Robotics in Genitourinary Surgery Ashok K

Robotics in Genitourinary Surgery Ashok K. Hemal • Mani Menon Editors

Robotics in Genitourinary Surgery

Second Edition Editors Ashok K. Hemal Mani Menon Department of Urology Vattikuti Urology Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center Henry Ford Health System Wake Forest Institute Detroit, MI for Regenerative Medicine USA Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC USA

ISBN 978-3-319-20644-8 ISBN 978-3-319-20645-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20645-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018941125

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature, under the registered company Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface

It has been our privilege and honor to edit the second edition of Robotics in Genitourinary Surgery which comprises 70 chapters, 11 more than its fore- runner. Most of the chapters have been revamped, and many fresh faces have enriched this process. The authors include established pioneers of the field, the busiest practitioners of robotics, and the sharpest innovators of this gen- eration. It also features two seminal urologists who express a warm, witty, and highly personal experience in dealing with prostate cancer. Several new chapters have been added focusing on training, simulators, development of program, innovation in surgery, collaborative quality initiatives, health services research, besides newer techniques of robotic surgeries and newer tools including robots. The editors are eternally grateful to all the individual contributors with their insightful contributions toward this book. Your work is what has made this edition possible. We would also like to appreciate our tireless coaches and cheerleaders. For Hemal and Menon, it has been a labor of love, but labor, nonetheless.

Winston-Salem, NC, USA Ashok K. Hemal Detroit, MI, USA Mani Menon

v Contents

Part I History, Basics, and Development of Program

1 The History of Robotic Surgery �� 3 Michael E. Moran 2 Robotic Instrumentation and Operating Room Setup �� 29 Matthew J. Ziegelmann and Matthew T. Gettman 3 Port Placement in Robotic Urologic Surgery �� 45 Kyle A. Blum and Ketan K. Badani 4 Anesthetic Considerations for Robotic Urologic Surgery �� 59 Michael A. Olympio 5 Robotic Urologic Surgery: How to Make an Effective Robotic Program �� 77 Firas Abdollah, Tarun Jindal, and Craig Rogers 6 Laparoscopy Versus Robotics: Ergonomics—Does It Matter? �� 83 Theodoros Tokas, Ali Serdar Gözen, Jan Klein, Alexandra Tschada, Thomas Frede, Dogu Teber, and Jens Rassweiler 7 The Robotic Patient-Side Assistant �� 109 Phillip Mucksavage and Daniel D. Eun 8 Training of Operating Room Technician and Nurses in Robotic Surgery �� 121 Stacey Dusik-Fenton and James O. Peabody 9 Robotic Urologic Surgery: How to Make an Effective Robotic Program—A European Perspective �� 129 Paolo Umari, Giorgio Gandaglia, Nicola Fossati, Alessandro Volpe, Ruben De Groote, and Alexandre Mottrie 10 My Prostate Cancer: Patient’s Perspective �� 141 John M. Barry 11 Treater to Target: A Urologist’s Personal Experience with Prostate Cancer �� 149 Paul F. Schellhammer

vii viii Contents

Part II Training, Credentialing and Research

12 Training in Robotic Urologic Surgery �� 163 Michael D. Weintraub, Steven V. Kheyfets, and Chandru P. Sundaram 13 Animal Laboratory Training: Current Status and How Essential Is It? �� 175 Spencer Craven and Alvin C. Goh 14 Impact of Virtual Reality Simulator in Training of Robotic Surgery �� 183 Hana Yokoi, Jian Chen, Mihir M. Desai, and Andrew J. Hung 15 Credentialing and Hospital Privileging for Robotic Urological Surgery �� 203 Alexander G. Van Hoof and David M. Albala 16 Innovation in Surgery: Idea, Development, Assessment, Exploration, and Long-Term Monitoring (IDEAL) Guidelines �� 217 Vikram Narayan, Giulia Ippolito Lane, and Philipp Dahm 17 Collaborative Quality Initiatives �� 225 Amy N. Luckenbaugh, Khurshid R. Ghani, and David C. Miller 18 Health Services Research and Robotic Surgery �� 235 Alexander P. Cole, David F. Friedlander, and Quoc-Dien Trinh

