation – threats from introduced important to the habitat forming corals impact of crop raiding oil palm through mammalian predators and long-line that live on them. We have also used improved management practices in fishing mean that many populations are DNA-sequencing to reveal previously order to increase the potential for these critically endangered. Using molecular undiscovered diversity in small animals areas to sustain wildlife. genetic techniques we hope to solve inhabiting the sediments of the abyssal some of the more intractable problems plains. Additional funding from NERC of petrel classification. In particular we will allow us to explore deep-sea are looking at a recently discovered hydrothermal vents in the Southern UK Native Species population on Round Island, north of Ocean, an area critical to our Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. Round understanding of the biogeography of Garden Bird Health Initiative (e) Island petrels may represent a second these habitats. The Garden Bird Health Initiative is a population of the rare Trindade petrel, highly collaborative 3-year project known only from a single island in the launched in spring 2005. A surveillance South Atlantic. However, they also share system will be created to record and similarities with two more widespread Bushmeat and Forests investigate causes of garden bird Pacific species. Identifying the taxonomic mortality and disease across Great position of Round Island birds relative to Surveying wildlife in Britain. Through opportunistic and these established groups has important Southeast Asia (d) systematic monitoring of garden bird implications for their conservation status The tropical forests of Sumatra in mortality, achieved with assistance from and subsequent management. Through Indonesia are home to many of the the general public and by volunteers a combination of field studies and world’s endangered mammal species, from the BTO/CJ Garden BirdWatch laboratory work we are now beginning including tiger, tapir and sun bear. scheme, we aim to learn more about to fill in the most important gaps in our However these forest habitats are rapidly ecological and anthropogenic factors understanding of these birds. being cleared to make way for associated with increased risk of agribusiness operations such as logging infectious disease at garden feeding and oil palm plantations. The resulting stations. Results will be used to evaluate deforestation has been identified by supplementary feeding practices, conservation organisations as critical to recommend methods to mitigate biodiversity throughout Southeast Asia. identified risk factors and to inform the ZSL in collaboration with oil palm development of best practice guidelines plantation, PT Asiatic Persada, and the for feeding garden birds. Indonesian forestry department have joined forces to find out how the existing wildlife is currently using the habitat mosaic of plantation, scrub and Island Ecosystems secondary forest. The aim of this project is to better understand how habitat Taxonomy of oceanic seabirds (f) change affects the distribution of species The recognition and management of and to develop improved management biotic diversity invariably focuses on practices to minimise the impact on species. Species are the currency of wildlife. Ultimately, we intend to assess conservation, whether in selection of the degree to which these altered biodiversity hotspots, compiling lists of landscapes (with improved management) endangered organisms or providing can provide corridors for movement protective legislation. However, in many of wildlife between protected areas. groups of animals unambiguous species

ZSL conservation programmes 23 During 2005, 2,222 books have been added to the online catalogue, 4,060 journal issues have been accessioned and 2,277 loans were made to Fellows and ZSL staff. The Library catalogue can be accessed from the Library page on the ZSL website or directly at http://library.zsl.org. It now contains details of all serial holdings, books acquired since 1993 and all books published before 1860.

The Michael Marks Trust generously bird drawings to the copies kept at the

Y awarded ZSL a grant to fund the Natural History Museum. cataloguing of our artworks including paintings, sculpture and artefacts. Archives Libraries Museums London R Cataloguing began in November and the funded a photographic preservation emerging catalogue can be searched audit visit by a specialist conservator in A online using the “switch database” December 2005. option to “Art” in the Library catalogue.

R The Library lent items to external The journal holdings information of ZSL exhibitions, allowing increased public

B Library has been uploaded to SUNCAT access and awareness of items in our

I and can now be seen on their online collections. An album of photographs by catalogue http://edina.ac.uk/suncat/. As a Frederick York (1823–1903) together with

L major collection which is not part of a two Gambier Bolton prints were lent to research or university library we were Museum Folkwang in Essen (Germany) invited to contribute to the second stage for display in their exhibition Useful, of this project. This will raise the profile cute, collected.The York album dates of the Library's collection and facilitate from 1872 and it is one of only three access to our holdings information for known copies. It contains some other libraries, members of the academic fascinating images including photographs community and the public. SUNCAT is of many animals now extinct or very the pilot Serials UNion CATalogue for rare including the quagga, Sumatran the UK. The pilot service includes records rhinoceros and Burchell’s zebra. from 22 of the largest UK research libraries and the databases of the The Library continued to provide CONSER programme and the ISSN reference use of the Library to Friends International network. Further libraries of ZSL and members of the public. will be added continuously over the next Regular introductory Library tours are two years. A full service will be launched held for ZSL staff to enable them to in Autumn 2006. SUNCAT can be used to make effective use of the Library’s locate serials in contributing libraries. resources. Special library tours have SUNCAT will also provide links to the also been given to staff of Antwerp Zoo, web pages of contributing libraries so Library staff from the Natural History that users of this service can find the Museum and Fellows of ZSL. library addresses, phone numbers, opening hours and lending services. ZSL library staff participate in the wider world of libraries and archives by Professor Geoff Moore of the University attending meetings and conferences of of London Marine Biological Station in ASLIB Biosciences, Charity Archivists Millport on the Isle of Cumbrae and Record Managers (CHARM), GLAS continued to be a Library Visiting User Group, Animal Health Information Scholar. A further two Visiting Scholars Specialists (UK & Ireland) and the have been appointed. Rita Owen is London Learned Society and researching and conserving a volume of Professional Librarians’ Group. Mark Catesby’s The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama We are extremely grateful for the continued Islands, containing the figures of birds, help of our dedicated team of volunteers beasts, fishes, serpents, insects and and the many Fellows and Friends of plants... together with their descriptions ZSL who continue to support the Library in English and French..., London: printed with their time, by donating books, at the expense of the author, 1731–43. archives, zoo ephemera, and funds for Edward Dickinson is comparing ZSL’s the conservation of items in our collection. collection of Brian Houghton Hodgson 24 Education and training are central to Prizes for the best project in Wild Animal IoZ’s activities and we have a strong Health were awarded to Nic Masters and & g commitment to hosting research Chandani Ganga Wijesinghe. Katy projects, particularly those leading to Morgan was awarded the best project a PhD degree. on the Wild Animal Biology course. n n

i Our PhD students are co-registered at a The IoZ annual Student Conference was university department but most spend held in January. The conference offers an

o the majority of their time at IoZ. During opportunity for students to present their n the year PhDs were awarded to Ben work in a relatively informal atmosphere i

i Collen (Imperial College London) for his and for staff and university supervisors research into the effects of bias and to learn about the diverse research t

a scale in mammalian diversity patterns; undertaken by students at IoZ. This Lizzie Boakes (University of Cambridge), year’s Daisy Balogh Prize for the best a for her investigation into inbreeding talk was awarded to Nicky Jenner, for r depression and purging in captive her talk on 'Reproduction and resources c populations; Julie Anderson (University of the black-backed jackal'. t College London), for her analysis of

u metapopulation dynamics of Angolan black-and-white colobus monkeys in Kenya; and Fredi Devas (University of d Cambridge), for his research on social relationships and foraging success E in baboons.

During the year we had our largest ever number of students on the Masters Course in Wild Animal Health. This course, and the closely aligned Masters Course in Wild Animal Biology are both run jointly with the Royal Veterinary College. Our first Masters Student Conference gave all students the opportunity to convey their research findings to colleagues and staff. Prizes were given to the student who received

the highest marks on each course (top) (Dan Horton for Wild Animal Health and Chandani Ganga Wijesinghe Katy Morgan for Wild Animal Biology). carrying out ophthalmological examination of the eyes of a skink during a teaching practical

(above) Mario Baldi Salas and Jason Chuei, Masters students assisting Taina Strike, Veterinary Officer at London Zoo, examining a red panda

