In This Together’: Africans Tolerant on Ethnic, Religious, National, but Not Sexual Differences

Home , Afrobarometer, Eswatini, Mauritius, Sierra Leone

Dispatch No. 362 | 19 May 2020

‘All in this together’: Africans tolerant on ethnic, religious, national, but not sexual differences

Afrobarometer Dispatch No. 362 | Brian Howard

Summary “We’re all in this together” is a mantra of the COVID-19 crisis as leaders and activists argue for global and all-of-society responses to the pandemic (e.g. World Health Organization, 2020; African Union, 2020). At the same time, public fears have highlighted social fissures through acts of intolerance and violence against Chinese people, citizens of Asian descent in many countries, and even Africans in China (e.g. DW, 2020; Guy, 2020; Kandil, 2020; Al Jazeera, 2020). If a pandemic “drives home the essential interconnectedness of our human family,” as UN Secretary-General António Guterres has said (United Nations, 2020), it may also stress-test the social fabric of our societies and democracies. How “together” are African societies? Afrobarometer data collected in 2016/2018 suggest that Africans have a strong foundation of tolerance toward other ethnicities, religions, and nationalities on which to build in overcoming the pandemic and working toward the “just, equitable, tolerant, open and socially inclusive world” envisioned by the UN Sustainable

Development Goals (United Nations, 2015). Cabo Verde, Namibia, and São Tomé and Príncipe stand out as particularly tolerant countries in Africa. But tolerance toward people of different sexual identity or orientation remains remarkably weak, even among younger respondents, despite some progress in certain countries. Minorities still experience discrimination based on ethnicity, religion, gender, or disability, and majorities in some countries report that the government treats their ethnic group unfairly.

Afrobarometer survey Afrobarometer is a pan-African, nonpartisan survey research network that provides reliable data on African experiences and evaluations of democracy, governance, and quality of life. Seven rounds of surveys were completed in up to 38 countries between 1999 and 2018. Round 8 surveys are planned in at least 35 countries in 2019/2020. Interested readers may follow our releases, including our Pan-Africa Profiles series of cross-country analyses, at #VoicesAfrica and sign up for our distribution list at www.afrobarometer.org. Afrobarometer conducts face-to-face interviews in the language of the respondent’s choice with nationally representative samples that yield country-level results with margins of error of +/-2 to +/-3 percentage points at a 95% confidence level. This Pan-Africa Profile draws on data from 45,823 interviews completed in 34 countries between September 2016 and September 2018 as part of Afrobarometer Round 7 (see Appendix Table A.1 for a list of countries and fieldwork dates). The countries covered are home to almost 80% of the continent’s population. The data are weighted to ensure nationally representative samples. When reporting multi-country findings such as regional or Africa-wide averages, each country is weighted equally (rather than in proportion to population size).

Key findings

▪ On average across 34 countries, more than eight out of 10 Africans express tolerant attitudes toward people of different ethnicities (91%), religions (87%), and nationalities (82%), saying they “would strongly like,” “would somewhat like,” or “would not care” if they lived next door to them. But only one in five (20%) express tolerance toward people of different sexual identities or orientations1 (Figure 1). These averages remain unchanged from the previous survey round in 2014/2015. o Tolerance levels toward these groups are somewhat higher in cities than in rural areas (Figure 2) and increase modestly with respondents’ education level (Figure 3). But younger respondents are not substantially more tolerant than their elders (Figure 4), and differences between men and women are small (Figure 5). Muslims are less likely than Christians and adherents of other religions or no religion to express tolerance toward people from other religious backgrounds and toward LGBTQ persons (Figure 6). o By region,2 Central Africa scores highest on tolerance toward all of these groups except LGBTQ persons, where it trails Southern Africa. North Africa is the least tolerant region except toward LGBTQ persons, where it outranks East and West Africa (Figure 7).

▪ Tolerance toward people from other ethnic groups is nearly universal in six West African countries – Gabon (99%), Côte d’Ivoire (99%), Senegal (98%), Benin (97%), Togo (97%), and Liberia (96%). The only country where fewer than three-fourths of adults express tolerance toward other ethnicities is eSwatini (72%) (Figure 8).

