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Europe the British Isles Freemasonry Universal, vol 2 EUROPE Section 1 THE BRITISH ISLES An Overview In this book, the phrase ‘the British Isles’ is used to include the Republic of Ireland, the ‘six counties’ of Northern Ireland, Scotland, England and Wales, and the islands adjacent to these, including the Channel Islands. No political statement is intended by this, merely geographical convenience, in order to group together the Masonic jurisdictions so encompassed. The British Isles possess three Grand Lodges—those of England (and Wales), Ireland, and Scotland—that are the epitome of ‘regularity’ for mainstream Grand Lodges. The formation of a Grand Lodge in London in 1717 provided the impetus for Masons in Ireland and Scotland to form Grand Lodges also, and these three are collectively referred to as the ‘home’ Grand Lodges. All three have been extremely active in warranting lodges outside their immediate geographical locations. Indeed, they have, directly or indirectly, been the source of all other Grand Lodges in the world. In this sense, all Freemasonry is descended from the British Isles. Even today, they have lodges on every continent. The spread of English, Irish and Scottish Masonry was largely the result of British colonialism, and in particular the vast expansion of the British Empire in the nineteenth century. While this Empire has now vanished, many of the lodges it spawned have remained. The matter of jurisdiction in this respect is an interesting one. It is universally accepted amongst mainstream Grand Lodges that one’s geographical jurisdiction is Masonically inviolable. This arose from the ‘International Compact’ of 1814 when the three home Grand Lodges agreed not to erect lodges on each other’s territory. They also agreed that in areas where there was no Grand Lodge, each was free to warrant lodges as they chose. Thus, for example, no mainstream foreign Grand Lodge would ever attempt to erect a lodge in, say, England. However, it is generally equally accepted that where a country or area has no ‘regular’ Grand Lodge, this is ‘open territory’—at least until a new and acceptable Grand Lodge is formed therein. Equally, when a new Grand Lodge is formed it is customary to allow any existing lodges that wish to maintain their current allegiance to do so. Thus, a few lodges still exist in places such as Australia, Canada, and New Zealand—where there have been indigenous mainstream Grand Lodges for a century or more—which remain under their original Grand Lodges. Technically, most of Asia and Africa fall into the category of ‘open territory’. Nevertheless, for the historical reasons just mentioned, it is uncommon to find these open territories possessing lodges other than English, Irish or Scottish—although there are a growing list of exceptions, notably in French-speaking Africa. Overseas lodges chartered from the British Isles are dealt with elsewhere under appropriate headings. The following discussion concerning Masonry under the home Grand Lodges applies only to English, Irish and Scottish Masonry in the British Isles itself. Nonetheless, English, Irish and Scottish Masonry tends to be very similar whether it is located in the British Isles or in foreign parts. In some cases, a few minor differences have arisen in overseas lodge practices—the relative remoteness of various lodges from ‘home’ providing the explanation for this. Another reason is the effect of multiple memberships where lodges of differing Constitutions exist, even meeting in the same halls. On occasions, this has led, in some areas, to variations in style and working. All three home Grand Lodges organise themselves with intermediate administrative structures, without reducing Grand Lodge sovereignty. All possess what are termed Provincial or District Grand Lodges. For England and Scotland, lodges inside their geographical jurisdictions are placed in Provinces, whilst those copyright © 1998, 2000, 2016 Kent William Henderson & Anthony Ronald Francis Pope Freemasonry Universal, v2 EUROPE page 2 overseas are placed in Districts. For Ireland, the term Province is used, regardless of whether the administrative unit is inside or outside Ireland. A Provincial (or District) Grand Lodge has fairly wide administrative powers within its own area. Most lodges are placed into a Province or District. The exceptions to this are London lodges, in the case of England, which are now administered by an organisation separate from that of Grand Lodge, and lodges that are geographically isolated. Generally, a Province or District requires several lodges, at least, before it can be formed. Overseas areas with some lodges, but not quite enough to form a full District, are often placed under a Grand Inspector (in the case of England or Ireland) or a Grand Superintendent (in the case of Scotland) until Masonic growth has become sufficient for a District or Provincial Grand Lodge to be established. Overseas lodges without near neighbouring lodges under the same constitution are