(left) The 2004/5 Wild Animal Health MSc students at Regent’s Park

library / education and training 25 , The Zoological Society of London Postdoctoral Research Staff and Lecturers Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse PhD s e Officers Jonathan Baillie PhD Professor Sir Patrick Bateson FRS Elizabeth Boakes PhD t Professor Paul H Harvey BA MA DPhil DSc FRS (Secretary) Jon Bridle PhD • c Paul Rutteman CBE BSC (Econ) FCA (Treasurer) James Bull PhD Ben Collen PhD

n Directors Roslyn Elliott PhD n Ralph Armond (Director General) John Ewen PhD Michael Bird FCA (Financial Director) • Robert Ewers PhD e Trenton Garner PhD

a Glyn Davies PhD (Director of Conservation Programmes) David Field BSc MBA (Zoological Director) O Clyde Hutchinson PhD Georgina Mace OBE FRS DPhil (Director of Science) Nick Isaac PhD d Ian Meyrick BA FCIPD (Human Resources Director) Paul Jepson PhD BVMS MRCVS n Brian Oldman BA (Commercial Director) Kate Jones PhD Michael Russell FCMA (Financial Director) Noëlle Kümpel PhD u Chris West BvetMed CertLas MRCVS CBiol MIBiol Rhiannon Lloyd PhD r (Zoological Director) • Iain McGill BSc BVetMed MRCVS

t Valerie Olson PhD • e Nathalie Pettorelli PhD Nilendran Prathalingam • s ZSL/University of Cambridge Joint Committee Marcus Rowcliffe PhD v Anthony Sainsbury BVetMed CertLAS CertZooMed MRCVS Professor Sir Brian Heap CBE FRS, University of Cambridge Seirian Sumner PhD (Chairman) Samuel Turvey DPhil & o Professor Malcolm Burrows FRS, Department of Zoology, Katrien Van Look • University of Cambridge Ralph Armond, Director General ZSL Postgraduate Research Assistants g

f Dr Tony Fincham BSc PhD Yedra Feltrer Rambaud MSc MRCVS Professor Paul H Harvey BA MA DPhil DSc FRS Becki Lawson MA VetMB MSc MRCVS Professor Michael Hassell FRS, Imperial College London f Dr Andrea Manica PhD, University of Cambridge Postgraduate Research Students Dr Bill Amos PhD, University of Cambridge Gerardo Acosta Jamett DVM MSc

a Sophie Allebone-Webb MSc In Attendance Julie Anderson PhD • Nick Wilson, University of Cambridge

t Arnaud Bataille BSc Georgina Mace OBE FRS DPhil, Director of Science, ZSL Jon Bielby MSc Christina Herterich LLM ACIS, Institute Administrator, ZSL Patricia Brekke BSc s (Committee Secretary) Ruth Brown MSc Thomas Charman BA Kate Ciborowski BA Institute of Zoology Natalie Cooper MSc Fredi Devas PhD • Georgina M Mace OBE FRS DPhil (Director of Science) Amelia Dickman MSc Emily Fitzherbert MSc Senior Research Staff Elise Huchard MSc Peter Bennett DPhil, Theme Leader, Biodiversity and Macroecology Nicola Jenner BSc Andrew Bourke PhD, Theme Leader, Behavioural and Andrew King BSc Evolutionary Ecology • Becki Lawson MA VetMB MSc MRCVS Chris Carbone DPhil Khyne Mar MSc Guy Cowlishaw PhD, Theme Leader, Behavioural and Maurus Msuha MSc Evolutionary Ecology Carlos Esteban Payan Garrido BSc Andrew Cunningham BVMS PhD MRCVS, Theme Leader, Simon Rees BSc Wildlife Epidemiology Janna Rist BSc Sarah Durant PhD Chris Sandbrook MSc William Holt PhD, Theme Leader, Reproductive Biology Nana Satake MRes William Jordan PhD, Theme Leader, Genetic Variation, Joseph Smith MSc Fitness and Adaptability Gordon Smith BSc Richard Pettifor DPhil, Theme Leader, Population and Amber Teacher BSc MRes Community Ecology Susan Walker BSc Alex D Rogers PhD Shama Zaki Aldeen Abdul Haleem MSc Jinliang Wang PhD

26 Administrative, Support and Technical Staff Scientific Publications and Meetings Christina Herterich LLM ACIS (Institute Administrator) Phil Cottingham BTec (CED) MIScT Scientific Books (Assistant Institute Administrator) Fiona Fisken BSc (Editor) Amrit Dehal BSc (Assistant Institute Administrator – Information Systems) Journals and Meetings Breda Farrell (General Technician) Linda DaVolls BA (Head of Scientific Publications and Meetings) Jenny Fulford (Editorial Assistant) Patricia Manly (Senior Editorial Assistant) David Hitchcock (Senior Workshop Technician) Deborah Body MSc (Scientific Meetings and Awards Co-ordinator) • Joanne Keogh (PA to Director of Science and Senior Staff) Joy Miller BSc (Scientific Meetings and Awards Co-ordinator) Julie Phillips BA PGCE (Administrative Assistant) Editors Journal of Zoology Research Technicians Ian Boyd PhD DSc Dada Gottelli BSc (Chief Technician) Juliet Clutton-Brock PhD DSc Daphne Green HNC AIScT (Senior Technician) Robert Elwood PhD Robert Deaville BSc (Senior Technician) John Gittleman PhD Dominique Fiedler (Research Technician) • Tim Halliday MA DPhil Sedef Gavaz BSc (Research Technician) • Philip Rainbow PhD DSc Shinto John MLT (Microbiology Technician) Shaheed Macgregor Htec MSc FIBMS (Veterinary Microbiologist) Editors Animal Conservation Matthew Perkins BSc (Pathology Technician) Guy Cowlishaw PhD James Sainsbury PhD (ResearchTechnician) • Keith Crandall PhD John Gittleman PhD Honorary Research Fellows E J Milner-Gulland PhD Dr Andrew Balmford, University of Cambridge Professor Malcolm Bennett, University of Liverpool Professor Michael Bruford, University of Cardiff Professor Roger Butlin, University of Sheffield Library Dr Peter Daszak, Consortium for Conservation Medicine, USA Dr Matthew Fisher, Imperial College London Ann Sylph MSc MCLIP (Librarian) Professor John Gittleman, Univeristy of Virginia, USA Michael Palmer MA (Archivist) Dr Rhys Green, University of Cambridge Marie Monaghan BA MCLIP (Assistant Librarian) Dr Rufus Johnstone, University of Cambridge Claire Thatcher BA (Library Assistant) Professor Ian Owens, Imperial College London Dr Debbie Pain, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Dr Andy Purvis, Imperial College London Dr Robert Simmons, Percy Fitzpatrick Institute of African Others working at the Institute, including volunteers working Ornithology, South Africa on projects in the field Professor Rene Stet, University of Aberdeen Dr Simon Thirgood, Macaulay Institute Mark Ambrus, Carin Andersson, Tzo Tze Ang, Sayako Arai, Elena Professor Charles Tyler, University of Exeter Badia, Martyn Baker, Jessie Barker, Katy Barton, Carmen Bessa- Professor Paul Watson, Royal Veterinary College Gomes, Amandine Bouchard, Joe Bourne, David Bowden, Brenna Boyle, Carlos Bricio, Annaliese Brightwell, George Busby, Nicolas Honorary Research Associates Camara, Claudia Carraro, Bernadette Carroll, Sally Cheung, Fay Teresa Abaigar PhD Clark, Melissa Cuke, Penelope Curtiss, Melissa de Graaff, Anneloes Jakob Bro-Jorgenson PhD de Raad, Emily Dolan, Nathalie Doswald, Caitlin Douglas, Chris Boris Dzyuba PhD Elvidge, Daniele Fanelli, Juliet Field, Rose Fleming, Krystyna Simon Goodman PhD Golaber, Agnes Rocha Gosselin, William Goulding, Jocelyn Hacker, Marcella Kelly PhD Alex Hall, Kate Harris, Hiliary Hiscock, Sarah Holbrook, Kelly Heather Koldeway PhD Houston, James Howard, Marianne James, Hanna Javed, Caitlin Jonathan Loh PhD Joseph, Carlos Filipe Justo Moura, Janien Kamps, Hans Kelstrup, Nancy Ockenden PhD Vitaliy Kholodny, Laura Kirsopp, Melissa Kyriakos, Susana La Falci, Giovanni Pastorino MSc Mike Lawes, Ana Longo, Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde, Shelagh Nilendran Prathalingham PhD Macmillan, Rachel Marno, Clare Marsden, Harry Marshall, Louise Sebastien Regnaut PhD McRae, Miriam Mesa, Caroline Millins, Geoff Moore, Phillappa Morrison, Lenka Nealova, Christopher Nwaizu, Rob Pickles, Monica Puig MacLean, Mohammad Rezaur Rahman, Mala Ram, Anna Randall, Emilio Rendon-Franco, Carolyn Riddell, Amber Rosenthal, Leigh Scantlebury, Lisa Schloegel, Rachel Shore, Miriam Smith, Enrico Sorato, Rowena Spence, Andrew Temple, Emily Thomas, Valarie Thomas, Aidan Weatherill, Ann Weddle, Jan Whalley, Susan Wilson, Marc Yeste Oliveras

