Vattikuti Institute Prostatectomy (Vip) and Current Results
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UROLOGY ROBOTIC SURGERY Arch. Esp. Urol., 60, 4 (397-407), 2007 VATTIKUTI INSTITUTE PROSTATECTOMY (VIP) AND CURRENT RESULTS. Mahendra Bhandari and Mani Menon. Vattikuti Urology Institute. Henry Ford Health System. Detroit. USA. Summary.- OBJECTIVES: To describe a technique of VIP, as it has evolved in our hands over a period of 5 Robot Assisted Radical Prostatectomy (RAP) for localized years, has given excellent outcomes in terms of cancer carcinoma of the prostate, the Vattikuti Institute Prostatec- control, continence and erectile function. Our modifica- tomy (VIP) and an innovative incremental nerve preser- tions of the surgical technique had a singular focus on vation technique, the Veil of Aphrodite. We also report consistent improvement of the so called “Trifecta”, taking complications, oncolgical and functional outcomes in a radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) published data as cohort of the patient operated during 2001-2006. a reference standard. We present our current technique of VIP with preservation of the lateral prostatic fascia METHODS: 2.652 patients with localiced carcinoma (“Veil of Aphrodite”). of prostate underwent VIP at our centre between 2001- 2006. Our current technique involves: early division of RESULTS: In this report we include 2077 patients with the bladder neck, preservation of the lateral pelvic fas- follow-up ranging from 4 weeks to 260 weeks (median cia and control of the dorsal vein complex after apical 68 weeks). We have a low incidence (1.5%) of pe- dissection of the prostate. Oncological, functional and rioperative complications. 97.6% of our patients had a follow-up information was obtained through “ROBO- hospital stay of less than 48 hours. There were 5.8% SURG”® data base, which is managed by an indepen- unscheduled postoperative visits. With the PSA cut-off dent group not involved in the patient care. limit of 0.4ng/ml, the overall biochemical recurrence rate was 3.9%. Median duration of incontinence was 4 weeks; 0.8% patients had total incontinence at 12 months. The intercourse rate was 93% in men with no pre-operative erectile dysfunction undergoing veil nerve- sparing surgery, although only 51% returned to baseline function. CONCLUSION: Vattikuti Institute Prostatectomy offers excellent patient recovery with significant reduction in first 30 days morbidity and provides excellent oncolo- gical and functional outcomes. The preservation of the “Veil of Aphrodite” helps in postoperative return of erec- tile function in patients with normal preoperative erectile function. Mahendra Bhandari M.D. e Vattikuti Urology Institute Henry Ford Health System 2799 West Grand Blvd. Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. Keywords: Robotic. Radical prostatectomy. Prostate cancer. Laparoscopy. Correspondenc [email protected] 398 M. Bhandari and M. Menon. INTRODUCTION METHODS Radical prostatectomy for localized carci- PATIENT SELECTION noma of the prostate reduces disease-specific and While respecting patient preferences for sur- overall mortalities as well as the risk of metastases gery, we generally recommend that men with low and local progression (1). Over past several decades PSA and focal Gleason 6 cancer of the prostate un- RRP has consolidated as a refined surgical procedure, dergo active monitoring with follow-up biopsies. We with excellent outcomes (2-4). Recent trends favor mi- offer surgery for men with non-focal Gleason 6 can- nimally invasive surgical techniques for removing the cer (35.6% of our patients), Gleason 7 (54.7%) and prostate (5,6). Gleason 8-10 cancer (9.7 %). Patients with >25% Gleason 7 disease get conventional nerve sparing Our technique, the “Vattikuti Institute Pros- (2,3) on the ipsilateral side: all others get the veil ner- tatectomy” (VIP), was implemented to the routine ve sparing (12). surgical care of patients with localized prostate cancer in 2001 (7,8) and has been widely adop- ted by others (9-11). In 2003 we introduced a ma- TECHNIQUE OF VIP (15) jor modification of the preservation of lateral pelvic fascia - the “Veil of Aphrodite” which has improved Patient positioning and port placement postoperative erectile function significantly (12,13). The patient is padded at pressure points and From 2001 - 2005 we have performed 2652 RRPs. placed in dorsal lithotomy position. Pneumoperito- In this report, we describe our current technique; neum is created using a Veress needle and ports are early oncological and functional results in 2077 placed under vision. We use a six port approach. (Fi- patients. gure 1) The table is then moved to steep (30 degree) Trendelenburg position. DEVELOPMENT OF V.I.P Robotic Instruments The operation can be done with either the 8 The post PSA era has significantly contribu- mm or 5 mm robotic instruments. We currently prefer ted to the early diagnosis of prostate cancer as well the latter. We use a combination of the monopolar as increased its cure rates. Erectile dysfunction is the hook, the “cold” round tip scissors, a Maryland or most distressing