Osteoporose Als Folge Fehlerhafter Ernährung Und Lebensweise

Thomas Klein Raimund von Helden

Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise

Über die Irrtümer der Osteoporose-Medizin und die Kunst, gesund zu bleiben

Vitamin C, D, E, K1 und K2 , Magnesium, Spurenelemente, Antioxidantien, Säure-Basen-Haushalt, die Gefahr der Kalzium- und Phosphatüberlastung, die richtigen Grundnährstoffe, Bewegung, Sport und Krafttraining

Hygeia-Verlag

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Haftungsausschluß

Dieses Buch wurde sorgfältig erarbeitet. Dennoch übernehmen Autoren und Verlag keinerlei Haftung für die Richtigkeit von Angaben und Empfehlungen sowie für eventuelle Druckfehler. Bei Beschwerden und Erkrankungen ist unbedingt ärztlicher Rat einzuholen.

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Thomas K lein, R aimu nd von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Über die Irrtümer der Osteoporose-Medizin und die Kunst, gesund zu bleiben. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016

ISBN 978-3-939865-14-8

www.hygeia.de

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Literaturverzeichnis

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546 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Das neue Verständnis der Osteoporose (Einleitung, Seite 23)

Hadji; K lein; Gothe et al.: The epidemiology of osteoporosis— Bone Evaluation Study (BEST): an analysis of routine health insurance data. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2013; 110(4):52-7. Häussler; Gothe; Göl et al.: Epidemiology, treatment and costs of osteoporosis in Germany--the BoneEVA Study. Osteoporos Int. 2007 Jan;18(1):77-84.

Der Aufbau und Umbau des Knochengewebes (Kapitel 1, Seite 31)

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Knochenumbau bei Tieren mit Winterschlaf

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Die Festigkeitseigenschaften der Knochen (Kapitel 2, Seite 43)

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Wassergehalt der Knochen

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Alterung des Kollagens durch Glykation

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558 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Heideman n; Mølgaard; Husby et al.: The intensity of physical activity influences bone mineral accrual in childhood: the childhood health, activity and motor performance school (the CHAMPS) study, Denmark. BMC Pediatr. 2013 Mar 2;13:32. Heinonen; K an nus; Sievänen et al.: Randomised controlled trial of effect of high-impact exercise on selected risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. Lancet. 1996 Nov 16;348(9038):1343-7. Hongo; Itoi; Sinaki et al.: Effect of low-intensity back exercise on quality of life and back extensor strength in patients with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int. 2007 Oct;18(10):1389-95. Hourigan; Nitz; Br auer et al.: Positive effects of exercise on falls and fracture risk in osteopenic women. Osteoporos Int. 2008 Jul;19(7):1077-86. Issekutz; Blizzard; Birkhead; Rodahl: Effect of prolonged bed rest on urinary calcium output. J Appl Physiol. 1966 May;21(3):1013-20. Iwamoto; Takeda; Ichimur a: Effect of exercise training and detraining on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Orthop Sci. 2001;6(2):128-32. Jaworski; Uhthoff: Reversibility of nontraumatic disuse osteoporosis during its active phase. Bone. 1986;7(6):431-9. Jones; Priest; Hayes et al.: Humeral hypertrophy in response to exercise. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977 Mar;59(2):204-8. Judge; K leppinger; K en ny et al.: Home-based resistance training improves femoral bone mineral density in women on hormone therapy. Osteoporos Int. 2005 Sep;16(9):1096-108. K anders; Dempster; Lindsay: Interaction of calcium nutrition and physical activity on bone mass in young women. J Bone Miner Res. 1988 Apr;3(2):145-9. K arlsson; Rosengren: Physical activity as a strategy to reduce the risk of osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Summer;10(3):527-36. K arlsson; Nordqvist; K arlsson: Physical activity, muscle function, falls and fractures. Food Nutr Res. 2008;52. K arlsson; Johnell; Obr ant: Bone mineral density in weight lifters. Calcif Tissue Int. 1993 Mar;52(3):212-5. K elley; K elley; Kohrt: Exercise and bone mineral density in premenopausal women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013:741639. K im; Shin; Noh et al.: Beneficial effects of judo training on bone mineral density of high-school boys in Korea. Biol Sport. 2013 Dec;30(4):295-9. K irchner; Lewis; O‘Con nor: Bone mineral density and dietary intake of female college gymnasts. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995 Apr;27(4):543-9. Kontulainen; Sievänen; K an nus et al.: Effect of long-term impact-loading on mass, size, and estimated strength of humerus and radius of female racquet- sports players: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study between young and old starters and controls. J Bone Miner Res. 2003 Feb;18(2):352-9.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 559 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. K rølner; Toft: Vertebral bone loss: an unheeded side effect of therapeutic bed rest. Clin Sci (Lond). 1983 May;64(5):537-40. Lane; Oehlert; Bloch; Fries: The relationship of running to osteoarthritis of the knee and hip and bone mineral density of the lumbar spine: a 9 year longitudinal study. J Rheumatol. 1998 Feb;25(2):334-41. Lane; Bloch; Jones et al.: Long-distance running, bone density, and osteoarthritis. JAMA. 1986 Mar 7;255(9):1147-51. Liang; Br au n; Bassin et al.: Effect of high-impact aerobics and strength training on BMD in young women aged 20-35 years. Int J Sports Med. 2011;32(2):100-8. MacK elvie; Tau nton; McK ay; K han: Bone mineral density and serum testosterone in chronically trained, high mileage 40-55 year old male runners. Br J Sports Med. 2000 Aug;34(4):273-8. Manske; Lorincz; Zernicke: Bone health: part 2, physical activity. Sports Health. 2009 Jul;1(4):341-6. Marcus; Can n; Madvig et al.: Menstrual function and bone mass in elite women distance runners. Endocrine and metabolic features. Ann Intern Med. 1985 Feb;102(2):158-63. Marty n-St James; Carroll: Effects of different impact exercise modalities on bone mineral density in premenopausal women: a meta-analysis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2010 May;28(3):251-67. Marty n-St James; Carroll: Meta-analysis of walking for preservation of bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Bone. 2008 Sep;43(3):521-31. Marty n-St James; Carroll: Progressive high-intensity resistance training and bone mineral density changes among premenopausal women: evidence of discordant site-specific skeletal effects. Sports Med. 2006;36(8):683-704. Michaëlsson; Olofsson; Jensevik et al.: Leisure physical activity and the risk of fracture in men. PLoS Med. 2007 Jun;4(6):e199. Mishr a; Mishr a; Devanshi: Exercise beyond menopause: Dos and Don‘ts. J Midlife Health. 2011 Jul;2(2):51-6. Nilsson; Ohlsson; Mellström; Lorentzon: Sport-specific association between exercise loading and the density, geometry, and microstructure of weight- bearing bone in young adult men. Osteoporos Int. 2013 May;24(5):1613-22. Nilsson; Westlin: Bone density in athletes. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1971;77:179-82. Olmedillas; González-Agüero; Moreno et al.: Cycling and bone health: a systematic review. BMC Med. 2012 Dec 20;10:168. Olmedillas; González-Agüero; Moreno et al.: Bone related health status in adolescent cyclists. PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e24841. Ozcivici; Luu; Adler et al.: Mechanical signals as anabolic agents in bone. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010 Jan;6(1):50-9. Pongchaiyakul; Nguyen; Kosulwat et al.: Effects of physical activity and dietary calcium intake on bone mineral density and osteoporosis risk in a rural Thai population. Osteoporos Int. 2004 Oct;15(10):807-13. Preisinger; Alacamlioglu; Pils et al.: Exercise therapy for osteoporosis: results of a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 1996 Sep;30(3):209-12.

560 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Preisinger; Alacamlioglu; Pils et al.: Therapeutic exercise in the prevention of bone loss. A controlled trial with women after menopause. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1995 Mar-Apr;74(2):120-3. Qu; Zhang; Zhai et al.: Association between physical activity and risk of fracture. J Bone Miner Res. 2014 Jan;29(1):202-11. R hodes; Martin; Tau nton et al.: Effects of one year of resistance training on the relation between muscular strength and bone density in elderly women. Br J Sports Med. 2000 Feb;34(1):18-22. Rubin; Turner; Müller et al.: Quantity and quality of trabecular bone in the femur are enhanced by a strongly anabolic, noninvasive mechanical intervention. J Bone Miner Res. 2002 Feb;17(2):349-57. Rutherford: Is there a role for exercise in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures? Br J Sports Med. 1999 Dec;33(6):378-86. Saville; Whyte: Muscle and bone hypertrophy. Positive effect of running exercise in the rat. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1969 Jul-Aug;65:81-8. Schneider; McDonald: Skeletal calcium homeostasis and countermeasures to prevent disuse osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int. 1984;36 Suppl 1:S151-44. Schoenau; Fricke; R auch: The regulation of bone development as a biological system. Homo. 2003;54(2):113-8. Shaw; Snow: Weighted vest exercise improves indices of fall risk in older women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1998 Jan;53(1):M53-8. Simkin; Ayalon; Leichter: Increased trabecular bone density due to bone-loading exercises in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Calcif Tissue Int. 1987 Feb;40(2):59-63. Smith; Smith; Ensign; Shea: Bone involution decrease in exercising middle- aged women. Calcif Tissue Int. 1984;36 Suppl 1:S129-38. Smith; R eddan; Smith: Physical activity and calcium modalities for bone mineral increase in aged women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1981;13(1):60-4. Snow; Shaw; Winters; Witzke: Long-term exercise using weighted vests prevents hip bone loss in postmenopausal women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Sep;55(9):M489-91. Swanenburg; de Bruin; Stauffacher et al.: Effects of exercise and nutrition on postural balance and risk of falling in elderly people with decreased bone mineral density: randomized controlled trial pilot study. Clin Rehabil. 2007 Jun;21(6):523-34. Tobias; Gould; Bru nton et al.: Physical Activity and Bone: May the Force be with You. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014 Mar 3;5:20. eCollection 2014. Todd; Robinson: Osteoporosis and exercise. Postgrad Med J. 2003;79(932):320-3. Torstveit; Su ndgot-Borgen: Low bone mineral density is two to three times more prevalent in non-athletic premenopausal women than in elite athletes: a comprehensive controlled study. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(5):282-7; discussion 282-7. Tsuritani; Brooke-Wavell; Mastana et al.: Does vitamin D receptor polymorphism influence the response of bone to brisk walking in postmenopausal women? Horm Res. 1998;50(6):315-9.