• departures

governance, staff and students 27 Applied Biomathematics (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Institute of Ecology Anthropogenic change and emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus Bat Conservation Trust Monitoring bat biodiversity: indicators of Institute of Hydrobiology Conservation of the Yangtze River dolphin sustainable development in Eastern Europe Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (Brazil) Hierarchical Bird Conservation Nepal Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in India socio-economic models of Amazonian deforestation BirdLife International Global biodiversity hotspots; IUCN Sampled Red Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine Sciences (CICIMAR) (Mexico) List Index Zoonotic potential of whale watching; Determining age structure Bombay Natural History Society (India) Conservation of Gyps spp. of cetacean populations using telomeres as a biological clock vultures in India; Assessing the impact of vulture declines on IUCN (Switzerland) Global Mammal Assessment; Conservation of the public health in India Yangtze River dolphin; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Range-wide British Embassy in Quito (Ecuador) Building capacity and determining conservation planning for cheetah and wild dogs disease threats to endemic Galapagos taxa British Trust for Ornithology Garden Bird Health Initiative Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics DNA damage and Bulgarian National Museum of Natural History Monitoring bat cancer in wildlife: a biomolecular approach to understanding biodiversity: indicators of sustainable development in Eastern Europe urogenital carcinoma in California sea lions Leuser Development Programme (Indonesia) Habitat use of tigers in Canterbury Museum (New Zealand) Extinct birds and bird extinctions altered landscapes and monitoring of cryptic mammals in the South Pacific Care for the Wild International Comparative demography of elephants Marine Environmental Monitoring Cetacean strandings investigation in European zoos and range states Marine Mammal Center (USA) DNA damage and cancer in wildlife: a Central Science Laboratory Garden Bird Health Initiative biomolecular approach to understanding urogenital carcinoma in Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Monks Wood Restoration and California sea lions; Phylogeographic patterns of disease management of bumble bee habitat in agricultural landscapes; occurrence in California sea lions Effects of spatial scale on population abundance and dynamics Massey University (New Zealand) Sexual selection and the hihi s Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) Mauritian Wildlife Foundation Conservation and molecular ecology of Cetacean strandings investigation Round Island petrels Charles Darwin Research Station Ecology, adaptation and evolution in Ministry of Lands and Resettlement, Government of the Republic of

n invasive ants Namibia Coordination of social foragers in patchy environments; MHC, Chester Zoological Gardens Chytridiomycosis emergence in Dominica parasite loads, and mate choice in desert baboons Conservation International (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Global Mammal Assessment; Global biodiversity hotspots; National Birds of Prey Trust Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in India

o Evaluating incentives for the sustainable hunting of bushmeat; Natural History Museum Cetacean strandings investigation Spatial patterns of hunting and sustainability in Rio Muni, New South Wales Zoological Parks Board (Australia) Semen freezing i Equatorial Guinea; Evaluating dependence on wild foods among in macropods the rural poor in Central Africa CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory (Australia) Anthropogenic Paignton Zoo and Environmental Park Health surveillance for species t change and emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus; Conservation of recovery programmes Gyps spp. vultures in India; Ecology and evolution of infectious Palaecol Research Ltd Extinct birds and bird extinctions in the South

a diseases in mammalian mating and social systems Pacific Peoples Trust for Endangered Species Health surveillance for species Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Habitat use of tigers in altered recovery programmes

r landscapes and monitoring of cryptic mammals Poultry Diagnostic and Research Centre Conservation of Gyps spp. Desert Research Foundation of Namibia (Namibia) vultures in India Functional response mechanisms in social foragers; Individual optimisation and social constraints in group-living vertebrates; Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage (Australia) o Coordination of social foragers in patchy environments; MHC, Predicting the susceptibilities of species to human disturbances parasite loads, and mate choice in desert baboons Queensland Department of Primary Industries (Australia) Downstream Research Group (USA) Conservation of the Yangtze Anthropogenic change and emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus b River dolphin Romanian Bat Protection Organisation Monitoring bat biodiversity: English Nature Assessing the impact of Batrachochytrium indicators of sustainable development in Eastern Europe a dendrobatidis emergence in Britain; Health surveillance for Rothamstead Research Restoration and management of bumble bee species recovery programmes habitat in agricultural landscapes

l Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas (Spain) Reproductive studies Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Conservation of critically in gazelles endangered Gyps spp. vultures in India; Garden Bird Health European Zoo Association (EAZA) Genetic analyses and management Initiative; Investigating the impact of catastrophic vulture declines l of captive-breeding populations on public health in India; Ecology and conservation of the great yellow bumble bee; Health surveillance for species recovery Farmed Environment Company Ltd Restoration and management of programmes

o bumble bee habitat in agricultural landscapes Royal Veterinary College Epidemiology of poxviruses in squirrels; Fauna and Flora International Chytridiomycosis emergence in Maximising semen performance by improving sperm assessment Dominica; Habitat use of tigers in altered landscapes and and survival during and after cryopreservation; Cetacean

C monitoring of cryptic mammals strandings investigation; Enhancement of sperm cell survival by Forestry and Wildlife Division, Commonwealth of Dominica epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells Chytridiomycosis emergence in Dominica Frankfurt Zoological Society (Germany) Long-term demography of the Salmonella Reference Unit, Health Protection Agency Garden Bird Serengeti cheetah population Health Initiative Scottish Agricultural College Cetacean strandings investigation; Garden Galapagos Conservation Trust Building capacity and determining Bird Health Initiative disease threats to endemic Galapagos taxa Scottish Salmonella Reference Laboratory Garden Bird Health Galapagos National Parks Service Building capacity and determining Initiative disease threats to endemic Galapagos taxa Sea Mammal Research Unit Cetacean strandings investigation Genus-ABS Ltd Enhancement of sperm cell survival by epididymal Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (USA) Genetics of caste and oviduct epithelial cells determination in polistine wasps; Hierarchical socio-economic Gobabeb Training and Research Centre (Namibia) Spatial organisation models of Amazonian deforestation and disease transmission in black-backed jackal; Coordination of Sumatran Tiger Project Habitat use of tigers in altered landscapes and social foragers in patchy environments; MHC, parasite loads, and monitoring of cryptic mammals mate choice in desert baboons Swedish Natural History Museum Sexual selection and the hihi

Harvard Medical School (USA) Anthropogenic change and emerging Tanzania National Parks Long-term demography of the Serengeti zoonotic paramyxoviruses cheetah population; Developing a National Conservation Action Plan for the mammals of Tanzania Imazon (Brazil) Hierarchical socio-economic models of Amazonian Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (Tanzania) Long-term demography deforestation of the Serengeti cheetah population; Development of a National IMV Enhancement of sperm cell survival by epididymal and oviduct Conservation Action Plan for the mammals of Tanzania epithelial cells Tarangire Elephant Project (Tanzania) Development of a National Innovis Ltd Enhancement of sperm cell survival by epididymal and Conservation Action Plan for the mammals of Tanzania oviduct epithelial cells Tiger Tops Habitat use of tigers in altered landscapes and monitoring Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (Democratic of cryptic mammals Republic of Congo) Development of a monitoring and training Tsaobis Leopard Nature Park (Namibia) Coordination of social foragers unit for the World Heritage Sites of Democratic Republic of Congo in patchy environments; Individual optimisation and social Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon (France) Dynamics of constraints in group-living vertebrates; MHC, parasite loads, and species extinctions mate choice in desert baboons; Functional response mechanisms in social foragers