▪ Gabon and Côte d'Ivoire also top the list in religious tolerance (both 98%). Tolerance toward other religions is lowest in a handful of predominantly Muslim countries – Niger (56%), Sudan (65%), Morocco (69%), Guinea (74%), and Tunisia (74%)– along with predominantly Christian eSwatini (69%) (Figure 9).

▪ Côte d’Ivoire again heads the list, along with Cabo Verde and Benin, when it comes to tolerance toward immigrants (95% each). Sudan (63%) is the only country where fewer than two-thirds of adults agree. In contrast to the previous two measures, on this indicator, eSwatini (84%) ranks slightly above average (82%) (Figure 10).

▪ In four countries, majorities express tolerance toward people of different sexual identity/orientation: Cabo Verde (80%), South Africa (70%), Mauritius (56%), and Namibia (54%). In half of the 34 countries, no more than one in 10 citizens share this attitude. The lowest levels of tolerance are found in the Gambia (3%), Uganda (3%), Senegal (4%), and Zambia (4%) (Figure 11).

1 The survey asked about “homosexuals” because this word is widely understood and can be translated into local languages across Africa. In this report, we interpret responses to apply to the broader LGBTQ category, or persons of non-heterosexual identities or orientations. 2 Regional groupings are: North Africa (Morocco, Tunisia, Sudan), Central Africa (Cameroon, Gabon, São Tomé and Principe), East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda), West Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo), and Southern Africa (Botswana, eSwatini, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe).

o Across 32 countries where this question was also asked in the previous survey round, the average level of tolerance toward people of different sexual identity/orientation has remained stable (20% vs. 21% in 2014/2015). Significant gains (+3 percentage points or more) are reported in nine countries, led by Mauritius (+7 percentage points), Cabo Verde (+6 points), Lesotho (+6 points), and Benin (+4 points). But declines of 3 percentage points or more occurred in 10 countries, led by Liberia and Tanzania (-11 points each) (Figure 12). o Tolerance toward sexual differences is significantly higher in cities (25%, vs. 16% in rural areas) and among more educated respondents (ranging from 11% among those with no formal schooling to 27% among those with post-secondary qualifications). Muslims (11%) are far less likely to express tolerance than Christians (24%) or adherents of other religions or no religion (28%) (Figure 13).

▪ When we average levels of national tolerance toward all four groups (people of other ethnicities and religions, LGBTQ persons, and foreign workers or immigrants), Cabo Verde (92%) stands out as by far the most tolerant country, followed by Namibia and São Tomé and Príncipe (both 80%) and Mauritius (78%). Also scoring above three-fourths, at 77%, are Côte d’Ivoire, South Africa, Gabon, and Benin. At the other extreme, Sudan (54%), Niger (56%), and Morocco (59%) register as least tolerant (Figure 14).

▪ Experience of discrimination: o On average across 34 countries, three out of 10 Africans say members of their ethnic group are “sometimes” (17%) or “often” or “always” (13%) treated unfairly by the government. This perception is highest in Togo (61% at least “sometimes”), Kenya (53%), Gabon (52%), Nigeria (51%), and Cameroon (50%) (Figure 15). o About one in eight respondents (13%) say they personally suffered discrimination based on their ethnicity during the previous year, a proportion that ranged up to about one in four in Nigeria (28%), Namibia (25%), and Gabon (24%) (Figure 16). o About one in 10 respondents (9%) report discrimination based on religion during the previous year, most frequently in Nigeria (22%), Liberia (21%), and Cameroon (18%) (not shown). o About one in eight women (12%) say they experienced gender-based discrimination during the previous year, most frequently in Liberia (32%), Malawi (22%), Zambia (20%), and Nigeria (20%) (Figure 17). About one in 12 men report suffering gender- based discrimination. (For more on survey findings related to gender, see Alpin Lardies, Drying, & Logan, 2019). o About one in six Africans with a disability (16%) say they experienced discrimination based on their disability during the previous 12 months. Togolese (31%), Sierra Leoneans (29%), and Nigerians (28%) are especially likely to report such discrimination (Figure 18).