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Krafttraining

Cederholm; Cruz-Jentoft; Maggi: Sarcopenia and fragility fractures. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2013;49(1):111-7. Fricke; Beccard; Semler; Schoenau: Analyses of muscular mass and function: the impact on bone mineral density and peak muscle mass. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010 Dec;25(12):2393-400. Häkkinen; K r aemer; Pak arinen et al.: Effects of heavy resistance/power training on maximal strength, muscle morphology, and hormonal response patterns in 60-75-year-old men and women. Can J Appl Physiol. 2002 Jun;27(3):213-31. Häkkinen; Pak arinen; K r aemer et al.: Basal concentrations and acute responses of serum hormones and strength development during heavy resistance training in middle-aged and elderly men and women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Feb;55(2):B95-105. Häkkinen; Pak arinen: Acute hormonal responses to two different fatiguing heavy-resistance protocols in male athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1993 Feb;74(2):882-7. Heggelu nd; Fimland; Helgerud; Hoff: Maximal strength training improves work economy, rate of force development and maximal strength more than conventional strength training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013 Jun;113(6):1565-73. K emmler; Lauber; Weineck et al.: Benefits of 2 years of intense exercise on bone density, physical fitness, and blood lipids in early postmenopausal osteopenic women: results of the Erlangen Fitness Osteoporosis Prevention Study (EFOPS). Arch Intern Med. 2004 May 24;164(10):1084-91.

562 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. K err; Ackland; Maslen et al.: Resistance training over 2 years increases bone mass in calcium-replete postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2001 Jan;16(1):175-81. K err; Morton; Dick; Prince: Exercise effects on bone mass in postmenopausal women are site-specific and load-dependent. J Bone Miner Res. 1996 Feb;11(2):218-25. K ronborg; Bandholm; Palm et al.: Feasibility of progressive strength training implemented in the acute ward after hip fracture surgery. PLoS One. 2014 Apr 3;9(4):e93332. Lay ne; Nelson: The effects of progressive resistance training on bone density: a review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999 Jan;31(1):25-30. Liu-Ambrose; K han; Eng et al.: Resistance and agility training reduce fall risk in women aged 75 to 85 with low bone mass: a 6-month randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004 May;52(5):657-65. Lohman; Going; Pamenter et al.: Effects of resistance training on regional and total bone mineral density in premenopausal women: a randomized prospective study. J Bone Miner Res. 1995 Jul;10(7):1015-24. Marcus: Relationship of age-related decreases in muscle mass and strength to skeletal status. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995 Nov;50 Spec No:86-7. Marques; Mota; Carvalho: Exercise effects on bone mineral density in older adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Age (Dordr). 2012 Dec;34(6):1493-515. Marques; Mota; Machado et al.: Multicomponent training program with weight-bearing exercises elicits favorable bone density, muscle strength, and balance adaptations in older women. Calcif Tissue Int. 2011 Feb;88(2):117-29. Mitchell; Stott; Martin; Gr ant: Randomized controlled trial of quadriceps training after proximal femoral fracture. Clin Rehabil. 2001 Jun;15(3):282-90. Mosti; Carlsen; Aas et al.: Maximal strength training improves bone mineral density and neuromuscular performance in young adult women. J Strength Cond Res. 2014 Oct;28(10):2935-45. Mosti; K aehler et al.: Maximal strength training in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or osteopenia. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(10):2879-86. Nelson; Fiatarone; Morganti et al.: Effects of high-intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1994 Dec 28;272(24):1909-14. Overgaard; K ristensen: Feasibility of progressive strength training shortly after hip fracture surgery. World J Orthop. 2013 Oct 18;4(4):248-58. Sinaki; Itoi; Wahner et al.: Stronger back muscles reduce the incidence of vertebral fractures: a prospective 10 year follow-up of postmenopausal women. Bone. 2002 Jun;30(6):836-41. Stengel; K emmler; Pintag et al.: Power training is more effective than strength training for maintaining bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005 Jul;99(1):181-8. Suominen: Muscle training for bone strength. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2006;18(2):85-93.

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Gleichgewichtstraining

Halvarsson; Fr anzén; Ståhle: Balance training with multi-task exercises improves fall-related self-efficacy, gait, balance performance and physical function in older adults with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2015 Apr;29(4):365-75. Madureir a; Bonfá; Tak ayama; Pereir a: A 12-month randomized controlled trial of balance training in elderly women with osteoporosis: improvement of quality of life. Maturitas. 2010 Jun;66(2):206-11. Madureir a; Tak ayama; Gallinaro et al.: Balance training program is highly effective in improving functional status and reducing the risk of falls in elderly women with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int. 2007 Apr;18(4):419-25.

Schwerelosigkeit

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Bewegung und chronische Entzündungen

Colbert; Visser; Simonsick et al.: Physical activity, exercise, and inflammatory markers in older adults: findings from the Health, Aging and Body Compositi- on Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004 Jul;52(7):1098-104. Ertek; Cicero: Impact of physical activity on inflammation: effects on cardiovascular disease risk and other inflammatory conditions.Arch Med Sci. 2012 9;8(5):794-804.

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Körperliche Aktivität reduziert Sterberate

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Sklerostin

Ardawi; Rouzi; Al-Sibiani et al.: High serum sclerostin predicts the occurrence of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women: the Center of Excellence for Osteoporosis Research Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(12):2592-602. Cejk a; Jäger-Lansky; K ieweg et al.: Sclerostin serum levels correlate positively with bone mineral density and microarchitecture in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012 Jan;27(1):226-30. Chen; Baum; Dwyer et al.: Sclerostin inhibition reverses systemic, periarticular and local bone loss in arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Oct;72(10):1732-6. Robling; Niziolek et al.: Mechanical stimulation of bone in vivo reduces osteocyte expression of Sost/sclerostin. J Biol Chem. 2008;283(9):5866-75.

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Protein – die Grundsubstanz der organischen Knochenmatrix (Kapitel 6, Seite 105)

Abelow; Holford; Insogna: Cross-cultural association between dietary animal protein and hip fracture: a hypothesis. Calcif Tissue Int. 1992 Jan;50(1):14-8. Barr; Prior; Janelle; Lentle: Spinal bone mineral density in premenopausal vegetarian and nonvegetarian women: cross-sectional and prospective comparisons. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998 Jul;98(7):760-5. Beasley; Ichik awa; Ange et al.: Is protein intake associated with bone mineral density in young women? Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 May;91(5):1311-6. Beckman: Dense Matter. Sci. Aging Knowl. Environ. 2003 (48), nw164. Bonjour: Protein intake and bone health. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2011 Mar;81(2-3):134-42. Bonjour: Dietary protein: an essential nutrient for bone health. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005 Dec;24(6 Suppl):526S-36S. Calvez; Poupin; Chesneau et al.: Protein intake, calcium balance and health consequences. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012 Mar;66(3):281-95. Cao; Pasiakos; Margolis et al.: Calcium homeostasis and bone metabolic responses to high-protein diets during energy deficit in healthy young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Feb;99(2):400-7. Dargent-Molina; Sabia; Touvier et al.: Proteins, dietary acid load, and calcium and risk of postmenopausal fractures in the E3N French women prospective study. J Bone Miner Res. 2008 Dec;23(12):1915-22. Darling; Millward; Torgerson et al.: Dietary protein and bone health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Dec;90(6):1674-92. Dawson-Hughes; Harris: Calcium intake influences the association of protein intake with rates of bone loss in elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Apr;75(4):773-9. Elango; Ball; Pencharz: Individual amino acid requirements in humans: an update. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008 Jan;11(1):34-9. Fan; Xue; Wu et al.: Higher fish intake is associated with a lower risk of hip fractures in Chinese men and women. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56849. Fr assetto; Todd; Morris; Sebastian: Worldwide incidence of hip fracture in elderly women: relation to consumption of animal and vegetable foods. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Oct;55(10):M585-92.