28 UNESCO ‘Conservation in Crisis’ Programme Monitoring and training University of Malaya (Malaysia) Anthropogenic change and emerging unit for the World Heritage Sites of Democratic Republic of Congo zoonotic paramyxoviruses Universities Federation for Animal Welfare Garden Bird Health Initiative; University of Montpellier (France) MHC, parasite loads and mate choice Cetacean strandings investigation in desert baboons University of Bath Conservation management and ecological genetics of University of Murcia (Spain) Enhancement of sperm cell survival by the black bog ant epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells University of Birmingham Global biodiversity hotspots; Sexual selection University of Natal (South Africa) Dynamics of species extinctions and the hihi University of New Mexico (USA) Energetic constraints on animal ecology University of California (USA) DNA damage and cancer in wildlife: a University of Newcastle Epidemiology of poxvirus infections in squirrels biomolecular approach to understanding urogenital carcinoma in University of Oxford Regional differences in avian life-history traits; California sea lions; Range-wide conservation planning for cheetah Habitat use of tigers in altered landscapes and monitoring of cryptic and wild dogs mammals; Camera trapping as a census tool University of Cambridge MHC, parasite loads, and mate choice in desert University of Padova (Italy) Institute of Zoology hormone assay service baboons; Genetic analyses and management of captive-breeding University of Princeton (USA) Anthropogenic change and emerging populations; Ecology and conservation of the great yellow bumble zoonotic paramyxovirus; Ecology and evolution of infectious bee; Patterns of genetic variation in UK harbour porpoises and their diseases in mammalian mating and social systems parasites; Functional response mechanisms in social foragers University of Queensland (Australia) Semen freezing in macropods; (baboons); Individual optimisation and social constraints in group- University of Reading Patterns of genetic variability during population living vertebrates; Wildlife immunogenetics: understanding neutral decline in Iberian Atlantic salmon and functional genetic influences on pathogen resistance; Predicting University of San Diego (USA) Energetic constraints on animal ecology the susceptibilities of species to human disturbances University of Saskatchewan (Canada) Cetacean strandings investigation University of Canterbury (New Zealand) The Hope River Forest University of Sheffield A postgenomic approach to the role of odour and Fragmentation Project gustatory receptors in Drosophila speciation; Enhancement of University of Cape Town (South Africa) Regional differences in avian life- sperm cell survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells; history traits Global biodiversity hotspots; Human-driven changes in species' University of Cardiff Conservation management and ecological genetics geographic ranges and the risk of extinction of the black bog ant University of St Andrews A postgenomic approach to the role of odour University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) Wildlife immunogenetics: and gustatory receptors in Drosophila speciation; Patterns of genetic understanding neutral and functional genetic influences on variability during population decline in Iberian Atlantic salmon pathogen resistance University of Stirling Comparative demography of elephants in University of Cork (Ireland) Cetacean strandings investigation European zoos and range states University of East Anglia Conservation management and ecological University of Sussex Communication networks in African elephants genetics of the black bog ant; Integrating conservation and University of Swansea Patterns of genetic variability during population commerce in Sumatra; Ecology and conservation of the great decline in Iberian Atlantic salmon yellow bumble bee; Restoration and management of bumble bee University of Victoria (Canada) Historical and current determinants habitat in agricultural landscapes; Relatedness and information in of pathogen distribution and prevalence in a multihost and reproductive conflicts in social groups; Multiple mating in topi island system antelopes University of Virginia (USA) Energetic constraints on animal ecology; University of Edinburgh Implications of dog-wildlife co-existence for Ecology and evolution of infectious diseases in mammalian mating conservation and public health and social systems; The effects of spatial scale on population University of Florida (USA) Habitat use of tigers in altered landscapes abundance and dynamics and monitoring cryptic mammals University of Washington (USA) Long-term demography of the Serengeti University of Girona (Spain) Enhancement of sperm cell survival by cheetah population epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells University of Guayaquil (Ecuador) Building capacity and determining Veterinary Laboratories Agency Cetacean strandings investigation; disease threats to endemic Galapagos taxa Epidemiology of poxviruses in squirrels University of Guelph (Canada) Comparative demography of elephants in Veterinary Services Division, Commonwealth of Dominica (Dominica) European zoos and range states Chytridiomycosis emergence in Dominica University of Kent Spatial organisation and disease transmission in black-backed jackal Waikato Institute of Technology (New Zealand) The Hope River Forest University of Kiel (Germany) Post-mortem research feasibility study on Fragmentation Project cetacean ears Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust Revised population viability analysis of University of Kwa-Zulu Natal (South Africa) MHC, parasite loads and Scottish geese mate choice in desert baboons Wildlife Conservation Society (USA) Long-term demography of the University of Las Palmas (Spain) Pathological investigations into gas and Serengeti cheetah population; Developing a National Conservation fat embolism in cetaceans Action Plan for the mammals of Tanzania; Range-wide conservation University of Laval (Canada) Modelling the evolution of salmonid homing planning for cheetah and wild dogs; Investigating human–large University of Leeds Ecology, adaptation and evolution in invasive ants carnivore conflict in Tanzania; Human impacts on carnivore University of Leicester Population genetics and phylogeography of the biodiversity inside and outside protected areas in Tanzania; Jaguar, European bitterling ocelot and mammal prey conservation in Amazonia University of Liverpool Garden Bird Health Initiative; Cetacean Wildlife Institute of India (India) Monitoring tigers, large mammals and strandings investigation human–wildlife conflict in India University of London, University College Coordination of social foragers Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre Garden Bird Health Initiative in patchy environments; Jaguar, ocelot and mammal prey Working Dogs for Conservation (USA) Long-term demography of the conservation in Amazonia; Investigating key determinants of Serengeti cheetah population human-large carnivore conflict in Tanzania; Social and ecological World Pheasant Association Human-driven changes in species' dynamics of the bushmeat trade: commodity chains and geographic ranges and the risk of extinction sustainability; Development of a monitoring and training unit for the World Wildlife Fund Development and implementation of the Living World Heritage Sites of Democratic Republic of Congo; Planet Index; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Demography, life-table strategies and captive management of Wurzburg University (Germany) The evolution of nest-drifting working elephants of Myanmar; Matrix effects on the by workers of the tropical paper wasp metapopulation dynamics of the black and white colobus monkey in the coastal forests of Kenya; Human impacts on carnivore biodiversity inside and outside protected areas in Tanzania University of London, Imperial College Effects of private ecotourism operations on a subsistence fishing community; Economics of wild meat consumption; Energetic constraints on animal ecology; Habitat requirements of Sumatran mammals in human-altered landscapes; Global biodiversity hotspots; Macroecology and macroevolution of mammals; Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in Britain and Europe; Predicting the susceptibilities of species to human disturbances; Historical and current determinants of pathogen distribution and prevalence in a multihost and island system; Sexual selection and extinction in birds: Evaluating dependence on wild foods among the rural poor in Central Africa; Spatial patterns of hunting and sustainability in Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea; Disease susceptibility of three amphibian species; Wildlife management indicators for timber certification in West African forests; Extinction risk and decline in amphibians University of London, Queen Mary and Westfield College Population and immunocompetent genetic variation: a field-based study; Conservation and molecular ecology of Round Island petrels; Epidemiology of poxviruses in squirrels

collaborations 29 Professional affiliations International Foundation for Science Editorial positions Marcus Rowcliffe (Member, Scientific Animal Health Information Specialists Advisory Committee) Animal Conservation (UK and Ireland) International Union for the Study Guy Cowlishaw (Editor); Ann Sylph (Member) of Social Insects Georgina Mace (Member, Advisory Board); Christopher Carbone (Member, ASLIB Biosciences Group Andrew Bourke (Member, WD Hamilton Editorial Board) Ann Sylph (Newsletter Editor) Award Committee) Animal Reproduction Science Bat Conservation Trust, UK IUCN SSC William Holt (Member, Editorial Board) Kate Jones (Trustee) Jonathan Baillie (Coordinator, IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Co-chair, IUCN Behavioral Ecology British Andrology Society Red List Working Group); Peter Bennett Andrew Bourke (Editor-in-Chief) William Holt (Chairman) (Member, Conservation Breeding Biological Reviews British Ecological Society Specialist Group, Ben Collen (Member, Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Editorial Georgina Mace (Vice President) Red List Index Working Group); Andrew Cunningham (Member, Veterinary Board) British Veterinary Zoological Society Specialist Group and Conservation Conservation Science and Practice Becki Lawson (Council Member) Breeding Specialist Group); Sarah Durant book series Bushmeat Working Group (Member, Cat Specialist Group); John Guy Cowlishaw (Series Editor) Guy Cowlishaw (Member); Ewen (Member, Reintroduction Specialist Cryobiology Noëlle Kümpel (Member); Group); Kate Jones (Member, Chiroptera

f William Holt (Member, Editorial Board) Marcus Rowcliffe (Member) Specialist Group); Khyne Mar (Asian n Elephant Specialist Group, Conservation CUP/ ZSL Conservation Biology

f Centre for Ecology and Evolution Breeding Specialist Group and Veterinary book series Jon Bridle (Member, Steering Specialist Group); Anthony Sainsbury Guy Cowlishaw (Series Editor) Committee; Co-editor, CEE Newsletter);

o (Member, Veterinary Specialist a Kate Jones (Member, Steering Group and Conservation Breeding Diseases of Aquatic Organisms

i Committee); Georgina Mace (Member, Specialist Group) Andrew Cunningham (Editorial Board)

