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Zehn Jahre Sonderverwaltungsregion Macau: Chinas Glücksspielparadies Liu, Jen-Kai www.ssoar.info Zehn Jahre Sonderverwaltungsregion Macau: Chinas Glücksspielparadies Liu, Jen-Kai Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Arbeitspapier / working paper Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Liu, J.-K. (2010). Zehn Jahre Sonderverwaltungsregion Macau: Chinas Glücksspielparadies. (GIGA Focus Asien, 2). Hamburg: GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies - Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien, Institut für Asien-Studien. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-275690 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de Nummer 2 2010 ISSN 1862-359X Zehn Jahre Sonderverwaltungsregion Macau: Chinas Glücksspielparadies Liu Jen­Kai Am 20. Dezember 2009 feierte Macau den 10. Jahrestag der Gründung der Sonder ver­ waltungsregion (SVR). In Anwesenheit des Staatspräsidenten der Volksrepublik (VR) China, Hu Jintao, wurden der neue Regierungschef Fernando Chui Sai On (Cui Shi’an) und die neue Regierung vereidigt. Analyse Die SVR Macau hat dank seines Status als einzige Region in „Greater China“, in der das Glücksspiel erlaubt ist, einen beispiellosen wirtschaft lichen Aufschwung erfahren. Die einseitige Ausrichtung auf den Glücksspieltourismus birgt aber in Zeiten globaler oder regionaler Krisen große Risiken. Wachsende Einkommensdisparitäten, mangelnde Transparenz in Regierung und Verwaltung, Korruption, wachsender Import auswärti­ ger Arbeiter, mangelhaft e Verkehrsinfrastruktur und Umweltverschmutzung haben zu Unmut unter der Bevölkerung geführt. �ie neue Regierung muss endlich die auch von Beij ing angemahnte �iversifi zierung der Wirtschaft angehen und politische, wirtschaft ­ liche und administrative Reformen durchsetzen. Die neu ernannte Regierung ist im Wesentlichen die alte. Auch der neue Re gie rungs­ chef Fernando Chui entstammt wie sein Vorgänger Edmund Ho einer der reichsten Familien Macaus. �s gibt keine allgemeinen Wahlen. �er Regierungschef wird von einem 300­köpfi ­ gen Wahlkomitee gewählt, und von den 29 Mitgliedern der Legislativversamm lung werden nur zwölf direkt gewählt. Macau hat dank des Glücksspieltourismus eine Art Wirtschaft swunder erlebt. Beij ing verfolgt nun das Ziel, Macau stärker in den südchinesischen Wirtschaft sraum mit der �rovinz Guangdong und der SVR Hongkong einzubinden. Schlagwörter: Macau, Wahlen, Fernando Chui, Glücksspieltourismus www.giga-hamburg.de/giga-focus 1. Einleitung Er wird anschließend vom Staatsrat der VR China offiziell ernannt. �ieser ernennt auf Vorschlag des Die ehemalige portugiesische Kolonie Macau, der Regierungschefs auch die acht höchsten Beamten älteste europäische Stützpunkt in Asien, war in der der SVRM, den �räsidenten des Rechnungshofes Nacht vom 19. auf den 20. Dezember 1999 an die und den Generalstaatsanwalt. VR China zurückgegeben worden. Das „chinesische Der neue Regierungschef Macaus, Fernando Territorium unter portugiesischer Verwaltung“ ver­ Chui, stammt wie sein Vorgänger Edmund Ho aus wandelte sich in die Sonderverwaltungsregion Ma­ einer der wenigen herrschenden Clans in Macau. cau (SVRM), und das Grundgesetz – „Macaus Mini­ Seine Familie hat in Macau vielfältige Geschäftsinte­ Verfassung“ – trat in Kraft. Nach dem Modell Hon­ ressen in Immobilien, im Baugewerbe und im Tou­ gkongs1 sollte die SVR Macau den Leitlinien „Ein rismus. Chui war bis zum Mai 2009 Sekretär für so­ Land, zwei Systeme“, „Macauer regieren Macau“ ziale und kulturelle Angelegenheiten gewesen, als und „ein hohes Maß an Autonomie“ (auf 50 Jahre er das Amt wegen seiner Kandidatur niederlegte. Er garantiert) folgen. ���ie ��������������ortugiesen ha��en ����nde ���1999� war der einzige Kandidat für den �osten. Fernando “an inefficient, incompetent and many would say Chui wurde im Juli 2009 zum Nachfolger von Ed­ corrupted bureaucracy to the Special Administra­ mund Ho gewählt, der sich nach zwei Amtszeiten tive Region (SAR) government” (Yee 2001: 37) hin­ nicht zur Wiederwahl hae stellen dürfen. 