Part III Prostate

19 Development of the Vattikuti Institute Prostatectomy: Historical Perspective and Technical Nuances �� 255 Firas Abdollah, Deepansh Dalela, and Mani Menon 20 Nerve Sparing Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Assessment of Clinical and Technical Factors Impacting Recovery of Sexual Function �� 275 Kamaljot S. Kaler, Simone Vernez, Douglas Skarecky, and Thomas E. Ahlering 21 Extraperitoneal Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Simulating the Gold Standard �� 289 Ahmed Ghazi and Jean Joseph 22 Retzius-Sparing Approach for Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy �� 299 Antonio Galfano, Silvia Secco, Dario Di Trapani, Giovanni Petralia, Elena Strada, and Aldo Massimo Bocciardi 23 Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Prostate Cancer and Nomograms �� 317 Emanuele Zaffuto, Giorgio Gandaglia, Nicola Fossati, Francesco Montorsi, and Alberto Briganti Contents ix

24 Current Concepts in Cavernosal Neural Anatomy and Imaging and Their Implications for Nerve-Sparing Radical Prostatectomy �� 331 Daniel Sagalovich, Thomas Bessede, and Ashutosh K. Tewari 25 Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy for Large Glands and Median Lobe �� 353 Weil Lai, Uğur Boylu, and Raju Thomas 26 Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy in Patients with Clinically High-Risk Prostate Cancer �� 363 Malte W. Vetterlein, Mani Menon, and Firas Abdollah 27 Techniques to Improve Urinary Continence Following Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy �� 375 Mona Yezdani, Pierre Mendoza, Saurabh Sharma, and David I. Lee 28 Techniques to Improve Sexual Function Following Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy �� 401 Nicola Fossati, Alberto Briganti, Giorgio Gandaglia, Alexandre Mottrie, and Francesco Montorsi 29 Functional and Oncological Outcomes of Robotic Radical Prostatectomy �� 409 Tarun Jindal, Firas Abdollah, Deepansh Dalela, and Mani Menon 30 Technical Modifications for Salvage and Complex Radical Prostatectomy �� 427 Hariharan Palayapalayam Ganapathi, Gabriel Ogaya-Pinies, Eduardo Hernandez, Rafael Coelho, and Vipul R. Patel 31 Robot-assisted Simple Prostatectomy �� 443 Giacomo Novara, Alessandro Morlacco, Riccardo Autorino, and Alexandre Mottrie 32 Robot-Assisted Simple Prostatectomy �� 451 Daniel Melecchi Freitas, Nariman Ahmadi, Sameer Chopra, and Monish Aron 33 Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: A Prostate Surgeon’s Perspective �� 463 Hao G. Nguyen, Cole Davis, Helena Chang, and Peter R. Carroll 34 Robotic Radical Prostatectomy: Margins Positivity and Implications on Cancer Control �� 471 Shay Golan, Vignesh Packiam, and Arieh L. Shalhav 35 Laparoscopy or Robotic Radical Prostatectomy: Pros and Cons �� 487 Claude Abbou and Leticia Ruiz 36 Complications of Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy �� 493 Russell S. Terry, Mohit Gupta, and Li-Ming Su x Contents