t Steering Committee) IUCN SSC Steering Committee EcoHealth

t Cetacean and Turtle Steering Group Georgina Mace (Member) Andrew Cunningham (Member, Editorial s (Biodiversity Action Plan) Board) Paul Jepson (Member) Marine Mammal Society a Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member) Endangered Species Research Charity Archivists and Records Andrew Cunningham (Editor); Marcus Managers Group Mexican Society of Marine Mastozoology Rowcliffe (Editor) t Michael Palmer (Member) Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member, International Advisor, Veterinary Global Ecology and Biogeography Cheetah Conservation Fund Specialist Group) Kate Jones (Editor)

n Sarah Durant (Member, International Insectes Sociaux Scientific Advisory Board) National Science and Engineering Research Council, Canada Andrew Bourke (Member, Editorial e Consortium for Conservation Medicine, William Jordan (Member, College of Board) USA Reviewers) Journal of Zoology

s Andrew Cunningham (Associate); William Jordan (Consultant Editor) Kate Jones (Associate); Natural History Museum London Georgina Mace (Associate) Georgina Mace (Trustee) PLoS Biology e Georgina Mace (Member, Editorial Department for Environment, Food and Natural Environment Research Council Board) Rural Affairs Peter Bennett (Member, Peer Review r Andrew Cunningham (Member, Advisory College); Andrew Bourke (Member, Proceedings of the Royal Society Group on Quality Assurance, Veterinary Peer Review College); William Jordan B: Biological Sciences

p Surveillance Strategy) (Member, Peer Review College); Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Editorial Georgina Mace (Member, Steering Board) Department of Trade and Industry, Committee, Strategy Panel on e Office of Science and Technology Biodiversity) Reproduction Georgina Mace (Member, Steering William Holt (Member, Editorial Board) Committee, review of Science in DEFRA) Nature Conservation Trust, R South Africa Frozen Ark Sarah Durant (Trustee) William Holt (Member, Steering Group); Georgina Mace (Trustee) Royal Society William Holt (Member, International Global Cheetah Forum Fellowships Award Panel); Sarah Durant (Member, Steering Georgina Mace (Trustee) Committee) Student Conference on Conservation HEFCE Science Georgina Mace (Member, Research Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Conference Assessment Exercise 2008; Panel 17 Advisory Committee) Environmental Sciences) The Sheep Trust International Advisory Group for William Holt (Trustee) the Northern Bald Ibis Andrew Cunningham (Committee Zebra Foundation for Veterinary Member) Zoological Education Becki Lawson (Council Member) International Council for Exploration of the Sea Paul Jepson (Member, Study Group on Effects of Sound in the Marine Environment)

International Embryo Transfer Society William Holt (Co-chair, CANDES Regulatory Committee)

30 Abaiger, T., Barbero, J. & Holt, W.V. (2005) Collen, B., Bykova, E., Ling, S., Milner-Gulland, Ewers, R.M. & Cowley, G. (2005) The role of Abstract W4.3: Sperm heterogeneity as revealed E.J. & Purvis, A. (2006) Extinction risk: a sound production in determining dominance in by a new approach of sperm motility function. comparative analysis of central Asian agonistic interactions between male tree wetas Reproduction in Domestic Animals 40: 332. vertebrates. Biodiversity & Conservation (Hemideina crassidens, Orthoptera: 15: 1859–1871. Anostostomatidae). New Zealand Natural Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., Vicente, J., Gortazar, Sciences 30: 11–17. C., Hofle, U., Fernandez-de-Mera, I.G. & Amos, Consuegra, S., Verspoor, E., Knox, D. & de W. (2005) Genetic resistance to bovine Leaniz, C.G. (2005) Asymmetric gene flow and Ewers, R.M. & Didham, R.K. (2006) Confounding tuberculosis in the Iberian wild boar. Molecular the evolutionary maintenance of genetic factors in the detection of species responses to Ecology 14: 3209–3217. diversity in small, peripheral Atlantic salmon habitat fragmentation. Biological Reviews populations. Conservation Genetics 6: 823–842. 81: 117–142. Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., Spraker, T.R., Lyons, E., Melin, S.R., Gulland, F., Delong, R.L. & Amos, W. Cowlishaw, G. (2006) The Greatest of Apes Ewers, R.M. & Didham, R.K. (2006) Continuous (2006) Contrasting effects of heterozygosity on (movie review – King Kong). Science 311: 1714. response functions for quantifying the strength survival and hookworm resistance in California of edge effects. Journal of Applied Ecology sea lion pups. Molecular Ecology 15: 1973–1982. Cunningham, A.A. (2005) A walk on the wild 43: 527–536. side – emerging wildlife diseases. British Arca-Ruibal, B. & Sainsbury A.W. (2005) Medical Journal 331: 1214–1215. Fa, J.E., Seymour, S., Dupain, J., Amin, R., Diseases of Syngnathidae and their treatment Albrechtsen, L. & Macdonald, D. (2006) Getting and control. ZooMed: Bulletin of the British Cunningham, A.A. & Bell, D. (2006) Letter – to grips with the magnitude of exploitation: Veterinary Zoological Society 5: 31–34. Avian influenza in birds and mammals. bushmeat in the Cross-Sanaga rivers region, Veterinary Record 158: 279. Nigeria and Cameroon. Biological Conservation Asakawa, M., Sainsbury, A.W. & Sayers, G. 129: 497–510. (2006) Nematode infestation with Cunningham, A.A., Garner, T.W.J., Aguilar- Heligmosomoides polygyrus in captive common Sanchez, V., Banks, B., Foster, J., Sainsbury, Fenton, A. & Pedersen, A.B. (2005) Community dormice (Muscardinus avellanarius). Veterinary A.W., Perkins, M., Walker, S.F., Hyatt, A.D. & epidemiology framework for classifying disease Record 158: 667–668. Fisher, M.C. (2005) Emergence of amphibian threats. Emerging Infectious Diseases s chytridiomycosis in Britain. Veterinary Record 11: 1815–1821. Barnett, J., Jepson, P. & Lawson, B. (2006) 157: 386–387. Letter – Save the whale? Veterinary Record Fenton, A., Hakalahti, T., Bandilla, M. & Valtonen, 158: 247–248. Daszak, P., Plowright, R., Epstein, J.H., Pulliam, E.T. (2006) The impact of variable hatching rates n J., Abdul Rahman, S., Field, H.E., Jamalludin, A., on parasite control: a model of an aquatic Bell, D., Wilkinson, D. & Cunningham, A.A. Johara, M.Y., Smith, C.S. Olival, K.J., Luby, S., ectoparasite in a Finnish fish farm. Journal of (2005) Wild goose chase? The Parliamentary Halpin, K., Hyatt, A.D., Cunningham, A.A. & the Applied Ecology 43: 660–668. Monitor 133: 56–57. Henipavirus Ecology Research Group (HERG)

o (2006) The emergence of Nipah and Hendra Foster, G., Malnick, H., Lawson, P.A., Kirkwood, Bennett, P.M., Owens, I.P.F., Nussey, D., Garnett, virus: pathogen dynamics across a J., MacGregor, S.K. & Collins, M.D. (2005)

i S.T. & Crowley, G. (2005) Mechanisms of wildlife–livestock–human continuum. In Disease Suttonella ornithocola sp. nov., from birds of extinction in birds: phylogeny, ecology and Ecology – Community Structure and Pathogen the tit families, and emended description of threats. In Phylogeny and Conservation: Dynamics: 186–201. Collinge, S.K. & Ray, C. the genus Suttonella. International Journal of 317–336. Purvis, A., Gittleman, J.L. & Brooks, T. (Eds). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Systematic & Evolutionary Microbiology t (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 55: 2269–2272. Dennis, R.L.H., Shreeve, T.G., Isaac, N.J.B., Roy, Bielby, J., Cunningham, A.A. & Purvis, A. (2006) D.B., Hardy, P.B., Fox, R. & Asher, J. (2006) The Garner, T.W.J. & Gregory, P.T. (2006) Tests of a Taxonomic selectivity in amphibians: ignorance, effects of visual apparency on bias in butterfly aggregative preferences of wandering geography or biology? Animal Conservation 9: recording and monitoring. Biological salamanders (Aneides vagrans). Acta Ethologica 135–143. Conservation 128: 486–492. 9: 43–47. c Boakes, E. & Wang, J. (2005) A simulation study de Merode, E. (2005) Protected areas and Garner, T.W.J. & Larsen, K.W. (2005) Multiple

i on detecting purging in inbreeding depression decentralisation in the Democratic Republic of paternity in the western terrestrial garter snake, in captive populations. Genetical Research 86: Congo: a case for devolving responsibility to Thamnophis elegans. Canadian Journal of 139–148. local institutions. In Rural resources and local Zoology 83: 656–663.