566 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Han nan; Tucker; Dawson-Hughes et al.: Effect of dietary protein on bone loss in elderly men and women: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2000 Dec;15(12):2504-12. Heaney; Layman: Amount and type of protein influences bone health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 May;87(5):1567S-1570S. Heaney: Dietary protein and phosphorus do not affect calcium absorption. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Sep;72(3):758-61. Ho; Woo; Lam et al.: Soy protein consumption and bone mass in early postmenopausal Chinese women. Osteoporos Int. 2003 Oct;14(10):835-42. Ilich; Brow nbill; Tamborini: Bone and nutrition in elderly women: protein, energy, and calcium as main determinants of bone mineral density. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Apr;57(4):554-65. Itoh; Nishiyama; Suyama: Dietary protein intake and urinary excretion of calcium: a cross-sectional study in a healthy Japanese population. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Mar;67(3):438-44. Jesudason; Clifton: The interaction between dietary protein and bone health. J Bone Miner Metab. 2011 Jan;29(1):1-14. K erstetter; K en ny; Insogna: Dietary protein and skeletal health: a review of recent human research. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2011 Feb;22(1):16-20. K erstetter; O‘Brien; Caseria et al.: The impact of dietary protein on calcium absorption and kinetic measures of bone turnover in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jan;90(1):26-31. K erstetter; O‘Brien; Insogna: Dietary protein, calcium metabolism, and skeletal homeostasis revisited. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Sep;78(3 Suppl):584S-592S. K erstetter; O‘Brien; Insogna: Dietary protein affects intestinal calcium absorption. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Oct;68(4):859-65. K im; K im; Lee et al.: The Relationship between Prevalence of Osteoporosis and Proportion of Daily Protein Intake. Korean J Fam Med. 2013 Jan;34(1):43-8. Mangano; Sahni; K erstetter: Dietary protein is beneficial to bone health under conditions of adequate calcium intake: an update on clinical research. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2014 Jan;17(1):69-74. Massey: Dietary animal and plant protein and human bone health: a whole foods approach. J Nutr. 2003 Mar;133(3):862S-865S. McLean; Qiao; Broe et al.: Dietary acid load is not associated with lower bone mineral density except in older men. J Nutr. 2011 Apr 1;141(4):588-94. Millward: Amino acid requirements in adult man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990 Mar;51(3):492-6. Misr a; Berry; Broe et al.: Does dietary protein reduce hip fracture risk in elders? The Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporos Int. 2011 Jan;22(1):345-9. Mu nger; Cerhan; Chiu: Prospective study of dietary protein intake and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(1):147-52. Promislow; Goodman-Gruen; Slymen; Barrett-Con nor: Protein consumption and bone mineral density in the elderly: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002 Apr 1;155(7):636-44.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 567 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Sahni; Cupples; McLean et al.: Protective effect of high protein and calcium intake on the risk of hip fracture in the Framingham offspring cohort. J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Dec;25(12):2770-6. Sukumar; Ambia-Sobhan; Zurfluh et al.: Areal and volumetric bone mineral density and geometry at two levels of protein intake during caloric restriction: a randomized, controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Jun;26(6):1339-48. Surdykowski; K en ny; Insogna; K erstetter: Optimizing bone health in older adults: the importance of dietary protein. Aging health. 2010;6(3):345-357. Thorpe; Mojtahedi; Chapman-Novakofski et al.: A positive association of lumbar spine bone mineral density with dietary protein is suppressed by a negative association with protein sulfur. J Nutr. 2008 Jan;138(1):80-5. Thorpe; K nutsen; Beeson et al.: Effects of meat consumption and vegetarian diet on risk of wrist fracture over 25 years in a cohort of peri- and postmenopausal women. Public Health Nutr. 2008 Jun;11(6):564-72. Tk atch; R apin; R izzoli et al.: Benefits of oral protein supplementation in elderly patients with fracture of the proximal femur. J Am Coll Nutr. 1992 Oct;11(5):519-25. Weikert; Walter; Hoffman n et al.: The relation between dietary protein, calcium and bone health in women: results from the EPIC-Potsdam cohort. Ann Nutr Metab. 2005 Sep-Oct;49(5):312-8. Wengreen; Mu nger; West et al.: Dietary protein intake and risk of osteoporotic hip fracture in elderly residents of Utah. J Bone Miner Res. 2004 Apr;19(4):537-45. Zoltick; Sahni; McLean et al.: Dietary protein intake and subsequent falls in older men and women: the Framingham Study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2011 Feb;15(2):147-52.

Proteinüberlastung

Ashaye; Gaziano; Djoussé: Red meat consumption and risk of heart failure in male physicians. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2011 Dec;21(12):941-6. K aluza; Akesson; Wolk: Processed and unprocessed red meat consumption and risk of heart failure: prospective study of men. Circ Heart Fail. 2014 Jul;7(4):552-7. Larsson; Virtamo; Wolk: Red meat consumption and risk of stroke in Swedish men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Aug;94(2):417-21. Pan; Su n; Bernstein et al.: Red meat consumption and mortality: results from 2 prospective cohort studies. Arch Intern Med. 2012 Apr 9;172(7):555-63. Popkin: Reducing meat consumption has multiple benefits for the world‘s health. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Mar 23;169(6):543-5. Rohrman n; Overvad; Bueno-de-Mesquita et al.: Meat consumption and mortality--results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. BMC Med. 2013 Mar 7;11:63. Sinha; Cross; Gr aubard et al.: Meat intake and mortality: a prospective study of over half a million people. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Mar 23;169(6):562-71.

568 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Zink – ein essentielles Spurenelement für den Knochenaufbau (Kapitel 7, Seite 123)

Bhardwaj; R ai; Garg: Zinc as a nutritional approach to bone loss prevention in an ovariectomized rat model. Menopause. 2013 Nov;20(11):1184-93. Cerovic; Miletic; Sobajic et al.: Effects of zinc on the mineralization of bone nodules from human osteoblast-like cells. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2007 Apr;116(1):61-71. Cho; Lomeda et al.: Zinc deficiency negatively affects alkaline phosphatase and the concentration of Ca, Mg and P in rats. Nutr Res Pract. 2007;1(2):113-9. Chou; Hao; Hatoyama et al.: The therapeutic effect on bone mineral formation from biomimetic zinc containing tricalcium phosphate (ZnTCP) in zinc-deficient osteoporotic mice. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e71821. Chou; Hao; Kuroda et al.: Bone regeneration of rat tibial defect by zinc-tricalcium phosphate (Zn-TCP) synthesized from porous Foraminifera carbonate macrospheres. Mar Drugs. 2013a;11(12):5148-58. Elmståhl; Gullberg; Janzon et al.: Increased incidence of fractures in middle-aged and elderly men with low intakes of phosphorus and zinc. Osteoporos Int. 1998;8(4):333-40. Fu ng; Kwiatkowski; Huang et al.: Zinc supplementation improves bone density in patients with thalassemia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Oct;98(4):960-71. Fushimi; Inoue; Yamada et al.: Zinc deficiency exaggerates diabetic osteoporosis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1993 Jun;20(3):191-6. Gu nson; Kowalczyk; Shoop; R amberg: Environmental zinc and cadmium pollution associated with generalized osteochondrosis, osteoporosis, and nephrocalcinosis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1982 Feb 1;180(3):295-9. Hosea; Taylor; Wood et al.: Zinc-deficient rats have more limited bone recovery during repletion than diet-restricted rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2004 Apr;229(4):303-11. Hyu n; Barrett-Con nor; Milne: Zinc intakes and plasma concentrations in men with osteoporosis: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Sep;80(3):715-21. Igar ashi; Yamaguchi: Increase in bone growth factors with healing rat fractures: the enhancing effect of zinc. Int J Mol Med. 2001 Oct;8(4):433-8. Igar ashi; Yamaguchi: Increase in bone protein components with healing rat fractures: enhancement by zinc treatment. Int J Mol Med. 1999 Dec;4(6):615-20. Igar ashi; Yamaguchi: Stimulatory effect of zinc acexamate administration on fracture healing of the femoral-diaphyseal tissues in rats. Gen Pharmacol. 1999 Apr;32(4):463-9. Laudermilk; Manore; Thomson et al.: Vitamin C and zinc intakes are related to bone macroarchitectural structure and strength in prepubescent girls. Calcif Tissue Int. 2012 Dec;91(6):430-9.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 569 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Lowe; Lowe; Fr aser; Jackson: Is there a potential therapeutic value of copper and zinc for osteoporosis? Proc Nutr Soc. 2002 May;61(2):181-5. Lutz; Burritt; Nixon et al.: Zinc increases the activity of vitamin D-dependent promoters in osteoblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;271(1):1-7. Ma; Yamaguchi: Stimulatory effect of zinc and growth factor on bone protein component in newborn rats: enhancement with zinc and insulin-like growth factor-I. Int J Mol Med. 2001 Jan;7(1):73-8. Ma; Misawa; Yamaguchi: Stimulatory effect of zinc on insulin-like growth factor-I and transforming growth factor-beta1 production with bone growth of newborn rats. Int J Mol Med. 2001 Dec;8(6):623-8. Mahdaviroshan; Golzar and; Tar amsari; Mahdaviroshan: Effect of zinc supplementation on serum zinc and calcium levels in postmenopausal osteoporotic women in Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2013 Mar;19(3):271-5. Maser; Stabley; Lenhard et al.: Zinc intake and biochemical markers of bone turnover in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008 Dec;31(12):2279-80. Moonga; Dempster: Zinc is a potent inhibitor of osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro. J Bone Miner Res. 1995 Mar;10(3):453-7. Nielsen; Luk aski; Johnson; Roughead: Reported zinc, but not copper, intakes influence whole-body bone density, mineral content and T score responses to zinc and copper supplementation in healthy postmenopausal women. Br J Nutr. 2011 Dec;106(12):1872-9. Park; Park; Yoon et al.: Zinc inhibits osteoclast differentiation by suppression of Ca2+-Calcineurin-NFATc1 signaling pathway. Cell Commun Signal. 2013 Oct 2;11:74. Peretz; Papadopoulos; Willems et al.: Zinc supplementation increases bone alkaline phosphatase in healthy men. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2001;15(2-3):175-8. Sadighi; Roshan; Mor adi; Ostadr ahimi: The effects of zinc supplementation on serum zinc, alkaline phosphatase activity and fracture healing of bones. Saudi Med J. 2008 Sep;29(9):1276-9. Sandström: Micronutrient interactions: effects on absorption and bioavailability. Br J Nutr. 2001 May;85 Suppl 2:S181-5. Seo; Cho; K im et al.: Zinc may increase bone formation through stimulating cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity and collagen synthesis in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Nutr Res Pract. 2010 Oct;4(5):356-61. Su n; Wang; Zi et al.: Effects of zinc supplementation and deficiency on bone metabolism and related gene expression in rat. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Oct;143(1):394-402. Wey; Cu n ningham; Hreha et al.: Local ZnCl2 accelerates fracture healing. J Orthop Res. 2014 Jun;32(6):834-41. Wood; Zheng: High dietary calcium intakes reduce zinc absorption and balance in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Jun;65(6):1803-9. Yamaguchi: Role of nutritional zinc in the prevention of osteoporosis. Mol Cell Biochem. 2010 May;338(1-2):241-54.