adverse outcome that the patients sus- triangular (Precise) bipolar grasper and needle hol- tain following open radical prostatectomy (14). Our ders. In patients in whom nerve-sparing is not contem- technique harnesses the precision inherent in robotic plated, the scissors can be eliminated and the proce- surgery for better nerve preservation and resultant dure can be done with 3 instruments, thus reducing improved potency, without compromising cancer con- the cost. trol. Over a period of 5 years, we made the fo- llowing modifications in our technique and found certain maneuvers helpful in achieving our objecti- ves including division of the bladder neck initially (first done in 2001), application of a running suture for urethrovesical anastomosis (2001), and incising the prostatic fascia anterolaterally to release the nerves (2003). These techniques have resulted in a decrease in operative times, incidence of anasto- motic leaks and of erectile dysfunction, respectively. In 2004 (after more than 1000 cases) we changed our technique of traction on the bladder neck and abandoned initial bulk ligation of the dorsal vein complex, in favor of precise suturing after urethral transection. Starting in 2002, we eliminated the use of monopolar cauterization after the division of the seminal vesicle. In 2004 we stopped opening endo- pelvic fascia, and started preserving the anterior fi- bromuscular stroma of the prostate in select patients with low volume disease. FIGURE 1. Port Placement. 399 VATTIKUTI INSTITUTE PROSTATECTOMY (VIP) AND CURRENT RESULTS. FIGURE 2. Transperitoneal access to the extraperitoneal FIGURE 3. Pelvic lymphadenectomy. space. The packet is cleared from the anterior and medial sur- The extraperitoneal space is entered through an inver- face of the external iliac vein (blue- arrow head). Obtu- ted, U-shaped incision on the parietal peritoneum, supe- rator nerve (yellow- arrow head) is identified and serves rior to the dome of the bladder and lateral to the medial as the posterior margin of dissection. The packet of fi- umbilical ligaments. The vertical limb of the peritoneal bro-fatty and nodal tissue (red- arrow head) is dissected incision is made lateral to the medial umbilical ligament, toward the bifurcation of the external iliac vein. and medial to the internal inguinal ring. The incisions are joined anteriorly, dividing the bilateral medial umbilical ligaments (yellow- arrow heads) and urachus, and then the bladder is dissected off the anterior abdominal wall to enter into the space of Retzius described technique (8). This portion of the procedure is best done with a 30-degree lens looking down. The right assistant grasps the anterior bladder wall in the mid line with an atraumatic grasper, lifts it direc- Development of the extraperitoneal space tly towards the anterior abdominal wall and the left The peritoneal cavity is inspected using the assistant deflates the Foley balloon while keeping the 30-degree upward-looking lens. A transverse perito- catheter in the bladder. This simple maneuver aids in neal incision is made extending from the left to the the identification of the bladder neck as the bladder right medial umbilical ligament; this incision is exten- pulls away from the prostate excepting at the midline ded in an inverted U to the level of the vasa on either anterior to the catheter (Figure 4). A 1 cm incision side. The space anterior to the peritoneum and space is made in the anterior bladder neck at 12 O’clock, of Retzius is thus entered. The rest of the surgery is cutting down the detrusor to expose the catheter in the performed in this space anterior to the peritoneal re- mid-line (Figure 5). flection of the bladder and prostate (Figure 2). A detrusor apron may be seen on the ante- Lymph node dissection rior surface of the prostate (17). The incision in the The tissue overlying the external iliac vein is bladder neck is made immediately superior to the incised and lymph nodal package is pushed medially. detrusor apron. After the anterior bladder neck is in- The dissection is started at the lymph node of Clo- cised, the Foley catheter is delivered and the left-side quet in the femoral canal and continued proximally assistant grasps the tip of the Foley catheter with firm toward the bifurcation of iliac vessels. The obturator anterior traction. This exposes the posterior bladder nerve lies on the floor of this dissection and is carefu- neck, which is then incised (Figure 6). lly preserved (Figure 3). In patients with Gleason 8- 10 disease, the nodal package between the obturator The posterior bladder neck is gradually dis- nerve and the hypogastric vein is also removed. sected away from the prostate. The anterior layer of Denonvillier’s fascia is now exposed. (Figure 7) and Bladder Neck Transection is incised precisely, exposing the vasa and the semi- We next approach the bladder neck directly, nal vesicles. The left-side assistant provides upward without opening endopelvic fascia or ligating the dor- traction to the posterior base of the prostate to facili- sal vein complex, a modification over our previously tate dissection of the vasa and seminal vesicles.