l livelihoods in Africa: 36–58. Homewood, K. Bolton, A., Sumner, S., Shreeves, G., Casiraghi, (Ed.). London: James Currey Publishers. Garner,T.W.J., Walker, S., Bosch, J., Hyatt, A., M. and Field, J. (2006). Colony genetic structure Cunningham, A.A. & Fisher, M.C. (2005) Chytrid in a facultatively eusocial hover wasp. de Merode E & Cowlishaw G (2006) Species fungus in Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases b Behavioral Ecology: doi:10.1093/beheco/arl020 protection, the changing informal economy, and 11: 1639–1641. the politics of access to the bushmeat trade in Bourke, A.F.G. (2005) Genetics, relatedness and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Conservation Griffiths, S.C., Parker, T.H. & Olson, V.A. (2006)

u social behaviour in insect societies. In Insect Biology: doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00425.x Melanin- versus carotenoid-based sexual Evolutionary Ecology: 1–30. Fellowes, M.D.E., signals: is the difference really so black and red? Holloway, G.J. & Rolff, J. (Eds). Wallingford: Dukes, J.P., Deaville, R., Gottelli, D., Neigel, J.E., Animal Behaviour 71: 749–763.

p CABI Publishing. Bruford, M.W. & Jordan, W.C. (2006) Isolation and characterisation of main olfactory and Gurnell, J., Rushton, S.P., Lurz, P.W.W., Brewis, I.A., Moore, H.D., Fraser, L.R., Holt, W.V., vomeronasal receptor gene families from the Sainsbury, A.W., Nettleton, P., Shirley, M.D.F., Baldi, E., Luconi, M., Gadella, B.M., Ford, W.C.L. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Gene 371: Bruemmer, C. & Geddes, N. (2006) Squirrel & Harrison, R.A.P. (2005) Molecular mechanisms 257–267. poxvirus: landscape scale strategies for during sperm capacitation. Human Fertility managing disease threat. Biological 8: 253–261. Duraiappah, A.K., Naeem, S., Agardy, T., Ash, Conservation 131: 287–295. N.J., Cooper, H.D., Díaz, S., Faith, D.P., Mace, G., Bull, J.C., Jepson, P.D., Ssuna, R.K., Deaville, R., McNeely, J.A., Mooney, H.A., Oteng-Yeboah, Hall, A.J., Hugunin, K., Deaville, R., Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R., Law, R.J. & Fenton, A. (2006) The A.A., Pereira, H.M., Polasky, S., Prip, C., Reid, Allchin, C.R. & Jepson, P.D. (2006) The risk of relationship between polychlorinated biphenyls W.V., Samper, C., Schei, P.J., Scholes, R., infection from polychlorinated biphenyl in blubber and levels of nematode infestations Schutyser, F. & van Jaarsveld, A. (2005) exposure in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena in harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity phocoena): A case-control approach. Parasitology 132: 565–573. Synthesis. Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives 114: 704–711. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Bull, J.C., Pickup, N.J., Hassell, M.P. & Bonsall, Halla, A.J., Jepson, P.D., Goodman, S.J. & M.B. (2006) Habitat shape, metapopulation East, T., Kumpel, N.F., Milner-Gulland, E.J. & Harkonen, T. (2006) Phocine distemper virus in processes and the dynamics of multispecies Rowcliffe, J.M. (2005) Determinants of urban the North and European Seas – Data and predator–prey interactions. Journal of Animal bushmeat consumption in Rio Muni, Equatorial models, nature and nurture. Biological Ecology 75: 899–907. Guinea. Biological Conservation 126: 206–215. Conservation 131: 221–229.

Cardillo, M., Mace, G. & Purvis, A. (2005) Ewen, J.G., Surai, P., Stradi, R., Moller, A.P., Harding, K.C., Hansen, B.J.L. & Goodman, S.J. Problems of studying extinction risks - Vittorio, B., Griffiths, R. & Armstrong, D.P. (2006) (2005) Acquired immunity and stochasticity in Response. Science 310: 1277–1278. Carotenoids, colour and conservation in an epidemic intervals impede the evolution of host endangered passerine, the hihi or stitchbird disease resistance. American Naturalist Cardillo, M., Mace, G.M., Jones, K.E., Bielby, J., (Notiomystis cincta). Animal Conservation 166: 722–730. Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P. Sechrest, W., Orme, 9: 229–235. C.D.L. & Purvis, A. (2005) Multiple causes of Härkönen, T., Harding, K.C., Goodman, S.J. & high extinction risk in large mammal species. Ewen, J.G., Thorogood, R., Karadas, F., Pappas, Johannesson, K. (2005) Colonization history of Science 309: 1239–1241. A.C. & Surai, P.F. (2006) Influences of carotenoid the baltic harbor seals: integrating supplementation on the integrated antioxidant archaeological, behavioral, and genetic data. Cardillo, M., Mace, G.M., Gittleman, J.L. & system of a free living endangered passerine, Marine Mammal Science 21: 695–716. Purvis, A. (2006) Latent extinction risk and the the hihi (Notiomystis cincta). Comparative future battlegrounds of mammal conservation. Biochemistry & Physiology 143: 149–154. Härkönen, T., Dietz, R., Reijnders, P., Teilmann, J., Proceedings of the National Academy of Thompson, P., Harding, K., Hall, A., Brasseur, S., Sciences of the United States of America 103: Ewers, R.M. (2005) Letter – Illusory Statistics. Siebert, U., Goodman, S., Jepson, P.D. & Dau 4157–4161. Science 310: 973–974. Rasmussen, T. (2006) The 1988 and 2002 phocine distemper virus epidemics in European harbour Carpenter, A.I. & Robson, O. (2005) A review of Ewers, R.M. (2006) Interaction effects between seals. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms the endemic chameleon genus Brookesia from economic development and forest cover 68: 115–130. Madagascar, and the rationale for its listing on determine deforestation rates. Global CITES Appendix II. Oryx 39: 375–380. Environment Change 16: 161–169.

staff representation / publications 31 Hibbitt, O., Coward, K., Kubota, H., Prathalingham, N., O'Brien, S., Robert, B. & Tiandry, H. (2005) Rose, P. & Clauss, M. (2006) A comparison of husbandry, Holt, W., Kohri, K. & Parrington, J. (2006) In vivo gene Consequences of violating the recapture duration feed intake and cause of death of captive giraffe (Giraffa transfer by electroporation allows expression of a assumption of mark-recapture models: a test using camelopardalis) in the United Kingdom. BIAZA Research fluorescent transgene in hamster testis and epididymal simulated and empirical data from an endangered Symposium. Colchester Zoo, UK. July 2006. sperm and has no adverse effects upon testicular tortoise population. Journal of Applied Ecology integrity or sperm quality. Biology of Reproduction 42: 1096–1104. Rose, P., Hummel, J. & Clauss, M. (2006) Food and 74: 95–101. calculated energy intake in captive giraffe (Giraffa Olson, V.A. (2006) Estimating nutrient intake in camelopardalis) in the UK. European Association of Zoo Holt, W.V. (2005) Debate continued: Is quality assurance comparative studies of animals: an example using & Wildlife Veterinarians (EAZWV) 6th Scientific Meeting. in semen analysis still really necessary? A dietary carotenoid content in birds. Oikos 112: 620–628. Budapest, Hungary. 24–28th May 2006. spermatalogist's viewpoint. Human Reproduction 20: 2983–2986. Olson, V.A. & Owens, I.P.F. (2005) Interspecific variation Ruiz-Garcia, M., Payan, C.E., Murillo, A. & Alvarez, D. in the use of carotenoid-based coloration in birds: diet, (2006) DNA microsatellite characterization of the jaguar Holt, W.V. & Watson, P.F. (2005) Abstract W8.1: The life history and phylogeny. Journal of Evolutionary (Panthera onca) in Colombia. Genes & Genetic Systems diversity and objectives of genetic resource banks. Biology 18: 1534–1546. 81: 115–127. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 40: 334–335. Orme, C.D.L., Davies, R.G., Burgess, M., Eigenbrod, F., Rushton, S.P., Lurz, P.W.W., Gurnell, J., Nettleton, P., Holt, W.V., Elliott, R.M.A., Fazeli, A., Satake, N. & Watson, Pickup, N., Olson, V.A., Webster, A.J., Ding, T., Bruemmer, C., Shirley, M.D.F. & Sainsbury, A.W. (2006) P.F. (2005) Validation of an experimental strategy for Rasmussen, P.C., Ridgely, R.S., Stattersfield, A.J., Disease threats posed by alien species: the role of a studying surface-exposed proteins involved in porcine Bennett, P.M., Blackburn, T.M., Gaston, K.J. & Owens, poxvirus in the decline of the native red squirrel in sperm-oviduct contact interactions. Reproduction, I.P.F. (2005) Global hotspots of species richness are Britain. Epidemiology & Infection 134: 521–533. Fertility & Development 17: 683–692. not congruent with endemism or threat. Nature 436: 1016–1019. Satake, N., Watson, P.F. & Holt, W.V. (2005) Oviductal Holt, W.V., Elliott, R.M.A., Fazeli, A., Sostaric, E., membrane proteins modulate bicarbonate-induced boar Georgiou, A.S., Satake, N., Prathalingam, N. & Watson, Orme, C.D.L., Davies, R.G., Olson, V.A., Thomas, G.H., sperm activation response. Reproduction in Domestic P.F. (2006) Harnessing the biology of the oviduct for the Ross, S.G., Ding, T.-S., Rasmussen, P.C., Ridgley, R.S., Animals 40: 347. benefit of artificial insemination. In Control of Pig Stattersfield, A.J., Bennett, P.M., Blackburn, T.M., Owens, Reproduction VII. Society of Reproduction & Fertility, I.P.F. & Gaston, K.J. (2006) Global patterns of geographic Satake, N., Elliott, R.M.A., Watson, P.F. & Holt, W.V. (2006) Supplement 62: 247–259. Ashworth, C.J. & Kraeling, R.R range size in birds. PLoS Biology 4: 1276–1283. Sperm selection and competition in pigs may be (Eds). Nottingham: Nottingham University Press. mediated by the differential motility activation and Pennycott, T., Lawson, B., Cunningham, A., Simpson, V. suppression of sperm subpopulations within the Hutchinson, O.C. & Cunningham, A.A. (2005) Benefits & Chantrey, J. (2005) Necrotic ingluvitis in wild finches. oviduct. Journal of Experimental Biology 209: and risks in malaria control. Science 310: 49–50. Veterinary Record 157: 360. 1560–1572.