Charts

Figure 1: Tolerance in Africa | 34 countries | 2016/2018 100% 8% 12% 17%

80% Would dislike 38% 37% (strongly/ 36% somewhat) 60% 78% Would not care

40% Would like (strongly/ 53% somewhat) 50% 46% 20% 14%

6% 0% Different Different Immigrants/ LGBTQ ethnicity religion Foreign workers Respondents were asked: For each of the following types of people, please tell me whether you would like having people from this group as neighbours, dislike it, or not care: People of a different religion? People from other ethnic groups? Homosexuals? Immigrants or foreign workers?

Figure 2: Urban-rural differences in tolerance levels | 34 countries | 2016/2018

100% 93% 90% 90% 85% 85% 80% 80%

60%

40% 25% 20% 16%

0% Different ethnicity Different religion Immigrants/ LGBTQ Foreign workers

Urban Rural

Respondents were asked: For each of the following types of people, please tell me whether you would like having people from this group as neighbours, dislike it, or not care: People of a different religion? People from other ethnic groups? Homosexuals? Immigrants or foreign workers? (% who say “would strongly like,” “would somewhat like,” or “would not care”)

Figure 3: Tolerance levels | by education level | 34 countries | 2016/2018

92% 93% 100% 90% 90% 87% 90% 91% 86% 78% 82% 79% 83% 80% 60% 40% 23% 27% 17% 20% 11% 0% Different ethnicity Different religion Immigrants/ LGBTQ Foreign workers

No formal education Primary Secondary Post-secondary

Figure 4: Tolerance levels | by age group | 34 countries | 2016/2018

90% 92% Different ethnicity 91% 91% 90% 89% 86% 88% Different religion 88% 87% 86% 85% 83% 83% Immigrants/ 83% 18-25 years Foreign workers 81% 82% 26-35 years 80% 36-45 years 21% 20% 46-55 years LGBTQ 19% 56-65 years 19% 19% 66+ years 17%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Figure 5: Tolerance levels | by gender | 34 countries | 2016/2018

100% 92% 90% 89% 85% 84% 81% 80%

60%

40%

19% 20% 20%

0% Different ethnicity Different religion Immigrants/ LGBTQ Foreign workers

Men Women

Figure 6: Tolerance levels | by religion | 34 countries | 2016/2018

100% 92% 89% 92% 91% 91% 83% 79% 82% 81% 80%

60%

40% 28% 24%

20% 11%

0% Different ethnicity Different religion Immigrants/ LGBTQ Foreign workers

Christian Muslim Other or no religion

Figure 7: Tolerance levels | by region | 34 countries | 2016/2018

100% 95%94%92% 95% 93% 89% 89% 90%89% 86% 79% 76%76% 80% 72% 69%

60%

40% 30% 23% 20% 14% 16% 7%

0% Different ethnicity Different religion Immigrants/Foreign LGBTQ workers

Central Africa West Africa East Africa Southern Africa North Africa

Figure 8: Tolerance toward people of other ethnicities | 34 countries | 2016/2018

Gabon 99% Côte d'Ivoire 99% Senegal 98% Benin 97% Togo 97% Liberia 96% Zimbabwe 96% Cabo Verde 96% Sierra Leone 95% Cameroon 95% Ghana 95% Burkina Faso 95% Mali 95% Gambia 94% Tanzania 94% Mauritius 94% Zambia 93% Guinea 93% Kenya 93% Namibia 93% Madagascar 93% Botswana 92% São Tomé and Príncipe 91% 34-country average 91% Uganda 90% Malawi 88% Lesotho 88% Mozambique 87% Nigeria 86% Niger 86% South Africa 84% Morocco 81% Tunisia 80% Sudan 76% eSwatini 72% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Respondents were asked: For each of the following types of people, please tell me whether you would like having people from this group as neighbours, dislike it, or not care: People from other ethnic groups? (% who say “would strongly like,” “would somewhat like,” or “would not care”)