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Silizium steigert die Knochenfestigkeit (Kapitel 8, Seite 127)

Bae; K im; Choi et al.: Short-term administration of water-soluble silicon improves mineral density of the femur and tibia in ovariectomized rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008 Aug;124(2):157-63. Barel; Calomme; Timchenko et al.: Effect of oral intake of choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid on skin, nails and hair in women with photodamaged skin. Arch Dermatol Res. 2005 Oct;297(4):147-53. Beck; Ha; Camalier et al.: Bioactive silica-based nanoparticles stimulate bone- forming osteoblasts, suppress bone-resorbing osteoclasts, and enhance bone mineral density in vivo. Nanomedicine. 2012 Aug;8(6):793-803. Calomme; Geusens; Demeester et al.: Partial prevention of long-term femoral bone loss in aged ovariectomized rats supplemented with choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid. Calcif Tissue Int. 2006 Apr;78(4):227-32. Calomme; Vanden Berghe: Supplementation of calves with stabilized orthosilicic acid. Effect on the Si, Ca, Mg, and P concentrations in serum and the collagen concentration in skin and cartilage. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1997 Feb;56(2):153-65. Carlisle: Silicon: a requirement in bone formation independent of vitamin D1. Calcif Tissue Int. 1981;33(1):27-34. Carlisle: Biochemical and morphological changes associated with long bone abnormalities in silicon deficiency. J Nutr. 1980 May;110(5):1046-56. Carlisle: Silicon: an essential element for the chick. Science. 1972;178(4061):619-21. Carlisle: Silicon: a possible factor in bone calcification. Science. 1970 Jan 16;167(3916):279-80. Eisinger; Clairet: Effects of silicon, fluoride, etidronate and magnesium on bone mineral density: a retrospective study. Magnes Res. 1993 Sep;6(3):247-9. Hott; de Pollak; Modrowski; Marie: Short-term effects of organic silicon on trabecular bone in mature ovariectomized rats. Calcif Tissue Int. 1993;53(3):174-9. Jugdaohsingh; Sripanyakorn; Powell: Silicon absorption and excretion is independent of age and sex in adults. Br J Nutr. 2013 Sep 28;110(6):1024-30.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 571 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Jugdaohsingh; Hui; Anderson et al.: The silicon supplement ‚Monomethylsila- netriol‘ is safe and increases the body pool of silicon in healthy Pre-menopausal women. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2013a Apr 26;10(1):37. Jugdaohsingh: Silicon and bone health. J Nutr Health Aging. 2007;11(2):99-110. Jugdaohsingh; Tucker; Qiao et al.: Dietary silicon intake is positively associated with bone mineral density in men and premenopausal women of the Framingham Offspring cohort. J Bone Miner Res. 2004 Feb;19(2):297-307. Jugdaohsingh; Anderson; Tucker et al.: Dietary silicon intake and absorption. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 May;75(5):887-93. Jurkić; Cepanec; Pavelić; Pavelić: Biological and therapeutic effects of ortho-silicic acid and some ortho-silicic acid-releasing compounds: New perspectives for therapy. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2013 Jan 8;10(1):2. K ayongo-Male; Julson: Effects of high levels of dietary silicon on bone development of growing rats and turkeys fed semi-purified diets. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008 Summer;123(1-3):191-201. K im; K im; Ju ng; Choi: Effect of water-soluble silicon supplementation on bone status and balance of calcium and magnesium in male mice. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2014 May;158(2):238-42. K im; Bae; Choi; Chu ng: Silicon supplementation improves the bone mineral density of calcium-deficient ovariectomized rats by reducing bone resorption. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2009 Jun;128(3):239-47. Lassus: Colloidal silicic acid for oral and topical treatment of aged skin, fragile hair and brittle nails in females. J Int Med Res. 1993 Jul-Aug;21(4):209-15. Li; K arp; Zerlin et al.: Absorption of silicon from artesian aquifer water and its impact on bone health in postmenopausal women: a 12 week pilot study. Nutr J. 2010 Oct 14;9:44. Macdonald; Hardcastle; Jugdaohsingh et al.: Dietary silicon interacts with oestrogen to influence bone health: evidence from the Aberdeen Prospective Osteoporosis Screening Study. Bone. 2012 Mar;50(3):681-7. Martin: Silicon: the health benefits of a metalloid. Met Ions Life Sci. 2013;13:451-73. Martin: The chemistry of silica and its potential health benefits. J Nutr Health Aging. 2007 Mar-Apr;11(2):94-7. McNaughton; Bolton-Smith; Mishra et al.: Dietary silicon intake in post-menopausal women. Br J Nutr. 2005 Nov;94(5):813-7. Mu nir; Koller; Di Silvio et al.: The pathway to intelligent implants: osteoblast response to nano silicon-doped hydroxyapatite patterning. J R Soc Interface. 2011 May 6;8(58):678-88. Nielsen; Potter; Morris et al. Training distance to failure in young racing quarter horses fed sodium zeolite A. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 1993;13(10):562-567. Powell; McNaughton; Jugdaohsingh et al.: A provisional database for the silicon content of foods in the United Kingdom. Br J Nutr. 2005;94(5):804-12. Price; Koval; Langford: Silicon: a review of its potential role in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Int J Endocrinol. 2013:316783.

572 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Pruksa; Siripinyanond; Powell; Jugdaohsingh: Silicon balance in human volunteers; a pilot study to establish the variance in silicon excretion versus intake. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2014 Jan 9;11(1):4. R ico; Gallego-Lago; Hernández et al.: Effect of silicon supplement on osteopenia induced by ovariectomy in rats. Calcif Tissue Int. 2000 Jan;66(1):53-5. Robberecht; Van Cauwenbergh; Van Vlaslaer; Hermans: Dietary silicon intake in Belgium: Sources, availability from foods, and human serum levels. Sci Total Environ. 2009 Aug 1;407(16):4777-82. Schiano; Eisinger; Detolle et al.: Silicon, bone tissue and immunity. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic. 1979 Jul-Sep;46(7-9):483-6. Seaborn; Nielsen: Silicon deprivation decreases collagen formation in wounds and bone, and ornithine transaminase enzyme activity in liver. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2002 Dec;89(3):251-61. Seaborn; Nielsen: Dietary silicon and arginine affect mineral element composition of rat femur and vertebra. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2002a Dec;89(3):239-50. Seaborn; Nielsen: Effects of germanium and silicon on bone mineralization. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1994 Aug;42(2):151-64. Spector; Calomme; Anderson et al.: Choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid supplementation as an adjunct to calcium/vitamin D3 stimulates markers of bone formation in osteopenic females: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008 Jun 11;9:85. Sripanyakorn; Jugdaohsingh; Dissayabutr et al.: The comparative absorption of silicon from different foods and food supplements. Br J Nutr. 2009 Sep;102(6):825-34. Sripanyakorn; Jugdaohsingh; Elliott et al.: The silicon content of beer and its bioavailability in healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr. 2004 Mar;91(3):403-9. Wickett; Kossman n; Barel et al.: Effect of oral intake of choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid on hair tensile strength and morphology in women with fine hair. Arch Dermatol Res. 2007 Dec;299(10):499-505.

Andere Spurenelemente (Kapitel 9, Seite 131)

Spurenelemente allgemein

Nielsen; Luk aski; Johnson; Roughead: Reported zinc, but not copper, intakes influence whole-body bone density, mineral content and T score responses to zinc and copper supplementation in healthy postmenopausal women. Br J Nutr. 2011 Dec;106(12):1872-9. Nielsen: New essential trace elements for the life sciences. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1990 Jul-Dec;26-27:599-611. Price; Langford; Lipor ace: Essential Nutrients for Bone Health and a Review of their Availability in the Average North American Diet. Open Orthop J. 2012;6:143-9.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 573 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Saltman; Str ause: The role of trace minerals in osteoporosis. J Am Coll Nutr. 1993 Aug;12(4):384-9. Str ause; Saltman; Smith et al.: Spinal bone loss in postmenopausal women supplemented with calcium and trace minerals. J Nutr. 1994 Jul;124(7):1060-4. Zofková; Nemcikova; Matucha: Trace elements and bone health. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2013 Aug;51(8):1555-61.