Jones, K.E., Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P. & Gittleman, J.L. Pitnick, S., Jones, K.E. & Wilkinson, G.S. (2006) Mating Sumner, S., Pereboom, J.J.M. & Jordan, W.C. (2006) (2005) Bats, clocks, and rocks: diversification patterns in system and brain size in bats. Proceedings of the Royal Differential gene expression and phenotypic plasticity in Chiroptera. Evolution 59: 2243–2255. Society of London Series B 273: 719–724. behavioural castes of the primitively eusocial wasp, Polistes canadensis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Jones, K.E., Sechrest, W. & Gittleman, J.L. (2005) Age Polaszek, A., Agosti, D., Alonso-Zarazaga, M., Beccaloni, London Series B 273: 19–26. and area revisited: identifying global patterns and G., de Place Bjorn, P., Bouchet, P., Brothers, D.J., Earl of implications for conservation. In Phylogeny and Cranbrook, Evenhuis, N., Godfray, H.C.J., Johnson, N.F., Swan, G., Cuthbert, R.J., Quevedo, M., Green, R.E., Pain, Conservation: 141–165. Purvis, A., Gittleman, J.L. & Krell, F.-T., Lipscomb, D., Lyal, C.H.C., Mace, G.M., D., Bartels, P., Cunningham, A.A., Duncan, N., Meharg, Brooks, T. (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mawatari, S., Miller, S.E., Minelli, A., Morris, S., Ng, A., Oaks, J.L., Parry-Jones, J., Shultz, S., Taggart, M., P.K.L., Patterson, D.J., Pyle, R.L., Robinson, N., Rogo, L., Verdoorn, G. & Wolter, K. (2006) Toxicity of diclofenac to Jordan, W.C., Cross, T.F., Crozier, W.W., Ferguson, A., Taverne, J., Thompson, F.C., van Tol, J., Wheeler, Q.D. & Gyps vultures. Biology Letters 2: 279–282. Galvin, P., Hurrell, R.H., McGinnity, P., Martin, S.A.M., Wilson, E.O. (2005) A universal register for animal Moffett, I.J.J., Price, D.J., Youngson, A.F. & Verspoor, E. names. Nature 437: 477. Turvey, S.T. & Risley, C.L. (2006) Modelling the extinction (2005) Allozyme variation in Atlantic salmon from the of Steller's sea cow. Biology Letters 2: 94–97. British Isles: associations with geography and the Prathalingam, N.S., Holt, W.V., Revell, S.G., Jones, S. & environment. Journal of Fish Biology 67: 146–168. Watson, P.F. (2005) Dilution of spermatozoa results Verspoor, E., Beardmore, J.A., Consuegra, S., Garcia de in improved viability following a 24 h storage period Leaniz, C., Hindar, K., Jordan, W.C., Koljonen, M.-L., Kirkwood, J.K., Macgregor, S.K., Malnick, H. & Foster, G. but decreased acrosome integrity following Mahkrov, A.A., Paaver, T., Sanchez, J.A., Skaala, O., Titov, (2006) Unusual mortality incidents in tit species (family cryopreservation. Animal Reproduction Science S. & Cross, T.F. (2005) Population structure in the Atlantic Paridae) associated with the novel bacterium Suttonella 91: 11–22. salmon: insights from 40 years of research into genetic ornithocola. Veterinary Record 158: 203–205. protein variation. Journal of Fish Biology 67 Prathalingam, N.S., Holt, W.V., Revell, S.G., Jones, S. & (Supplement A): 3–54. Kuiken, T., Kennedy, S., Barrett, T., Van de Bildt, M.W.G., Watson, P.F. (2005) The effect of oviductal apical plasma Borgsteede, F.H., Brew, S.D., Codd, G.A., Duck, C., membrane proteins dervied from parts of the oviduct Wandeler, P. & Funk, S.M. (2006) Short microsatellite Deaville, R., Eybatov, T., Forsyth, M.A., Foster, G., Jepson, on sperm viability. Reproduction in Domestic Animals DNA markers for the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Molecular P.D., Kydyrmanov, A., Mitrofanov, I., Ward, C.J., Wilson, 40: 383. Ecology Notes 6: 98–100. S. & Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. (2006) The 2000 canine distemper epidemic in Caspian seals (Phoca caspica): Prathalingam, N.S., Holt, W.V., Revell, S.G., Jones, S. & Wang, J. (2005) Estimation of effective population sizes Pathology & analysis of contributory factors. Veterinary Watson, P.E. (2006) The precision and accuracy of six from data on genetic markers. Philosophical Pathology 43: 321–338. different methods to determine sperm concentration. Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Journal of Andrology 27: 257–262. 360: 1395–1409. Lawson, B. (2005) Book review - The Mycotoxin Blue Book. Animal Welfare 15: 80–81. Purvis, A., Cardillo, M., Grenyer, R. & Collen, B. (2005) Wardhaugh, C.W., Blakely, T.J., Greig, H., Morris, P.D., Correlates of extinction risk: phylogeny, biology, threat Barnden, A., Rickard, S., Atkinson, B., Fagan, L.L., Ewers, Lawson, B., Garriga, R. & Galdikas, B.M.F. (2006) and scale. In Phylogeny and Conservation: 295–316. R.M. & Didham, R.K. (2006) Vertical stratification in the Airsacculitis in fourteen juvenile southern Bornean Purvis, A., Gittleman, J.L. & Brooks, T. (Eds). Cambridge: spatial distribution of the beech scale insect orangutans (Pongo pymaeus wurmbii). Journal of Cambridge University Press. (Ultracoelostoma assimile) in Nothofagus tree canapies Medical Primatology 35: 149–154. in New Zealand. Ecological Entomology 31: 185–195. Regan, T.J., Burgman, M.A., McCarthy, M.A., Master, L.L., Lawson, B., Macdonald, S., Howard, T., Macgregor, S.K. Keith, D.A., Mace, G.M. & Andelman, S.J. (2005) The Whiteman, N.K., Goodman, S.J., Sinclair, B.J., Walsh, T., & Cunningham, A.A. (2006) Exposure of garden birds to consistency of extinction risk classification protocols. Cunningham, A.A., Kramer, L.D. & Parker, P.G. (2005) aflatoxins in Britain. Science of the Total Environment Conservation Biology 19: 1969–1977. Establishment of the avian disease vector Culex 361: 124–131. quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) on the Ricketts, T.H., Dinerstein, E., Boucher, T., Brooks, T.M., Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Ibis 147: 844–847. Mace, G.M. (2005) The current status of global Butchart, S.H.M., Hoffmann, M., Lamoreux, J.F., biodiversity. Proceedings of The International Morrison, J., Parr, M., Pilgrim, J.D., Rodrigues, A.S.L., Yuan, W.W., Fortey, R.A. & Turvey, S.T. (2006) Ontogeny Conference 'Biodiversity: Science & Governance': 74–78. Sechrest, W., Wallace, G.E., Berlin, K., Bielby, J., Burgess, and relationships of the trilobite Pseudopetigurus prantl J.-P. Le Duc (Ed.). N.D., Church, D.R., Cox, N., Knox, D., Loucks, C., Luck, and pribyl. Palaeontology 49: 537–546. G.W., Master, L.L., Moore, R., Naidoo, R., Ridgely, R., Mar, K.U. (2006) Veterinary problems of geographical Schatz, G.E., Shire, G., Strand, H., Wettengel, W. & concern. Section 7. Myanmar. In Elephant Biology, Wikramanayake, E. (2005) Pinpointing and preventing Medicine and Surgery: 460–465. Fowler, M.E. & Mikota, imminent extinctions. Proceedings of the National S.K. (Eds). Iowa, USA: Blackwell Publishing. Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102: 18497–18501. McClean, R., MacCallum, C., Blyde, D., Holt, W.V. & Johnston, S.D. (2006) Ultrastructure, osmotic tolerance, Rogers, A.D., Morley, S., Fitzcharles, E., Jarvis, K. & glycerol toxicity and cryopreservation of caput and Belchier, M. (2006) Genetic structure of Patagonian cauda epididymidal kangaroo spermatazoa. toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) populations on the Reproduction, Fertility & Development 18: 469–476. Patagonian shelf and Atlantic and Western Indian Ocean Sectors of the Southern Ocean. Marine Biology McInnes, C.J., Wood, A.R., Coulter, L., Sainsbury, A.W., 149: 915–924. Schmidt, S. & Nettleton, P. (2006) Squirrelpox virus - an update on the genome and the current status of the red Rommel, S.A., Costidis, A.M., Fernandez, A., Jepson, squirrel in the UK. FASEB Summer Research Conferences; P.D., Pabst, A., McLellan, W., Houser, D.S., Cranford, T., Poxviruses. Indian Wells, California, USA. 2006. van Helden, A., Allen, D. & Barrows, N. (2006) Elements of beaked whale anatomy and diving physiology, and O'Brien, S., Robert, B. & Tiandray, H. 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32 publications Institute of Zoology mission: To identify, undertake, and communicate PhD Theses © 2006 The Zoological Society of London. Registered charity no. 208728 high-quality research to benefit the conservation Anderson, J. (2005) Evaluating incentives for the sustainable hunting of bushmeat. University College of animal species and their habitats. London, UK. Boakes, E. (2005) An investigation of inbreeding Edited by Linda DaVolls depression and purging in captive populations. Design by newlevel.co.uk University of Cambridge, UK. All rights are reserved, no part of this publication Collen, B. (2005) Mammalian diversity patterns: effects of bias and scale. Imperial College London, UK. may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, Devas, F. (2005) The influence of social relationships on electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, foraging success in chacma baboons (Papio ursinus). University of Cambridge, UK. without prior permission of the publisher.