Part IV Adrenal, Kidney, and Ureter

37 Robotic-Assisted Adrenalectomy �� 509 Mark W. Ball and Mohamad E. Allaf 38 Robotic or Laparoscopic Renal Surgery: Pros and Cons �� 515 Pieter Uvin, Cedric Leys, Giorgio Gandaglia, Nicola Fossati, Ruben De Groote, and Alexandre Mottrie 39 Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy �� 549 Brian M. Benway, Robert S. Figenshau, and Sam B. Bhayani 40 Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy for Complex Tumors Including IVC Thrombus �� 563 Ronney Abaza 41 Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy for Complex Renal Tumors �� 571 Deepansh Dalela and Craig Rogers 42 Retroperitoneal Approach for Robotic Renal Surgery �� 587 Wooju Jeong, Craig R. Rogers, and Mani Menon 43 Technical and Technological Advances in Robotic Partial Nephrectomy �� 595 Manish N. Patel, Ram A. Pathak, and Ashok K. Hemal 44 Robotic Assisted Radical Nephroureterectomy with Bladder Cuff Excision and Regional Lymphadenectomy �� 605 Manish N. Patel and Ashok K. Hemal 45 Complications in Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy �� 615 Weil R. Lai and Benjamin R. Lee 46 Robot Assisted Pyeloplasty �� 625 Iqbal Singh and Ashok K. Hemal 47 Robotic Surgery for Urolithiasis �� 651 Prabhjot Singh, Rajeev Kumar, and Ashok K. Hemal 48 Robotic Ureteral Reconstruction �� 665 Christopher Reynolds and Ashok K. Hemal 49 Outcomes and Complications of Robotic Kidney Surgery �� 677 Alessandro Crestani, Marta Rossanese, Valeria Lami, Francesco Esperto, Gianluca Giannarini, and Vincenzo Ficarra 50 Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy in Hereditary and Multifocal Kidney Cancer �� 685 Mark W. Ball, Lernik O. Namagerdi, and Adam R. Metwalli

Part V Kidney Transplant

51 Robot-Assisted Kidney Transplantation �� 697 Akshay Sood, Rajesh Ahlawat, Wooju Jeong, Mahendra Bhandari, and Mani Menon Contents xi

Part VI Bladder

52 Anatomic Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy in Male �� 715 Taylor C. Peak and Ashok K. Hemal 53 Robot Assisted Anterior Pelvic Exenteration for Bladder Cancer in Female �� 733 Haidar M. Abdul-Muhsin, Michael E. Woods, and Erik P. Castle 54 Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Extended Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Bladder Cancer �� 743 A. Karim Kader and Zachary A. Hamilton 55 Robot-Assisted Intracorporeal Ileal Conduit Urinary Diversion �� 755 Ahmed Aly Hussein, Youssef E. Ahmed, and Khurshid A. Guru 56 Robot-Assisted Intracorporeal Neobladder and Ileal Conduit Urinary Diversion: Technique, Current Status, and Outcomes �� 765 Justin W. Collins, Abolfazl Hosseini, and N. Peter Wiklund 57 Robotic Radical Cystectomy and Urinary Diversions: Complications and Outcomes �� 779 Jennifer A. Linehan, Michael Tyler, and Timothy G. Wilson 58 Robot-Assisted Partial Cystectomy �� 791 Sam J. Brancato and Piyush K. Agarwal 59 Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy Versus Open Radical Cystectomy �� 797 Vivek Venkatramani and Dipen J. Parekh

Part VII Testis

60 Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection in Testicular Tumor �� 811 James R. Porter

Part VIII Pediatric Urology

61 Robotic Surgery of the Kidney in Children �� 827 Jack S. Elder 62 Robotic Surgery for Vesicoureteral Reflux and Megaureter �� 843 Craig A. Peters 63 Robotic Surgery for Neuropathic Bladder �� 855 Andrew J. Cohen and Mohan S. Gundeti xii Contents

Part IX Female Urology and Infertility

64 Robotic-Assisted Sacrocolpopexy and Surgery for Stress Urinary Incontinence in Females �� 867 Catherine A. Matthews 65 Robotic Repair of Urinary Fistulae �� 879 Joan C. Delto, Ashok K. Hemal, and Akshay Bhandari