Kupfer

Baker; Harvey; Majask-Newman et al.: Effect of dietary copper intakes on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in healthy adult males. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999 May;53(5):408-12. Baker; Turley; Bonham et al.: No effect of copper supplementation on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in healthy adults. Br J Nutr. 1999a Oct;82(4):283-90. Cashman; Baker; Ginty et al.: No effect of copper supplementation on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in healthy young adult females despite apparently improved copper status. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001 Jul;55(7):525-31. Dollwet; Sorenson: Roles of copper in bone maintenance and healing. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1988 Dec;18:39-48. Güler; Sapan; Ediz et al.: Effect of copper on liver and bone metabolism in malnutrition. Turk J Pediatr. 1994 Jul-Sep;36(3):205-13. Jonas; Burns; Abel et al.: Impaired mechanical strength of bone in experimental copper deficiency. Ann Nutr Metab. 1993;37(5):245-52. Lai; Yamaguchi: Effects of copper on bone component in the femoral tissues of rats: anabolic effect of zinc is weakened by copper. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Dec;28(12):2296-301. Roughead; Luk aski: Inadequate copper intake reduces serum insulin-like growth factor-I and bone strength in growing rats fed graded amounts of copper and zinc. J Nutr. 2003 Feb;133(2):442-8.

Mangan

R ico; Gómez-R aso; R evilla et al.: Effects on bone loss of manganese alone or with copper supplement in ovariectomized rats. A morphometric and densi- tomeric study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2000 May;90(1):97-101.

Vanadium

Paglia; Wey; Hreha et al.: Local vanadium release from a calcium sulfate carrier accelerates fracture healing. J Orthop Res. 2014 May;32(5):727-34. Paglia; Wey; Park et al.: The effects of local vanadium treatment on angiogenesis and chondrogenesis during fracture healing. J Orthop Res. 2012;30(12):1971-8. Wang; Wang; Fu et al.: Systemic treatment with vanadium absorbed by Coprinus comatus promotes femoral fracture healing in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2013 Mar;151(3):424-33.

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Devirian; Volpe: The physiological effects of dietary boron. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2003;43(2):219-31. Dupre; K eenan; Hegsted; Brudevold: Effects of dietary boron in rats fed a vitamin D-deficient diet.Environ Health Perspect. 1994;102 Suppl 7:55-8. Gorustovich; Steimetz; Nielsen; Guglielmotti: Histomorphometric study of alveolar bone healing in rats fed a boron-deficient diet. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2008 Apr;291(4):441-7. Hegsted; K eenan; Siver; Wozniak: Effect of boron on vitamin D deficient rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1991 Mar;28(3):243-55. Meacham; Taper; Volpe: Effects of boron supplementation on bone mineral density and dietary, blood, and urinary calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and boron in female athletes. Environ Health Perspect. 1994;102 Suppl 7:79-82. Naghii; Samman: The effect of boron supplementation on its urinary excretion and selected cardiovascular risk factors in healthy male subjects. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1997 Mar;56(3):273-86. Naghii; Samman: The role of boron in nutrition and metabolism. Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1993 Oct-Dec;17(4):331-49. Nielsen; Stoecker: Boron and fish oil have different beneficial effects on strength and trabecular microarchitecture of bone. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2009;23(3):195-203. Nielsen: Is boron nutritionally relevant? Nutr Rev. 2008a Apr;66(4):183-91. Nielsen: Ultratrace minerals mythical elixirs or nutrients of concern? Bol Asoc Med P R. 1991 Mar;83(3):131-3. Nielsen: Studies on the relationship between boron and magnesium which possibly affects the formation and maintenance of bones. Magnes Trace Elem. 1990;9(2):61-9. Nielsen; Hu nt; Mullen; Hu nt: Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. FASEB J. 1987 Nov;1(5):394-7. Samman; Naghii; Lyons et al.: The nutritional and metabolic effects of boron in humans and animals. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1998 Winter;66(1-3):227-35. Xu; Hu; Guo et al.: Therapeutic effect of dietary boron supplement on retinoic acid-induced osteoporosis in rats. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2006;26(12):1785-8.

Selen

Zeng; Cao; Combs: Selenium in bone health: roles in antioxidant protection and cell proliferation. Nutrients. 2013 Jan 10;5(1):97-110.

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Antiosteoporotische Substanzen

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Eisenüberlastung verursacht Osteoporose

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Osteoporose als Folge eines Vitamin-C-Mangels (Kapitel 11, Seite 139)

Erhöhte Krankheitsanfälligkeit und Sterblichkeit bei Vitamin-C-Mangel

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Vitamin C und Muskelfunktion

Bryer; Goldfarb: Effect of high dose vitamin C supplementation on muscle soreness, damage, function, and oxidative stress to eccentric exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006 Jun;16(3):270-80. Carr; Bozonet; Pullar et al.: Human skeletal muscle ascorbate is highly responsive to changes in vitamin C intake and plasma concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Apr;97(4):800-7. Carr; Vissers: Synthetic or food-derived vitamin C--are they equally bioavailable? Nutrients. 2013 Oct 28;5(11):4284-304.

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Der natürliche Vitamin-E-Komplex (Kapitel 12, Seite 153)

Abd Manan; Mohamed; Shuid: Effects of Low-Dose versus High-Dose γ-Tocotrienol on the Bone Cells Exposed to the Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012:680834. Abdul-Majeed; Mohamed; Soelaiman: Effects of tocotrienol and lovastatin combination on osteoblast and osteoclast activity in estrogen-deficient osteoporosis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:960742. Abukhadir; Mohamed; Makpol; Muhammad: Effects of palm vitamin e on bone-formation-related gene expression in nicotine-treated rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:656025. Aggarwal; Su ndar am; Pr asad; K an nappan: Tocotrienols, the vitamin E of the 21st century: its potential against cancer and other chronic diseases. Biochem Pharmacol. 2010 Dec 1;80(11):1613-31. Ahmad; K halid; Luke; Ima-Nirwana: Tocotrienol offers better protection than tocopherol from free radical-induced damage of rat bone. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2005 Sep;32(9):761-70. Ahsan; Ahad; Iqbal; Siddiqui: Pharmacological potential of tocotrienols: a review. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2014 Nov 12;11(1):52. Borhanuddin; Mohd Fozi et al.: Vitamin e and the healing of bone fracture: the current state of evidence. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012:684510. Chin; Ima-Nirwana: The effects of α-tocopherol on bone: a double-edged sword? Nutrients. 2014 Apr 10;6(4):1424-41. Chin; Abdul-Majeed; Fozi; Ima-Nirwana: Annatto tocotrienol improves indices of bone static histomorphometry in osteoporosis due to testosterone deficiency in rats.Nutrients . 2014a Nov 10;6(11):4974-83. Chin; Ima-Nirwana: Vitamin E as an Antiosteoporotic Agent via Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand Signaling Disruption: Current Evidence and Other Potential Research Areas. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012:747020.