MSc Theses (Wild Animal Biology) Awarded by University of London, UK

Harris, K. (2005) Alloparenting, behavioural patterns and preferred social partners of mothers and infants in captive chimpanzees. i .

t Lopez-Jimenez, L. (2005) Patterns of prospecting d s

e behaviour in juvenile Egyptian vultures. t e y n u e q IoZ objective 1 IoZ objective 2 IoZ objective 3 Morgan, K. (2005) Microsatellite analysis of inbreeding e r m levels in poxvirus infected and non-infected red squirrels. e l n To undertake relevant, To anticipate and respond to To communicate outcomes and results to p o g high-quality biological research conservation research priorities scientists, conservation practitioners and

m Perrett, E. (2005) An investigation into the nutrition of e i l

b and research training identified by conservation the wider community captive hyacinth macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) e a l b i organisations relative to health using empirical methods. a e o } v t

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a IoZ HEFCE funded programme Westbury, A. (2005) An evaluation of the nutritional r w t a publications see page 6: adequacy of gorilla diets in EEP facilities.

s Activities n i We undertake research and research training. Current themes are: e y h

t • Biodiversity and macroecology see page 10 a MSc Theses (Wild Animal Health) f w r • Population and community ecology see page 12 • Conservation biology book series o Awarded by University of London, UK

e published with CUP

n • Behavioural and evolutionary ecology see page 14 h o t i • Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability see page 16 Chuei, J. (2005) Restoration of reproductive potential s d r t • Wildlife epidemiology see page 18 • Journal of Zoology and Animal n following expiration or removal of melengestrol acetate e a v • Reproductive biology see page 20 Conservation conraceptive implants in tigers (Panthera tigris). , l l y

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s in Woodchester Park, south west England: s r Science Plan. The major topics:

o a coprological study. h t • Biannual international symposia

c (a) Biodiversity patterns and processes see page 2 a r r

a on topical themes in conservation o How can we explain and model biological diversity at a range of spatial, Hewitt, S. (2005) Disease prevalence in captive western e b h

s temporal and biological scales? biology lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the United a l e l

r (b) People and the environment in a changing world see page 2 Kingdom and Ireland (1896–2005). o r c • Technical publications to support

u How can we manage wild species and habitats sustainably alongside d

o Horton, D. (2005). Caribbean chytrid: the threat posed c best practice in zoos (International

n human population growth and development? f

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s (Leptodactylus fallax) and other amphibians endemic s r

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s with ZSL We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s Conservation Kent, J. (2005) Prevalance of simian retroviral infections, p a Programmes see page 22: series published with Blackwell simian T lymphotropic virus (STLV) and simian r n i u immunodeficiency virus (SIV cpz) in a colony of a • Bushmeat and forests a o captive chimpanzees, (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)

m • Carnivores and people h

t in Uganda. i

e • Deserts and rangeland e h w t • Marine and freshwater Kilgallon, C.P. (2005) A cross sectional analysis of s • UK native species

e two serum markers of bone formation and one serum s s i • Island ecosystems marker of bone resorption in asian elephants r

a (Elephas maximus).

m We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s living e m Killick, R. (2005) The presence of mycotoxins in wild bird

u animal collection:

s food exposed to UK climatic conditions. • Animal health and welfare research (cover) e l • Reproductive monitoring As human pressures increase, the b Masters, N. (2005) Perioperative and anaesthetic related r a distributions of threatened species, such t mortality risks in great apes (Hominidae) in zoological s

i collections in the UK and Ireland. as cheetahs, are becoming increasingly h }

T fragmented, until they survive only in We maintain and develop Our research is influenced by We contribute to the Tropical Millins, C. (2005) Assessment of thyroid gland with meta-populations made up of many morphology in relation to accumulated levels of z Cambridge research links with Zoology and organisations in the Cambridge Biology Association programme and persistent environmental pollutants in the Eurasian otter. small sub-populations. Understanding University other relevant departments Conservation Forum Cambridge Student Conference the dynamics and genetics of these Molenaar, F. (2005) Assessing iron storage disease in meta-populations is key to the long-term black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis): reference ranges o with institutions We maintain and develop Our research is influenced by Our meetings facilities and for iron levels and biochemistry. conservation of these species in London research links with academic London-based conservation issues programme of talks communicate science i bodies, especially the Centre for and conservation Obon Losada, E. (2005) Prevalence of west Nile virus Ecology and Evolution antibodies in captive and wild birds from the United Kingdom. We run MSc courses in Wild Provan, H. (2005) The condition scoring of stranded Animal Health and Wild Animal cetaceans using direct and indirect techniques. Biology with the Royal Veterinary College see page 25 Wijesinghe, C.G. (2005) Reproductive endocrine profiles of the Sri Lankan rusty-spotted cat (Prionailurus rubiginosus phillipsi) assessed by fecal estrogen, with other Collaboration with most relevant Research questions are influenced Our meetings facilities and progesterone and testosterone metaboliten. organisations outside bodies for our core by our formal links with the programme of talks communicate science Zachariah, A. (2005) Evidence of Leptospira interrogans research interests see page 28 Wildlife Conservation Society and and conservation infection in the phocid species of United Kingdom. English Nature S

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