Part X Future Perspective

66 Telementoring and Telerobotics in Urology and Use of iPad in Robotic Surgery �� 891 Rick Catterwell, G. Blecher, Zisis Kratiras, and Prokar Dasgupta 67 Robotic Systems in Urological Surgery: Current State and Future Directions �� 901 Wesley W. Ludwig, Shadie Badaan, and Dan Stoianovici 68 Emerging Molecular, Imaging and Technological Advances in the Field of Robotic Surgery �� 909 Smita De, Lara Marie Seltz, and S. Duke Herrell 69 Single-Site Robotic Urologic Surgery: Current Applications and Future Technology �� 927 Daniel Ramirez, Matthew J. Maurice, and Jihad H. Kaouk 70 Newer Robotic Systems in Horizon for Clinical Use �� 935 Ibrahim Alabdulaali and Koon Ho Rha

Index �� 941 Contributors

Ronney Abaza OhioHealth Dublin Methodist Hospital, Dublin, OH, USA Claude Abbou Department of Urology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Creteil, France Firas Abdollah Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics and Evaluation, Vattikuti Institute of Urology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA Haidar M. Abdul-Muhsin Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA Piyush K. Agarwal Bladder Cancer Section, Center for Cancer Research, Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA Rajesh Ahlawat Medanta Vattikuti Institute of Kidney and Urology, Medanta – The Medicity, Gurugram, Haryana, India Thomas E. Ahlering Department of Urology, Irvine Medical Center, University of California, Orange, CA, USA Nariman Ahmadi Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Youssef E. Ahmed Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA David M. Albala Department of Clinical Research, Crouse Hospital, Syracuse, NY, USA Mohamad E. Allaf Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Monish Aron Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Riccardo Autorino Case Western Reserve University Hospital, Urology Institute, Richmond Heights, OH, USA

xiii xiv Contributors

Shadie Badaan URobotics Laboratory, Department of URobotics of the Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA Ketan K. Badani Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA Mark W. Ball Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA John M. Barry Division of Abdominal Organ Transplantation, Department of Urology, Urology and Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University Hospital, Portland, OR, USA Brian M. Benway Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Thomas Bessede Department of Urology, Hopitaux Universtaires Paris Sud, APHP, Le Kremlin Bicetre, France Akshay Bhandari Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA Mahendra Bhandari Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA Sam B. Bhayani Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA G. Blecher Department of Urology, Guys & St. Thomas’ Trust, London, UK Kyle A. Blum Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Aldo Massimo Bocciardi Department of Urology, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy Uğur Boylu Department of Urology, Umraniye Teaching Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey Sam J. Brancato Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA Alberto Briganti Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Urological Research Institute, Milan, Italy Peter R. Carroll Department of Urology, UCSF, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Erik P. Castle Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA R. Catterwell Department of Urology, Guys & St. Thomas’ Trust, London, UK Helena Chang Department of Urology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA Jian Chen Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA Contributors xv

Sameer Chopra Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Rafael Coelho Department of Urology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil Department of Urology, State of Sao Paulo Cancer Institute, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil Department of Urology, Global Robotics Institute at Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Celebration, FL, USA Andrew J. Cohen Pediatrics and Obstetrics/Gynecology, Section of Urology, Comer Children’s Hospital, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA Alexander P. Cole Division of Urological Surgery, Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Justin W. Collins Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (MMK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Spencer Craven Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Alessandro Crestani Urology Unit, Medical Centre Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy Philipp Dahm Cochrane Urology Group, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA Deepansh Dalela Vattikuti Urology Institute and VUI Center for Outcomes Research Analytics and Evaluation, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA Prokar Dasgupta Department of Urology, Urology Center, Kings College London, London, UK Cole Davis Tulsa, OK, USA Smita De Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Institute in Surgery and Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA Joan C. Delto Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA Mihir M. Desai Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA Stacey Dusik-Fenton Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA Jack S. Elder Division of Pediatric Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Francesco Esperto Sant’Andrea Hospital, Urology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy xvi Contributors