Figure 9: Tolerance toward people of other religions | 34 countries | 2016/2018

Côte d'Ivoire 98% Gabon 98% Zimbabwe 96% Cabo Verde 96% Togo 95% Uganda 95% Mauritius 94% São Tomé and Príncipe 94% Sierra Leone 94% Benin 94% Tanzania 93% Burkina Faso 93% Cameroon 92% Ghana 92% Malawi 92% Namibia 92% Madagascar 91% Kenya 91% Botswana 90% Lesotho 90% Zambia 89% Liberia 87% Mozambique 87% Senegal 87% 34-country average 87% South Africa 86% Nigeria 82% Mali 81% Gambia 80% Tunisia 74% Guinea 74% Morocco 69% eSwatini 69% Sudan 65% Niger 56% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Respondents were asked: For each of the following types of people, please tell me whether you would like having people from this group as neighbours, dislike it, or not care: People of a different religion? (% who say “would strongly like,” “would somewhat like,” or “would not care”)

Figure 10: Tolerance toward immigrants/foreign workers | 34 countries | 2016/2018

Côte d'Ivoire 95% Cabo Verde 95% Benin 95% Burkina Faso 94% São Tomé and Príncipe 94% Guinea 92% Gabon 92% Sierra Leone 91% Mali 91% Togo 91% Senegal 89% Gambia 88% Zimbabwe 87% Ghana 85% Cameroon 85% Nigeria 84% eSwatini 84% 34-country average 82% Liberia 82% Tunisia 82% Namibia 82% Botswana 81% Kenya 77% Lesotho 77% Uganda 76% Mozambique 76% Niger 75% Madagascar 74% Tanzania 74% Malawi 72% Morocco 72% South Africa 69% Zambia 68% Mauritius 67% Sudan 63% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Respondents were asked: For each of the following types of people, please tell me whether you would like having people from this group as neighbours, dislike it, or not care: Immigrants or foreign workers? (% who say “would strongly like,” “would somewhat like,” or “would not care”)

Figure 11: Tolerance toward people of different sexual identity/orientation | 34 countries | 2016/2018

Cabo Verde 80% South Africa 70% Mauritius 56% Namibia 54% Mozambique 48% São Tomé and Príncipe 40% Botswana 38% Lesotho 22% Benin 22% Gabon 20% 34-country average 20% Tunisia 19% eSwatini 18% Côte d'Ivoire 18% Morocco 15% Sudan 14% Madagascar 11% Mali 11% Togo 10% Tanzania 10% Kenya 9% Niger 8% Nigeria 8% Cameroon 8% Zimbabwe 8% Burkina Faso 8% Sierra Leone 7% Ghana 7% Guinea 7% Malawi 5% Liberia 5% Zambia 4% Senegal 4% Uganda 3% Gambia 3% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Figure 12: Tolerance toward people of different sexual identity/orientation | 32 countries* | 2014-2018

Mauritius 7 Cabo Verde 6 Lesotho 6 Benin 4 Niger 3 Gabon 3 Burkina Faso 3 Guinea 3 South Africa 3 Tunisia 2 Senegal 1 Sierra Leone 1 Mali 1 32-country average 0 Togo 0 Côte d'Ivoire -1 Malawi -1 Morocco -1 Uganda -1 Namibia -1 Madagascar -2 Zambia -2 Zimbabwe -2 Cameroon -3 Ghana -3 Kenya -5 Botswana -5 São Tomé and Príncipe -6 Nigeria -7 eSwatini -8 Mozambique -8 Tanzania -11 Liberia -11 -20 -10 0 10 20

Respondents were asked: For each of the following types of people, please tell me whether you would like having people from this group as neighbours, dislike it, or not care: Homosexuals? (% who say “would strongly like,” “would somewhat like,” or “would not care”) * Question was not asked in Sudan in Round 6. Note: New data from Botswana collected in July-August 2019, after a ground-breaking High Court ruling decriminalizing same-sex activity, show that 48% expressed tolerance toward people in such relationships, a 10-percentage-point increase.