2�7 Mit­ terlassen. �������������������������Eine strikte Trennung von ����������������olitik und Ver­ glieder waren bei der anonymen Wahl anwesend. waltung war von ihnen – im Gegensatz zu den Bri­ Chui erhielt 282 von 296 abgegebenen Stimmen, 14 ten in Hongkong – nicht verfolgt worden, und nach enthielten sich. Der unabhängige Abgeordnete José ihrer Rückgabe Macaus an China ging das portu­ �ereira Coutinho gab aus �rotest gegen das Wahl­ giesische �atron­Klient­Geflecht in das chinesische system keine Stimme ab. Netzwerk der guanxi (persönliche Beziehungen) Fernando Chui Sai On wurde im Januar 1957 in Ma­ über (Lo 2009: 21). Sonny Lo bezeichnet die SVR cau geboren. Sein Onkel war der �atriot Chui Tak­kei Macau daher als einen “politico­administrative sta­ (1912­2007). Fernando Chui erwarb an der California te”, eine von politischen Führern geleitete mäch­ State University of Sacramento den Bachelorgrad in tige Bürokratie ohne genügende Kontrollen durch Community Health und an der University of Oklaho­ ma seinen Mastergrad in Health Administration und Legislative, politische �arteien, Interessengruppen, den Doktortitel in �ublic Health. Er war Vorsitzender Bürger und Massenmedien und irgendwo zwischen zahlreicher Gemeindeorganisationen in Macau und demokratischen und autoritären Staaten angesiedelt Mitglied des Exekutivkomitees des Nationalen Jugend­ (Lo 2009: 20). Im Jahr 2009 erlebte die SVRM neben verbands der VR China. Im August 1999 wurde er zum Minister für soziale und kulturelle Angelegenheiten er­ den Feiern zum 10. Jahrestag ihrer Gründung auch nannt und in diesem Amt im Dezember 2004 bestätigt. die Wahl des neuen Regierungschefs und der neuen Legislativversammlung. Am 24. November wurden die fünf Sekretäre (= Minister), die Chefs von �olizei und Zoll, der Kommissar für Korruptionsbekämpfung, der �rä­ 2. Ein neuer Regierungschef und eine fast neue sident des Rechnungshofs und der Generalstaats­ Regierung anwalt auf Vorschlag des künftigen eR gierungschefs Fernando Chui vom Staatsrat in Beijing ernannt. Von Allgemeine Wahlen finden im Grundgesetz der den zehn �ersonen wurden sieben in die neue Re­ SVRM keine Erwähnung, während im Basic Law der gierungsmannschaft übernommen. Nicht wiederer­ SVR Hongkong die Wahl des Regierungschefs und nannt wurde überraschenderweise die �räsidentin aller Mitglieder der Legislativversammlung durch des Rechnungshofs, F����������������������������tima Choi Mei Lei,��������� die das allgemeine Wahlen zumindest als ultimatives Ziel Amt seit �rrichtung der SVRM innehae. Choi hae festgeschrieben ist. Nach dem Grundgesetz wird sich durch die �nthüllung der Veruntreuung öffent­ Macaus Regierungschef, dessen Amtszeit fünf Jahre licher Gelder einen Namen gemacht. Berichte des beträgt, von einem repräsentativen 300­köpfigen Rechnungshofs haen z. B. gezeigt, dass das Budget Wahlkomitee (�ersönlichkeiten aus Geschäfts­, politi­ für die Ostasien­Spiele im Jahr 2005 in Macau um schen, kulturellen und religiösen Kreisen) gewählt. 70 �rozent überzogen wurde – sta der geplanten 2 Mrd. M�tc wurden 3,4 Mrd. ausgegeben. Für die 1 �����������������������������������������������������������Die britische Kronkolonie Hongkong war am 1. Juli 1997 nach Spiele war der damalige Sekretär Fernando Chui ver­ der Rückgabe an China in die SVR Hongkong umgewandelt antwortlich. Dieser nannte personelle Wechsel bei worden. GIGA Focus Asien /010 - - einer neuen Regierung „normal“ und leugnete jed­ 3. Die Wahlen der neuen Legislativversammlung weden Zusammenhang zwischen den Berichten des Rechnungshofs und Chois Ablösung (Leung 200�). Am 20. September 2009 fand die Wahl zur 4. Le­��� gislativversammlung sta. Am�� 15.������������������ Oktober begann Die neue Regierung der SVR Macau diese eine neue Vierjahresperiode. Die erste Legis­ Sekretärin für Verwaltung und Justiz: lativversammlung der SVRM hae noch vor der Florinda da Rosa Silva Chan (seit 1999) offiziellen �rrichtung der SVR am 15. Oktober 1999 Sekretär für Wirtschaft und Finanzen: ihre Arbeit aufgenommen. Bei den Wahlen gibt es Tam Pak Yuen (seit 1999) keine individuellen Kandidaten, sondern nur die Sekretär für öffentliche Sicherheit: Listenwahl von Gruppen. Anders als in Hongkong Cheong Kuoc Va (seit 1999) kennt Macau keine �arteien, sondern nur staatsbür­ Sekretär für soziale und kulturelle Angelegenheiten: gerliche Vereinigungen, die als De­facto-Parteien Cheong U, fungieren. Die Legislativversammlung umfasst seit seit 1999 Kommissar für Korruptionsbekämpfung dem Jahr 2005 29 Sitze. Nach Annex II des Grund­ Sekretär für Transport und öffentliche �inrichtungen: gesetzes wurden zwölf Kandidaten direkt gewählt, Lao Si Io (seit 2007) zehn indirekt und sieben vom Regierungschef er­ �olizeichef: nannt. Bei der �irektwahl strien �22 Kandidaten José Porença Ló Branco (seit 1999) von �6 gesellschaftlichen Gruppen (zwei weniger Zollchef: als 2005) um die 12 Sitze. Choi Lai Hang (seit 1999) Von den über �40.000 Bewohnern Macaus lie­ Kommissar für Korruptionsbekämpfung: ßen sich 249.000 registrieren; davon gingen 149.000 Fong Man Chong, �ersonen zur Wahl. Der Wahlkampf dauerte nur
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