Daniel D. Eun Department of Urology, Temple University Hospital, Temple Urology at Center City, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA Vincenzo Ficarra Department of Human and Pediatric Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”, Urologic Section – University of Messina, Messina, Italy Urology Unit, Academic Medical Centre Hospital “Santa Maria della Misericordia”, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, Udine, Italy Robert S. Figenshau Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Nicola Fossati Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Urological Research Institute, Milan, Italy Thomas Frede Department of Urology, Helios-Klinik, Müllheim, Germany Daniel Melecchi Freitas Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA David F. Friedlander Division of Urological Surgery, Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Antonio Galfano Department of Urology, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy Hariharan Palayapalayam Ganapathi Department Center for Urologic Cancer, Global Robotics Institute at Florida Hospital Celebration Health, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Celebration, FL, USA Giorgio Gandaglia Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, URI, Milan, Italy Matthew T. Gettman Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Khurshid R. Ghani Department of Urology, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Ahmed Ghazi Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA Gianluca Giannarini Urology Unit, Medical Centre Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy Alvin C. Goh Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA Shay Golan Section of Urology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Ali Serdar Gözen Department of Urology, SLK-Kliniken Heilbronn, Heilbronn, Germany Contributors xvii

Ruben De Groote Department of Urology, Onze-Lieve-Vrouw Hospital, Aalst, Belgium Mohan S. Gundeti Pediatrics and Obstetrics/Gynecology, Section of Urology, Comer Children’s Hospital, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA Mohit Gupta Department of Urology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA Khurshid A. Guru Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA Zachary A. Hamilton St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA Ashok K. Hemal Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Eduardo Hernandez Department Center for Urologic Cancer, Global Robotics Institute at Florida Hospital Celebration Health, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Celebration, FL, USA S. Duke Herrell Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Institute in Surgery and Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA Abolfazl Hosseini Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (MMK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Andrew J. Hung Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA Ahmed Aly Hussein Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt Ibrahim Alabdulaali Department of Urology, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Wooju Jeong Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA Tarun Jindal Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics and Evaluation, Henry Ford Hospital, Vattikuti Institute of Urology, Detroit, MI, USA Jean Joseph Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA A. Karim Kader Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Kamaljot S. Kaler Department of Urology, Irvine Medical Center, University of California, Orange, CA, USA xviii Contributors

Jihad H. Kaouk Center for Robotic and Image Guide Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA Z. Kartiras Department of Urology, “Hippokration” Athens General Hospital, Athens, Attica, Greece Steven V. Kheyfets Department of Urology, IU School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA Jan Klein Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany Rajeev Kumar Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India Weil R. Lai Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA Valeria Lami Department of Oncological, Surgical and Gastroenterological Sciences, Urology Clinic, University of Padua, Padova, Italy Giulia Ippolito Lane Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, USA Benjamin R. Lee Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA David I. Lee Department of Urology, University of Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA Cedric Leys Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium Jennifer A. Linehan John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA Amy N. Luckenbaugh Department of Urology, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Wesley W. Ludwig Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA Catherine A. Matthews Division of Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Department of Urology, Wake Forest Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Matthew J. Maurice Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Pierre J. Mendoza Department of Urology, Ocean Medical Center, Brick, NJ, USA Mani Menon Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA Adam R. Metwalli National Cancer Institute Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA David C. Miller Department of Urology, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Contributors xix