generally governed directly by the applicable Grand Lodge. A Provincial (or District) Grand Lodge functions in an analogous way to its actual Grand Lodge. A Provincial or District Grand Master and Grand Officers are appointed (or elected, as applicable) and these bodies meet—generally on an annual basis. A Provincial, or District, Grand Master has a fair range of Masonic powers within this own province. It is not difficult to appreciate that the relative size of the three home Grand Lodges has historically made these intermediate tiers of Masonic government necessary, and the system works well. Nonetheless, it must be noted that the applicable Grand Lodge in each case is completely sovereign, and Provinces and Districts can in no way be seen as Grand Lodges in their own right. The last point to be made in this overview is that of the titles of lodges. Lodges under England, for the most part, place the word ‘Lodge’ last in their name, whereas the Scottish usually place it first. For example, assume that a lodge is called ‘Friendship’: under England, it would likely be styled ‘Friendship Lodge’, whereas under Scotland it would probably be called ‘Lodge Friendship’. A minority of Irish lodges (mostly in Northern Ireland) carry no name, but are known only by number. Where this occurs the word Lodge is always placed first (for example: Lodge No 500). For named Irish lodges, some use the Scottish system, while others follow the usual English practice, there being no great preference either way. copyright © 1998, 2000, 2016 Kent William Henderson & Anthony Ronald Francis Pope Freemasonry Universal, v2 EUROPE page 3 ENGLAND AND WALES A United Grand Lodge of Antient, Free and Accepted Masons of England Founded: 1717. Descent: Early Operative (?) Address: Freemasons’ Hall, Great Queen Street, London, WC2B 5AZ. Telephone: (44 71) 831 9811. Fax: (44 71) 831 6021. Email: <[email protected]>. Website: <http://www.grand-lodge.com>. Lodges: 8651. Membership: 326,659. Ritual: Various English. Publications: Constitutions, Masonic Year Book, Proceedings. History England possesses the oldest and largest Masonic jurisdiction in the world. It is also the most widely diffused, and probably the most diverse. It is therefore essential that English Freemasonry be examined at length. The premier Grand Lodge was formed in 1717 by four existing lodges then meeting at various London taverns, with Anthony Sayer as first Grand Master. The earliest years of the English Grand Lodge era proved far from harmonious, and the eighteenth century saw six Grand Lodges emerging at various times to claim jurisdiction over England or part of it; in some cases as a result of schism. However, only two of these Grand Lodges persisted with any substantial following. These were the premier Grand Lodge of England (often referred to as the ‘Moderns’ Grand Lodge, or Moderns), and the Antients or Atholl Grand Lodge (usually referred to as the Antients). From its very beginnings, the Moderns Grand Lodge was not particularly well organised or efficient and, according to its opponents, it introduced unacceptable changes in ritual and customs (hence the Moderns tag). Certainly, it would appear that some members were less than satisfied with its administration of the Craft. In 1751, the Antients Grand Lodge was formed. It was established originally by lodges not belonging to the Grand Lodge of England and had a distinctly Irish influence—and subsequently many Masons came to range under it. Both these Grand Lodges developed and expanded membership over succeeding years, quite independently of each other. The Grand Lodges were rivals, often bitter rivals, and each considered the other to be ‘irregular’. Generally, the premier Grand Lodge tended to attract more ‘upper class’ members, while the Antients appeared to have a far broader membership base. In terms of organisation, the Antients, unlike the Moderns, widely practised the Royal Arch degree; and to some extent the ‘Chair degree of Installed Master’. A fair number of differences in practice developed between the two Grand Lodges. However, except at an official level, ordinary Masons were not overly interested in this rivalry, and the bulk of membership on both sides either completely ignored these divergences or paid little heed to them, some Masons even having dual membership. In most places, the rapid expansion of the Craft and the passing of time saw these old discords largely disappear. Newer members on both sides had no understanding of the issues involved, and even less interest in them. The pressure for union increased, and the chance of such an occurrence was greatly enhanced upon the election of the Duke of Sussex as Grand Master of the Moderns, and his brother the Duke of Kent as Grand Master of the Antients. Joint committees of the two Grand Lodges met and overcame remaining problems, and a union was happily effected in 1813. The title United Grand Lodge of England was adopted and the Duke of Sussex became its first Grand Master.
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