Figure 13: Tolerance toward people of different sexual identity/orientation | by socio- demographic group | 34 countries | 2016/2018

Men 19% Women 20%

Urban 25% Rural 16%

18-25 years 21% 26-35 years 20% 36-45 years 19% 46-55 years 19% 56-65 years 19% 66+ years 17%

Post-secondary 27% Secondary 23% Primary 17% No formal education 11%

Christian 24% Muslim 11% Other 28% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Figure 14: Average tolerance levels | 34 countries | 2016/2018

Cabo Verde 92% Namibia 80% São Tomé and Príncipe 80% Mauritius 78% Côte d'Ivoire 77% South Africa 77% Gabon 77% Benin 77% Botswana 75% Mozambique 75% Togo 73% Burkina Faso 72% Sierra Leone 72% Zimbabwe 72% 34-country average 70% Cameroon 70% Ghana 70% Senegal 69% Mali 69% Lesotho 69% Liberia 68% Tanzania 68% Kenya 68% Madagascar 67% Guinea 67% Gambia 66% Uganda 66% Nigeria 65% Malawi 64% Tunisia 64% Zambia 64% eSwatini 61% Morocco 59% Niger 56% Sudan 54% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Figure shows the average percentage of respondents who say they “would strongly like,” “would somewhat like,” or “would not care” if they had neighbours who are from a different ethnic group, who have a different religion, who are homosexual, or who are foreign workers/immigrants.

Figure 15: Ethnic group treated unfairly by the government | 31 countries* | 2016/2018

Togo 32% 29% 34% 1% Kenya 23% 30% 43% Cameroon 22% 28% 37% 2% Nigeria 21% 30% 48% Gabon 21% 31% 43% 1% Senegal 20% 10% 67% Benin 20% 25% 53% South Africa 17% 21% 57% 2% Malawi 15% 16% 68% Uganda 15% 23% 59% Guinea 15% 20% 64% Zambia 14% 13% 71% Mali 14% 10% 76% Sierra Leone 13% 16% 63% 2% 31-country average 13% 17% 63% 7% Namibia 12% 29% 56% Côte d'Ivoire 12% 18% 62% 3% Gambia 12% 14% 72% Mozambique 11% 20% 62% 3% São Tomé and Príncipe 10% 9% 26% 55% Zimbabwe 10% 13% 75% 1% Niger 9% 14% 75% Ghana 8% 18% 69% Mauritius 8% 18% 66% 4% Morocco 7% 14% 56% 16% Burkina Faso 7% 9% 82% Botswana 6% 11% 73% 7% Liberia 5% 20% 74% Cabo Verde 5% 15% 43% 37% Lesotho 5% 5% 84% 1% Tanzania 2%3% 93% 1% Madagascar 1%5% 93% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Often/Always Sometimes Never Didn't identify with an ethnic group

Respondents were asked: How often, if ever, are [members of your ethnic group] treated unfairly by the government? (* Question was not asked in Sudan and Tunisia. ESwatini is not included because the question was only posed to the seven respondents who identified with an ethnic group other than siSwati.)

Figure 16: Discrimination based on ethnicity and religion (%) | 34 countries | 2016/2018

100

40 28 25 24 23 23 23 21 21 20 17 17 20 16 16 16 15 14 13 12 12 12 11 11 10 9 9 22 21 7 6 6 5 5 18 17 5 5 4 4 3 14 10 13 10 14 13 5 9 15 4 4 13 9 6 10 9 6 7 6 4 1 6 6 4 12 3 6 11 9 3 2

Mali

Togo

Niger

Benin

Kenya

Sudan

Tunisia

Liberia

Nigeria

Ghana

Gabon

Malawi

Guinea

Zambia

Lesotho

Senegal

Uganda

eSwatini

Gambia

Namibia

Mauritius

Tanzania

Morocco

Botswana

Zimbabwe

Cameroon

SouthAfrica

Sierra Leone

BurkinaFaso

CaboVerde

Côted'Ivoire

Madagascar

Mozambique

34-countryaverage SãoTomé and Príncipe Based on ethnicity Based on religion

Respondents were asked: In the past year, how often, if at all, have you personally been discriminated against based on any of the following: Your ethnicity? Your religion? (% who say “once or twice,” “several times,” or “many times”)

Figure 17: Discrimination based on gender (%) | 34 countries | 2016/2018

Liberia 32% 24% Malawi 22% 9% Zambia 20% 7% Nigeria 20% 15% Gabon 19% 9% Cameroon 19% 13% Uganda 18% 12% Benin 17% 13% Namibia 15% 14% Kenya 15% 13% Togo 15% 10% Sudan 13% 12% Sierra Leone 13% 10% South Africa 12% 12% 34-country total 12% 8% Zimbabwe 12%5% Women Mauritius 11% 7% Mozambique 11% 10% Men Ghana 11% 7% Burkina Faso 10%5% Tunisia 10% 12% Gambia 9% 7% Lesotho 9% 6% Morocco 9% 4% eSwatini 9% 5% Senegal 8%3% Côte d'Ivoire 8%3% Mali 7%2% Madagascar 6%3% Cabo Verde 6% 5% Guinea 6%3% Botswana 6% 6% São Tomé and Príncipe 6%2% Niger 5% 4% Tanzania 3%1%

0% 20% 40% 60% Respondents were asked: In the past year, how often, if at all, have you personally been discriminated against based on any of the following: Your gender? (% who say “once or twice,” “several times,” or “many times”)

Figure 18: Discrimination based on disability (% among those with a disability) | 34 countries* | 2016/2018

100

40 31 29 28 24 23 23 22 22 21 20 17 17 16 16 16 15 20 15 15 14 13 13 13 12 12 12 10 10 9 7 7 7 5

Mali

Togo

Niger

Benin

Kenya

Sudan

Tunisia

Liberia

Nigeria

Ghana

Gabon

Malawi

Guinea

Zambia

Lesotho

Senegal

Uganda

eSwatini

Gambia

Namibia

Mauritius

Botswana

Cameroon

SouthAfrica

Sierra Leone

BurkinaFaso

CaboVerde

Côted'Ivoire

Madagascar

Mozambique 34-countryaverage

SãoTomé and Príncipe Respondents were asked: In the past year, how often, if at all, have you personally been discriminated against based on any of the following: Any disability you might have? (Excluding those who say they have no disability, % who say “once or twice,” “several times,” or “many times”) * While they are included in the 34-country average, Morocco, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe are not shown because small samples of those who self-identify as having a disability result in very large survey margins of error.

Do your own analysis of Afrobarometer data – on any

question, for any country and survey round. It is easy and free at www.afrobarometer.org/online -data-analysis.

References African Union. (2020). African Union chair president Cyril Ramaphosa appoints special envoys to mobilise international economic support for continental fight against COVID-19. 12 April. Al Jazeera. (2020). African nationals 'mistreated, evicted' in China over coronavirus. 12 April. Alpin Lardies, C., Drying, D., & Logan, C. (2019). Gains and gaps: Perceptions and experiences of gender in Africa. Afrobarometer Policy Paper No. 61. DW. (2020). Coronavirus fuels anti-Chinese discrimination in Africa. Video. 19 February. Guy, J. (2020). East Asian student assaulted in 'racist' coronavirus attack in London. CNN. 4 March. Kandil, C. Y. (2020). Asian Americans report over 650 racist acts over last week, new data says. NBC News. 26 March. United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations. (2020). COVID-19: We will come through this together. 13 March.

Previous Afrobarometer Round 7 Pan-Africa Profiles

✓ Policy Paper 63: Democratic dividend: The road to quality education in Africa

✓ Dispatch 352: Even before COVID-19, more than half of Africans experienced lack of needed health care

✓ Dispatch 349: African governments failing in provision of water and sanitation, majority of citizens say

✓ Policy Paper 62: Lived poverty on the rise: Decade of living-standard gains ends in Africa

✓ Dispatch 334: Prerequisite for progress: Accessible, reliable power still in short supply across Africa

✓ Policy Paper 61: Gains and gaps: Perceptions and experiences of gender in Africa

✓ Policy Paper 60: Change ahead: Experience and awareness of climate change in Africa

✓ Global Corruption Barometer – Africa 2019: Citizens’ views and experiences of corruption

✓ Policy Paper 58 : Africans want open elections – especially if they bring change

✓ Policy Paper 56: How free is too free? Across Africa, media freedom is on the defensive

✓ Policy Paper 55: Are Africans’ freedoms slipping away?

✓ Dispatch 290: Better but not good enough? How Africans see the delivery of public services

✓ Dispatch 288: In search of opportunity: Young and educated Africans most likely to consider moving abroad

✓ Policy Paper 54: Democracy in Africa: Demand, supply, and the ‘dissatisfied democrat’

✓ Policy Paper 51: Taking stock: Citizen priorities and assessments three years into the SDGs

Appendix

Table A.1: Afrobarometer Round 7 fieldwork dates and previous survey rounds Months when Round 7 Country Previous survey rounds fieldwork was conducted Benin Dec 2016-Jan 2017 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014 Botswana June-July 2017 1999, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2014 Burkina Faso Oct 2017 2008, 2012, 2015 Cameroon May 2018 2013, 2015 Cape Verde Nov-Dec 2017 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014 Côte d'Ivoire Dec 2016-Jan 2017 2013, 2014 eSwatini (Swaziland) March 2018 2013, 2015 Gabon Nov 2017 2015 Gambia July-August 2018 N/A Ghana Sept 2017 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2014 Guinea May 2017 2013, 2015 Kenya Sept-Oct 2016 2003, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014 Lesotho Nov-Dec 2017 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2014 Liberia June-July 2018 2008, 2012, 2015 Madagascar Jan-Feb 2018 2005, 2008, 2013, 2015 Malawi Dec 2016-Jan 2017 1999, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2014 Mali Feb 2017 2001, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2013, 2014 Mauritius Oct-Nov 2017 2012, 2014 Morocco May 2018 2013, 2015 Mozambique July-August 2018 2002, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2015 Namibia Nov 2017 1999, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2014 Niger April-May 2018 2013, 2015 Nigeria April-May 2017 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2013, 2015 São Tomé and Príncipe July 2018 2015 Senegal Dec 2017 2002, 2005, 2008, 2013, 2014 Sierra Leone July 2018 2012, 2015 South Africa August-Sept 2018 2000, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2015 Sudan July-August 2018 2013, 2015 Tanzania April-June 2017 2001, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2014 Togo Nov 2017 2012, 2014 Tunisia April-May 2018 2013, 2015 Uganda Dec 2016-Jan 2017 2000, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2015 Zambia April 2017 1999, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2014 Zimbabwe Jan-Feb 2017 1999, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2012, 2014

Brian Howard is publications manager for Afrobarometer. Email: [email protected]. Afrobarometer, a non-profit corporation with headquarters in Ghana, is a pan-African, nonpartisan survey research network. Regional coordination of national partners in about 35 countries is provided by the Ghana Center for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana), the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation (IJR) in South Africa, and the Institute for Development Studies (IDS) at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. Michigan State University (MSU) and the University of Cape Town (UCT) provide technical support to the network. Financial support for Afrobarometer Round 7 was provided by Sweden, the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, the Open Society Foundations, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the U.S. State Department, the U.S. Agency for International Development via the U.S. Institute of Peace, the National Endowment for Democracy, and Transparency International. Donations help Afrobarometer give voice to African citizens. Please consider making a contribution (at www.afrobarometer.org) or contact Bruno van Dyk ([email protected]) to discuss institutional funding. For more information, please visit www.afrobarometer.org. Follow our releases on #VoicesAfrica.

/Afrobarometer @Afrobarometer

Afrobarometer Dispatch No. 362 | 19 May 2020