Francesco Montorsi Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, URI, Milan, Italy Michael E. Moran American Urological Association, Linthicum, MD, USA Alessandro Morlacco Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology–Urology Clinic, Padua University Hospital, University of Padua, Padua, Italy Alexandre Mottrie Department of Urology, Onze-Lieve-Vrouw Hospital, Aalst, Belgium ORSI Academy, Melle, Belgium Phillip Mucksavage Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA Lernik O. Namagerdi National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA Vikram Narayan Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, USA Hao G. Nguyen Department of Urology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA Giacomo Novara Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology– Urology Clinic, Padua University Hospital, University of Padua, Padua, Italy Gabriel Ogaya-Pinies Department Center for Urologic Cancer, Global Robotics Institute at Florida Hospital Celebration Health, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Celebration, FL, USA Michael A. Olympio Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Vignesh Packiam Section of Urology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Dipen J. Parekh Department of Urology, University of Miami — Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA Manish N. Patel Department of Urology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA Vipul R. Patel Department Center for Urologic Cancer, Global Robotics Institute at Florida Hospital Celebration Health, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Celebration, FL, USA Ram A. Pathak Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC, USA James O. Peabody Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA Taylor C. Peak Department of Urology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, NC, USA Craig A. Peters Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Children’s Medical Center Dallas, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA xx Contributors

Giovanni Petralia Department of Urology, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy James R. Porter Robotic Surgery, Providence Health and Services, Swedish Urology Group, Seattle, WA, USA Daniel Ramirez Urology, Urology Associates of Nashville, Nashville, TN, USA Jens Rassweiler Department of Urology, SLK-Kliniken Heilbronn, Heilbronn, Germany Christopher Reynolds Department of Urology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Koon Ho Rha Department of Urology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea Craig R. Rogers Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA Marta Rossanese Department of Human and Pediatric Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”, Urologic Section – University of Messina, Messina, Italy Leticia Ruiz Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Daniel Sagalovich Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Paul F. Schellhammer Department of Urology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Urology of Virginia, Virginia Beach, VA, USA Silvia Secco Department of Urology, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy Lara Marie Seltz Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Institute in Surgery and Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA Arieh L. Shalhav Section of Urology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Saurabh Sharma Mather Memorial Hospital, Port Jefferson, NY, USA Iqbal Singh Department of Surgery, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) & GTBH, New Delhi, India Department of Urology, Baptist Medical Centre, Wake Forest University Medical School, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC, USA Prabhjot Singh Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India Douglas Skarecky Department of Urology, Irvine Medical Center, University of California, Orange, CA, USA Akshay Sood Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA Contributors xxi

Dan Stoianovici URobotics Laboratory, Department of URobotics of the Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA Elena Strada Department of Urology, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy Li-Ming Su Department of Urology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA Chandru P. Sundaram Department of Urology, Indiana School of Medicine, University Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA Dogu Teber Department of Urology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Russell S. Terry Department of Urology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA Ashutosh K. Tewari Department of Urology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA Raju Thomas Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA Theodoros Tokas Department of Urology and Andrology, General Hospital Hall i.T, Hall in Tirol, Austria Abteilung für Urologie und Andrologie, A.ö. Landeskrankenhaus Hall i.T., Tirol, Italy Dario Di Trapani Department of Urology, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy Quoc-Dien Trinh Division of Urological Surgery, Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Alexandra Tschada Department of Urology, SLK-Kliniken Heilbronn, Heilbronn, Germany Michael Tyler John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA Paolo Umari Department of Urology, ASUIT, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy Pieter Uvin Department of Urology, Onze-Lieve-Vrouw Hospital, Aalst, Belgium Alexander G. Van Hoof Department of Clinical Research, Crouse Hospital, Syracuse, NY, USA Vivek Venkatramani University of Miami — Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA Simone Vernez Department of Urology, Irvine Medical Center, University of California, Orange, CA, USA Malte W. Vetterlein Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany xxii Contributors

Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics and Evaluation, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA Alessandro Volpe Department of Urology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy Michael D. Weintraub Indiana University Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA N. Peter Wiklund Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (MMK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Timothy G. Wilson John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA Michael E. Woods UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Mona Yezdani Christiana Medical Center, Wilmington, DE, USA Hana Yokoi Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA Emanuele Zaffuto IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Division of Oncology/ Unit of Urology, Urological Research Institute, Milan, Italy Matthew J. Ziegelmann Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA