Isabelle Thomas Nathalie Bleau

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Isabelle Thomas Nathalie Bleau Analyser la vulnérabilité sociétale et territoriale aux inondations en milieu urbain dans le contexte des changements climatiques, en prenant comme cas d’étude la Ville de Montréal. Source : Y. Thibault, CSC de Mtl, 2004 Isabelle Thomas Nathalie Bleau Pamela Soto Abasolo Guillaume Desjardins-Dutil Musandji Fuamba Sonia Kadi Mars 2012 Les résultats et opinions présentés dans cette publication sont entièrement la responsabilité des auteurs et n’engagent pas Ouranos ni ses membres. 2 Pour citation : Thomas I., Bleau N., Soto Abasolo P., Desjardin-Dutil G., Fuamba M., Kadi S., 2012, Analyser la vulnérabilité sociétale et territoriale aux inondations en milieu urbain dans le contexte des changements climatiques, en prenant comme cas d’étude la ville de Montréal, Rapport final pour Ouranos, 137 p. 3 Table des matières 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 7 2. CONTEXTE ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 3. CADRE THÉORIQUE .......................................................................................................................................12 3.1. CADRE THÉORIQUE - GÉNÉRAL .............................................................................................................................. 12 3.2. CADRE THÉORIQUE – MÉTHODES ........................................................................................................................... 12 3.2.1 Méthodes de la sensibilité / capacité d'adaptation / vulnérabilité ........................................................ 13 3.2.2 Méthodes hydrologiques ........................................................................................................................ 13 4. MÉTHODOLOGIE/ DONNÉES .........................................................................................................................14 4.1. ÉTAT DES LIEUX DES INONDATIONS HISTORIQUES ...................................................................................................... 14 4.1.1. Présentation de la zone d’étude ............................................................................................................ 14 4.1.2. Historique d’urbanisation ...................................................................................................................... 15 4.1.3. Historique des inondations .................................................................................................................... 18 4.2. MODÉLISATION DES NIVEAUX D’EAU ...................................................................................................................... 20 4.2.1 Modélisation numérique ......................................................................................................................... 23 4.2.1.1 Modélisation avec Hec-Ras ................................................................................................................................ 23 4.2.1.1.1 Implantation des sections de la rivière et des ouvrages civils .................................................................... 23 4.2.1.1.2 Étude Hydrologique .................................................................................................................................... 25 4.2.1.1.3 Calage du modèle numérique .................................................................................................................... 25 4.2.1.2 Modélisation avec HydroSim ............................................................................................................................. 29 4.2.1.2.1 Topographie et maillage hydrodynamique ................................................................................................ 29 4.2.1.2.2 Répartition des coefficients de frottement ................................................................................................ 30 4.2.1.2.3 Répartition des conditions aux limites ....................................................................................................... 30 4.2.1.2.4 Simulation .................................................................................................................................................. 31 4.2.2 Analyse et discussion des résultats ......................................................................................................... 31 4.2.2.1 Résultats obtenus des simulations numériques ................................................................................................ 31 4.2.2.1.1 Résultats obtenus avec HEC-RAS ................................................................................................................ 31 4.2.2.1.2 Résultats obtenus avec Hydrosim .............................................................................................................. 32 4.2.2.2 Tracé des cartes d’inondation............................................................................................................................ 33 4.2.2.2.1 Vérification initiale et consolidation de la géoréférence ............................................................................ 33 4.2.2.2.2 Interpolation des courbes de niveaux et édition cartographique .............................................................. 33 4.2.2.2.3 Lignes d'inondation .................................................................................................................................... 34 4.2.2.3 Discussions de résultats obtenus ....................................................................................................................... 34 4.2.2.3.1 Résultats obtenus sur les niveaux d’eau dans la rivière ............................................................................. 35 4.2.2.3.2 Résultats obtenus sur les cartes d’inondation............................................................................................ 36 4.2.3 Conclusion et recommandations............................................................................................................. 37 4.3. ANALYSE DE LA VULNÉRABILITÉ ............................................................................................................................. 37 4.3.1 Sensibilité ................................................................................................................................................ 37 4.3.1.1. Indicateurs de la sensibilité .............................................................................................................................. 38 4.3.1.2. Méthode de la sensibilité sociale et résultats................................................................................................... 48 4.3.1.2.1. Indice de la sensibilité sociale (ISS) ........................................................................................................... 49 4.3.1.2.2. Indice de la sensibilité sociale par addition d’indicateurs pondérés (ISSAIP) ............................................ 56 4.3.1.2.3. Comparaison des deux méthodes sociales ................................................................................................ 61 4.3.1.2.4. Atelier ........................................................................................................................................................ 62 4.3.1.3. Méthode de la sensibilité territoriale et résultats ............................................................................................ 65 4.3.1.3.1. Indice de la sensibilité territoriale ............................................................................................................. 66 4.3.2. Capacité d'adaptation ........................................................................................................................... 75 4.3.2.1. Indicateurs de la capacité d’adaptation ............................................................................................................ 76 4.4. CARTOGRAPHIE DES TYPOLOGIES ........................................................................................................................... 91 4.4.1. Méthodologie de la vulnérabilité et résultats ........................................................................................ 91 4.4.2. Indice de la vulnérabilité ........................................................................................................................ 91 5. SYNTHÈSE DES RÉSULTATS ............................................................................................................................97 4 6. ANALYSE ET DISCUSSION ..............................................................................................................................99 7. CONCLUSION ET RECOMMANDATIONS ....................................................................................................... 101 8. RÉFÉRENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 102 ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................................................ 112 ANNEXE A - APERÇU DES RÉSULTATS OBTENUS AVEC HEC-RAS ....................................................................................... 112 ANNEXE B - APERÇU DES RÉSULTATS OBTENUS AVEC
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