584 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Chu n; Lee et al.: Tocopherol and tocotrienol contents of raw and processed fruits and vegetables in the United States diet. J Food Composition Analysis. 2006;19:196-204. Cooney; Custer; Okinak a; Fr anke: Effects of dietary sesame seeds on plasma tocopherol levels. Nutr Cancer. 2001;39(1):66-71. Feresin; Johnson et al.: Effects of vitamin e on bone biomechanical and histomorphometric parameters in ovariectomized rats. J Osteoporos. 2013:825985. Fu; Che; Tan; Teng: Bioavailability of tocotrienols: evidence in human studies. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2014 Jan 13;11(1):5. Hamidi; Corey; Cheu ng: Effects of vitamin E on bone turnover markers among US postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2012 Jun;27(6):1368-80. Hermizi; Faizah; Ima-Nirwana et al.: Beneficial effects of tocotrienol and tocopherol on bone histomorphometric parameters in sprague-dawley male rats after nicotine cessation. Calcif Tissue Int. 2009 Jan;84(1):65-74. Ibr ahim; K hamis; Mod Yu noh et al.: Targeted delivery of lovastatin and tocotrienol to fracture site promotes fracture healing in osteoporosis model: micro-computed tomography and biomechanical evaluation. PLoS One. 2014 Dec 19;9(12):e115595. Ikeda; Toyoshima; Yamashita: Dietary sesame seeds elevate alpha- and gamma-tocotrienol concentrations in skin and adipose tissue of rats fed the tocotrienol-rich fraction extracted from palm oil. J Nutr. 2001 Nov;131(11):2892-7. Ima-Nirwana; Suhaniza: Effects of tocopherols and tocotrienols on body composition and bone calcium content in adrenalectomized rats replaced with dexamethasone. J Med Food. 2004 Spring;7(1):45-51. Jiang: Natural forms of vitamin E: metabolism, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and their role in disease prevention and therapy. Free Radic Biol Med. 2014 Jul;72:76-90. K im; Lee; Jin; Lee: α-Tocopheryl Succinate Inhibits Osteoclast Formation by Suppressing Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappaB Ligand (RANKL) Expression and Bone Resorption. J Bone Metab. 2012 Nov;19(2):111-20. Maniam; Mohamed et al.: Palm tocotrienol exerted better antioxidant activities in bone than alpha-tocopherol. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008;103(1):55-60. Mata-Gr anados; Cuenca-Acebedo; Luque de Castro et al.: Lower vitamin E serum levels are associated with osteoporosis in early postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study. J Bone Miner Metab. 2013;31(4):455-60. Mehat; Shuid; Mohamed et al.: Beneficial effects of vitamin E isomer supplementation on static and dynamic bone histomorphometry parameters in normal male rats. J Bone Miner Metab. 2010 Sep;28(5):503-9. Michaëlsson; Wolk; Byberg et al.: Intake and serum concentrations of α-tocopherol in relation to fractures in elderly women and men: 2 cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Jan;99(1):107-14. Mohamad; Shuid; Mokhtar et al.: Tocotrienol supplementation improves late-phase fracture healing compared to alpha-tocopherol in a rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a biomechanical evaluation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:372878.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 585 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Muhammad; Luke; Shuid et al.: Tocotrienol supplementation in postmenopausal osteoporosis: evidence from a laboratory study. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2013;68(10):1338-43. Muhammad; Luke; Shuid et al.: Two different isomers of vitamin e prevent bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:161527. Naina Mohamed; Borhanuddin; Shuid et al.: Vitamin e and bone structural changes: an evidence-based review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:250584. Nazru n; Nor azlina; Norliza; Nirwana: The anti-inflammatory role of vitamin e in prevention of osteoporosis. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2012;2012:142702. Nor azlina; Hermizi et al.: Vitamin E reversed nicotine-induced toxic effects on bone biochemical markers in male rats. Arch Med Sci. 2010;6(4):505-12. Nor azlina; Lee; Lukman et al.: Effects of vitamin E supplementation on bone metabolism in nicotine-treated rats. Singapore Med J. 2007 Mar;48(3):195-9. Nor azlina; Ima-Nirwana et al.: Tocotrienols are needed for normal bone calcification in growing female rats.Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2002;11(3):194-9. Ostman; Michaëlsson; Helmersson et al.: Oxidative stress and bone mineral density in elderly men: antioxidant activity of alpha-tocopherol. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009 Sep 1;47(5):668-73. Packer; Weber; R imbach: Molecular aspects of alpha-tocotrienol antioxidant action and cell signalling. J Nutr. 2001 Feb;131(2):369S-73S. Patel; R ink; K han na; Sen: Tocotrienols: the lesser known form of natural vitamin E. Indian J Exp Biol. 2011 Oct;49(10):732-8. Ruiz-R amos; Vargas; Fortoul et al.: Supplementation of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol is useful to preventing bone loss linked to oxidative stress in elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. 2010 Jun;14(6):467-72. Serbinova; K agan; Han; Packer: Free radical recycling and intramembrane mobility in the antioxidant properties of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol. Free Radic Biol Med. 1991;10(5):263-75. Shuid; Mehat; Mohamed et al.: Vitamin E exhibits bone anabolic actions in normal male rats. J Bone Miner Metab. 2010 Mar;28(2):149-56. Soelaiman; Ming; Abu Bak ar et al.: Palm tocotrienol supplementation enhanced bone formation in oestrogen-deficient rats. Int J Endocrinol. 2012;2012:532862. Theriault; Chao; Gapor: Tocotrienol is the most effective vitamin E for reducing endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and adhesion to monocytes. Atherosclerosis. 2002 Jan;160(1):21-30. Theriault; Chao; Wang et al.: Tocotrienol: a review of its therapeutic potential. Clin Biochem. 1999 Jul;32(5):309-19. van Dam; van Hinsbergh; Stehouwer et al.: Vitamin E inhibits lipid peroxidation-induced adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells and decreases soluble cell adhesion molecules in healthy subjects. Cardiovasc Res. 2003 Feb;57(2):563-71.

586 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Karotinoide (Kapitel 13, Seite 161)

Chen; Long: β-catenin promotes bone formation and suppresses bone resorption in postnatal growing mice. J Bone Miner Res. 2013 May;28(5):1160-9. Dai; Wang; Ang et al.: Protective effects of dietary carotenoids on risk of hip fracture in men: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29(2):408-17. Gr anado-Lorencio; Olmedilla-Alonso; Herrero-Barbudo et al.: Seasonal variation of serum alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin and 25-OH-vitamin D(3) in women with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2008 May;19(5):717-20. Jia; Chen; Zhang et al.: Effects of constitutive β-catenin activation on vertebral bone growth and remodeling at different postnatal stages in mice. PLoS One. 2013 Sep 16;8(9):e74093. Mackin non; R ao; Josse; R ao: Supplementation with the antioxidant lycopene significantly decreases oxidative stress parameters and the bone resorption marker N-telopeptide of type I collagen in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22(4):1091-101. Maggio; Polidori; Bar abani et al.: Low levels of carotenoids and retinol in involutional osteoporosis. Bone. 2006 Feb;38(2):244-8. Michelon; Blaum; Semba et al.: Vitamin and carotenoid status in older women: associations with the frailty syndrome. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006 Jun;61(6):600-7. R ao; Mackin non; Josse et al.: Lycopene consumption decreases oxidative stress and bone resorption markers in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2007 Jan;18(1):109-15. R ao; K rishnadev; Banasikowsk a; R ao: Lycopene I--effect on osteoclasts: lycopene inhibits basal and parathyroid hormone-stimulated osteoclast formation and mineral resorption mediated by reactive oxygen species in rat bone marrow cultures. J Med Food. 2003 Summer;6(2):69-78. Sahni; Han nan: Blumberg et al.: Inverse association of carotenoid intakes with 4-y change in bone mineral density in elderly men and women: the Framing- ham Osteoporosis Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jan;89(1):416-24. Sahni; Han nan; Blumberg et al.: Protective effect of total carotenoid and lycopene intake on the risk of hip fracture: a 17-year follow-up from the Framing- ham Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2009a Jun;24(6):1086-94. Semba; Ferrucci; Su n et al.: Oxidative stress and severe walking disability among older women. Am J Med. 2007 Dec;120(12):1084-9. Semba; Var adhan; Bartali et al.: Low serum carotenoids and development of severe walking disability among older women living in the community: the women‘s health and aging study I. Age Ageing. 2007 Jan;36(1):62-7. Semba; Bartali; Zhou et al.: Low serum micronutrient concentrations predict frailty among older women living in the community. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006a Jun;61(6):594-9. Sugiur a; Nak amur a; Ogawa et al.: High serum carotenoids associated with

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 587 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. lower risk for bone loss and osteoporosis in post-menopausal Japanese female subjects: prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52643. Sugiur a; Nak amur a; Ogawa et al.: Dietary patterns of antioxidant vitamin and carotenoid intake associated with bone mineral density: findings from postmenopausal Japanese female subjects. Osteoporos Int. 2011 Jan;22(1):143-52. Sugiur a; Nak amur a; Ogawa et al.: Bone mineral density in post-menopausal female subjects is associated with serum antioxidant carotenoids. Osteoporos Int. 2008 Feb;19(2):211-9. Uchiyama; Yamaguchi: Inhibitory effect of beta-cryptoxanthin on osteoclast-like cell formation in mouse marrow cultures. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004;67(7):1297-305. Yamaguchi: Role of carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin in bone homeostasis. J Biomed Sci. 2012;19:36. Yamaguchi: Regulatory mechanism of food factors in bone metabolism and prevention of osteoporosis. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2006 Nov;126(11):1117-37. Yamaguchi; Uchiyama: Effect of carotenoid on calcium content and alkaline phosphatase activity in rat femoral tissues in vitro: the unique anabolic effect of beta-cryptoxanthin. Biol Pharm Bull. 2003 Aug;26(8):1188-91. Yang; Zhang; Pen niston et al.: Serum carotenoid concentrations in postmenopausal women from the United States with and without osteoporosis. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2008 May;78(3):105-11.

Versorgung mit Karotinoiden

Brow n; Ferruzzi; Nguyen et al.: Carotenoid bioavailability is higher from salads ingested with full-fat than with fat-reduced salad dressings as measured with electrochemical detection. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;80(2):396-403. Edwards; Nguyen; You et al.: Alpha- and beta-carotene from a commercial puree are more bioavailable to humans than from boiled-mashed carrots, as determined using an extrinsic stable isotope reference method. J Nutr. 2002 Feb;132(2):159-67. Kopec; Cooperstone; Schweiggert et al.: Avocado consumption enhances human postprandial provitamin A absorption and conversion from a novel high- β-carotene tomato sauce and from carrots. J Nutr. 2014 Aug;144(8):1158-66. McEligot; Rock; Shanks et al.: Comparison of serum carotenoid responses between women consuming vegetable juice and women consuming raw or cooked vegetables. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999 Mar;8(3):227-31. Palafox-Carlos et al.: The role of dietary fiber in the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of fruit and vegetable antioxidants. J Food Sci. 2011;76(1):R6-R15. Schweiggert; Kopec; Villalobos-Gutierrez et al.: Carotenoids are more bioavailable from papaya than from tomato and carrot in humans: a randomised cross-over study. Br J Nutr. 2014 Feb;111(3):490-8. Unlu; Bohn; Clinton; Schwartz: Carotenoid absorption from salad and salsa by humans is enhanced by the addition of avocado or avocado oil. J Nutr. 2005 Mar;135(3):431-6.

588 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Vitamin A

Conaway; Persson; Halén et al.: Retinoids inhibit differentiation of hematopoietic osteoclast progenitors. FASEB J. 2009 Oct;23(10):3526-38. Park; Ishimi; Ohmur a et al.: Vitamin A and carotenoids stimulate differentiation of mouse osteoblastic cells. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1997;43(3):281-96. Williams; Kondo; Ok abe et al.: Retinoic acid receptors are required for skeletal growth, matrix homeostasis and growth plate function in postnatal mouse. Dev Biol. 2009 Apr 15;328(2):315-27.

Flavonoide (Kapitel 14, Seite 163)

Ang; Yang; Chen et al.: Naringin abrogates osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption via the inhibition of RANKL-induced NF-κB and ERK activation. FEBS Lett. 2011 Sep 2;585(17):2755-62. Ang; Liu; Qi et al.: Mangiferin attenuates osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption, and RANKL-induced activation of NF-κB and ERK. J Cell Biochem. 2011a Jan;112(1):89-97. Arjmandi; K halil; Lucas et al.: Dried plums improve indices of bone formation in postmenopausal women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2002 Jan-Feb;11(1):61-8. Bandyopadhyay; Lion; Mentaverri et al.: Attenuation of osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast function by apigenin. Biochem Pharmacol. 2006 Jul 14;72(2):184-97. Br au n; Ehnert; Freude et al.: Quercetin protects primary human osteoblasts exposed to cigarette smoke through activation of the antioxidative enzymes HO-1 and SOD-1. ScientificWorldJournal. 2011;11:2348-57. Bu; Lucas; Fr anklin et al.: Comparison of dried plum supplementation and intermittent PTH in restoring bone in osteopenic orchidectomized rats. Osteoporos Int. 2007 Jul;18(7):931-42. Chiba; K im; Matsumoto et al.: Hesperidin Prevents Androgen Deficiency-induced Bone Loss in Male Mice. Phytother Res. 2014 Feb;28(2):289-95. Chiba; Uehar a; Wu et al.: Hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid, inhibits bone loss and decreases serum and hepatic lipids in ovariectomized mice. J Nutr. 2003;133(6):1892-7. Choi: Apigenin increases osteoblastic differentiation and inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced production of interleukin-6 and nitric oxide in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Pharmazie. 2007 Mar;62(3):216-20. Der akhshanian; Ghadbeigi; R ezaian et al.: Quercetin improves bone strength in experimental biliary cirrhosis. Hepatol Res. 2013 Apr;43(4):394-400. Devareddy; Hooshmand et al.: Blueberry prevents bone loss in ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Nutr Biochem. 2008;19(10):694-9. Deyhim; Stoecker; Brusewitz et al.: Dried plum reverses bone loss in an osteopenic rat model of osteoporosis. Menopause. 2005 Nov-Dec;12(6):755-62.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 589 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Durbin; Jackson; Ryan et al.: Resveratrol supplementation preserves long bone mass, microstructure, and strength in hindlimb-suspended old male rats. J Bone Miner Metab. 2014 Jan;32(1):38-47. Fr anklin; Bu; Lerner et al.: Dried plum prevents bone loss in a male osteoporosis model via IGF-I and the RANK pathway. Bone. 2006 Dec;39(6):1331-42. Habold; Momken; Ouadi et al.: Effect of prior treatment with resveratrol on density and structure of rat long bones under tail-suspension. J Bone Miner Metab. 2011 Jan;29(1):15-22. Hallor an; Wronski; VonHerzen et al.: Dietary dried plum increases bone mass in adult and aged male mice. J Nutr. 2010 Oct;140(10):1781-7. Hardcastle; Aucott; R eid: Associations between dietary flavonoid intakes and bone health in a Scottish population. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(5):941-7. Hooshmand; Arjmandi: Viewpoint: dried plum, an emerging functional food that may effectively improve bone health. Ageing Res Rev. 2009;8(2):122-7. Horcajada; Habauzit; Trzeciakiewicz et al.: Hesperidin inhibits ovariectomized-induced osteopenia and shows differential effects on bone mass and strength in young and adult intact rats. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008 Mar;104(3):648-54. Horcajada-Molteni; Crespy; Coxam et al.: Rutin inhibits ovariectomy- induced osteopenia in rats. J Bone Miner Res. 2000 Nov;15(11):2251-8. Huang; Yuan; Wang et al.: Icaritin and its glycosides enhance osteoblastic, but suppress osteoclastic, differentiation and activity in vitro. Life Sci. 2007;81(10):832-40. Jia; Nie; Cao et al.: Potential antiosteoporotic agents from plants: a comprehensive review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:364604. K im; Lee; Park et al.: Hesperetin alleviates the inhibitory effects of high glucose on the osteoblastic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells. PLoS One. 2013 Jun 28;8(6):e67504. K im; Ju ng; Ha et al.: The effects of luteolin on osteoclast differentiation, function in vitro and ovariectomy-induced bone loss. J Nutr Biochem. 2011 Jan;22(1):8-15. K im; Ryu; Bae et al.: Baicalein inhibits osteoclast differentiation and induces mature osteoclast apoptosis. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Nov;46(11):3375-82. K im; Lee; K im et al.: Baicalein stimulates osteoblast differentiation via coordina- ting activation of MAP kinases and transcription factors. J Cell Biochem. 2008a;104(5):1906-17. Kwak; Lee; Choi: Effect of magnolol on the function of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Mediators Inflamm. 2012;2012:829650. Kyu ng; Lee; Shin; Choi: Rutin inhibits osteoclast formation by decreasing reactive oxygen species and TNF-α by inhibiting activation of NF-κB. Exp Mol Med. 2008 February 29; 40(1):52-58. Lee; Ahn; Hasegawa et al.: Inhibitory effect of luteolin on osteoclast differentiation and function. Cytotechnology. 2009 Dec;61(3):125-34. Li; Jiang et al.: Naringin promotes osteoblast differentiation and effectively reverses ovariectomy-associated osteoporosis. J Orthop Sci. 2013;18(3):478-85.

590 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Liang; Luo; Ge et al.: Oral administration of quercetin inhibits bone loss in rat model of diabetic osteopenia. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 Nov 16;670(1):317-24. Lin; Huang; Xiao; R en: Effects of resveratrol on bone mineral density in ova- rectomized rats. Int J Biomed Sci. 2005 Jun;1(1):76-81. Mur ak ami; Song; K atsumata et al.: Citrus nobiletin suppresses bone loss in ovariectomized ddY mice and collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1J mice: possible involvement of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL)- induced osteoclastogenesis regulation. Biofactors. 2007;30(3):179-92. Mizutani; Ikeda; K awai; Yamori: Resveratrol attenuates ovariectomy-induced hypertension and bone loss in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2000 Apr;46(2):78-83. Navarro-Nú ñez; Lozano; Palomo et al.: Apigenin inhibits platelet adhesion and thrombus formation and synergizes with aspirin in the suppression of the arachidonic acid pathway. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 May 14;56(9):2970-6. Notoya; Tsuk amoto; Nishimur a et al.: Quercetin, a flavonoid, inhibits the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteoblasts in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Feb 6;485(1-3):89-96. Pang; Wang; Mok et al.: Naringin improves bone properties in ovariectomized mice and exerts oestrogen-like activities in rat osteoblast-like (UMR-106) cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2010 Apr;159(8):1693-1703. Park; Ha; K ang et al.: Protective effect of apigenin on ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats. Life Sci. 2008 Jun 20;82(25-26):1217-23. R endina; Hembree; Davis et al.: Dried plum‘s unique capacity to reverse bone loss and alter bone metabolism in postmenopausal osteoporosis model. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e60569. Sacco; Horcajada; Offord: Phytonutrients for bone health during ageing. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Mar;75(3):697-707. Ser afini; Peluso; R aguzzini: Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010 Aug;69(3):273-8. Shen; von Bergen; Chyu et al.: Fruits and dietary phytochemicals in bone protection. Nutr Res. 2012 Dec;32(12):897-910. Smith; Gr aef; Wronski et al.: Effects of dried plum supplementation on bone metabolism in adult C57BL/6 male mice. Calcif Tissue Int. 2014 Apr;94(4):442-53. Smith; Bu; Wang et al.: A comparative study of the bone metabolic response to dried plum supplementation and PTH treatment in adult, osteopenic ovariectomized rat. Bone. 2014a Jan;58:151-9. Srivastava; Bank ar; Roy: Assessment of the role of flavonoids for inducing osteoblast differentiation in isolated mouse bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. Phytomedicine. 2013 Jun 15;20(8-9):683-90. Tseng; Hou; Chen et al.: Resveratrol promotes osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells by upregulating RUNX2 gene expression via the SIRT1/ FOXO3A axis. J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Oct;26(10):2552-63. Tsuji; Yamamoto et al.: Dietary quercetin inhibits bone loss without effect on the uterus in ovariectomized mice. J Bone Miner Metab. 2009;27(6):673-81.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 591 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Vallejo; Tomas-Barber an; Garcia-Viguer a: Phenolic compound contents in edible parts of broccoli inflorescences after domestic cooking. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2003; 83(14):1511-1516. Vallejo; Tomas-Barber an; Garcia-Viguer a: Health-promoting compounds in broccoli as influenced by refrigerated transport and retail sale period. J Agric Food Chem. 2003a May 7;51(10):3029-34. Wang; Shi; Li et al.: Treatment with resveratrol attenuates sublesional bone loss in spinal cord-injured rats. Br J Pharmacol. 2013 Oct;170(4):796-806. Wattel; K amel; Prouillet et al.: Flavonoid quercetin decreases osteoclastic differentiation induced by RANKL via a mechanism involving NF kappa B and AP-1. J Cell Biochem. 2004 May 15;92(2):285-95. Wattel; K amel; Mentaverri et al.: Potent inhibitory effect of naturally occurring flavonoids quercetin and kaempferol on in vitro osteoclastic bone resorption. Biochem Pharmacol. 2003 Jan 1;65(1):35-42. Weaver; Alekel; Ward; Ronis: Flavonoid intake and bone health. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;31(3):239-53. Welch; MacGregor et al.: Habitual flavonoid intakes are positively associated with bone mineral density in women. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(9):1872-8. Wong; R abie: Effect of Quercetin on Preosteoblasts and Bone Defects. Open Orthop J. 2008;2:27-32. Wong; R abie: Effect of quercetin on bone formation. J Orthop Res. 2008a Aug;26(8):1061-6. Wong; R abie: Effect of naringin collagen graft on bone formation. Biomaterials. 2006 Mar;27(9):1824-31. Woo; Nak agawa et al.: Quercetin suppresses bone resorption by inhibiting the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts. Biol Pharm Bull. 2004;27(4):504-9. Yamaguchi: Role of carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin in bone homeostasis. J Biomed Sci. 2012 Apr 2;19:36. Yamaguchi; Hamamoto et al.: Effects of flavonoid on calcium content in femoral tissue culture and parathyroid hormone-stimulated osteoclastogenesis in bone marrow culture in vitro. Mol Cell Biochem. 2007;303(1-2):83-8. Zauli; R imondi; Nicolin et al.: TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) blocks osteoclastic differentiation induced by RANKL plus M-CSF. Blood. 2004;104(7):2044-50. Zhang; Lazarenko; K ang et al.: Feeding blueberry diets to young rats dose-de- pendently inhibits bone resorption through suppression of RANKL in stromal cells. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 6;8(8):e70438. Zhang; Lazarenko; Blackburn et al.: Feeding blueberry diets in early life prevent senescence of osteoblasts and bone loss in ovariectomized adult female rats. PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e24486. Zhang; Dai; Yan et al.: Effects of naringin on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human bone mesenchymal stem cell. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009;607(1-3):1-5.

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Scalbert; Manach; Mor and et al.: Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2005;45(4):287-306. Léotoing; Wauquier; Guicheux et al.: The polyphenol fisetin protects bone by repressing NF-κB and MKP-1-dependent signaling pathways in osteoclasts. PLoS One. 2013 Jul 4;8(7):e68388. Pandey; R izvi: Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2009 Nov-Dec;2(5):270-8. Puel; Quintin; Mathey et al.: Prevention of bone loss by phloridzin, an apple polyphenol, in ovariectomized rats under inflammation conditions. Calcif Tissue Int. 2005 Nov;77(5):311-8. R ao; Balachandr an; Shen et al.: In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of the plant-based supplement greens+™. Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(8):4896-908. R ao; Balachandr an; R ao: Polyphenol extract of Greens+™ nutritional supplement stimulates bone formation in cultures of human osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells. J Diet Suppl. 2008;5(3):264-82.

Anthocyane

Jang; Bae; K im et al.: The effect of anthocyanin on the prostate in an andropause animal model: rapid prostatic cell death by apoptosis is partially prevented by anthocyanin supplementation. World J Mens Health. 2013 Dec;31(3):239-46. Moriwaki; Suzuki; Mur amatsu et al.: Delphinidin, One of the Major Antho- cyanidins, Prevents Bone Loss through the Inhibition of Excessive Osteocla- stogenesis in Osteoporosis Model Mice. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e97177.

Kurkuma, Kardamom

Bharti; Tak ada; Aggarwal: Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) inhibits receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand-induced NF-kappa B activation in osteoclast precursors and suppresses osteoclastogenesis. J Immunol. 2004;172(10):5940-7. Hie; Yamazaki; Tsuk amoto: Curcumin suppresses increased bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009 Oct 25;621(1-3):1-9. Hussan; Ibr aheem; K amarudin et al.: Curcumin Protects against Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Changes in Rat Model. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:174916. K im; K e; Sul et al.: Curcumin protects against ovariectomy-induced bone loss and decreases osteoclastogenesis. J Cell Biochem. 2011 Nov;112(11):3159-66. Moon; Ko; Han et al.: Antioxidants, like coenzyme Q10, selenite, and curcumin, inhibited osteoclast differentiation by suppressing reactive oxygen species generation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012 Feb 10;418(2):247-53. Ozaki; K awata; Amano; Hanazawa: Stimulatory effect of curcumin on osteoclast apoptosis. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000 Jun 15;59(12):1577-81.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 593 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. R efaey; Zhong; Ding et al.: Impact of dietary aromatic amino acids on osteoclastic activity. Calcif Tissue Int. 2014 Aug;95(2):174-82. Su ng; Pr asad; Yadav et al.: RANKL Signaling and Osteoclastogenesis Is Nega- tively Regulated by Cardamonin. PLoS One. 2013 May 17;8(5):e64118. von Metzler; K rebbel; Kuckelkorn et al.: Curcumin diminishes human osteoclastogenesis by inhibition of the signalosome-associated I kappaB kinase. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2009 Feb;135(2):173-9. Wu; Li; Yang et al.: Caffeic acid 3,4-dihydroxy-phenethyl ester suppresses receptor activator of NF-κB ligand–induced osteoclastogenesis and prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss through inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase/activator protein 1 and Ca2+–nuclear factor of activated T-cells cyto- plasmic 1 signaling pathways. J Bone Miner Res. 2012 Jun;27(6):1298-1308. Yang; Wang; Yan et al.: Curcumin improves bone microarchitecture and enhances mineral density in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Phytomedicine. 2011 Jan 15;18(2-3):205-13.

Lignane

Boulbaroud; Mesfioui; Arfaoui et al.: Preventive effects of flaxseed and sesame oil on bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Pak J Biol Sci. 2008 Jul 1;11(13):1696-701. Cornish; Chilibeck; Paus-Jen nsen et al.: A randomized controlled trial of the effects of flaxseed lignan complex on metabolic syndrome composite score and bone mineral in older adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2009 Apr;34(2):89-98. Jia; Nie; Cao et al.: Potential antiosteoporotic agents from plants: a comprehensive review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:364604. Wanachewin; Boonmaleer at; Pothacharoen et al.: Sesamin stimulates osteoblast differentiation through p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathways. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012 May 30;12:71. Yin; Han; Liu et al.: The in vitro anti-osteoporotic activity of some diarylhepta- noids and lignans from the rhizomes of Dioscorea spongiosa. Planta Med. 2008 Oct;74(12):1451-3. Yin; Tezuk a et al.: In vivo anti-osteoporotic activity of isotaxiresinol, a lignan from wood of Taxus yunnanensis. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(1-2):37-42. Zheng; Zhang; Han et al.: Anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoporotic lignans from Vitex negundo seeds. Fitoterapia. 2014 Mar;93:31-8.

Glutathion verhindert Osteoporose (Kapitel 15, Seite 169)

Avitabile; Campagna et al.: Correlation between serum glutathione reductases and bone densitometry values. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1991;67(10-11):931-7. Ballatori; K r ance; Notenboom et al.: Glutathione dysregulation and the etiology and progression of human diseases. Biol Chem. 2009;390(3):191-214.

594 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Ju n; Lee; Kwak et al.: N-acetylcysteine stimulates osteoblastic differentiation of mouse calvarial cells. J Cell Biochem. 2008 Mar 1;103(4):1246-55. Lean; Davies; Fuller et al.: A crucial role for thiol antioxidants in estrogen- deficiency bone loss.J Clin Invest. 2003 Sep;112(6):915-23. Maggio; Bar abani; Pier andrei et al.: Marked decrease in plasma antioxidants in aged osteoporotic women: results of a cross-sectional study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Apr;88(4):1523-7. Mlak ar; Osredk ar; Prezelj; Marc: Opposite effects of GSTM1--and GSTT1: gene deletion variants on bone mineral density. Dis Markers. 2011;31(5):279-87. Mlak ar; Osredk ar; Prezelj; Marc: The antioxidant enzyme GPX1 gene polymorphisms are associated with low BMD and increased bone turnover markers. Dis Markers. 2010;29(2):71-80. R ichie; Leutzinger; Parthasar athy et al.: Methionine restriction increases blood glutathione and longevity in F344 rats. FASEB J. 1994;8(15):1302-7. Sánchez-Rodríguez; Ruiz-R amos; Correa-Mu ñoz; Mendoza-Nú ñez: Oxi- dative stress as a risk factor for osteoporosis in elderly Mexicans as characterized by antioxidant enzymes. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Dec 19;8:124. Sanders; Kotowicz; Nicholson: Potential role of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine in slowing bone resorption in early post-menopausal women: a pilot study. Transl Res. 2007 Oct;150(4):215. Sendur; Tur an; Tastaban; Serter: Antioxidant status in patients with osteoporosis: a controlled study. Joint Bone Spine. 2009 Oct;76(5):514-8. Serpeloni; Almeida; Mercadante et al.: Effects of lutein and chlorophyll b on GSH depletion and DNA damage induced by cisplatin in vivo. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2013 Aug;32(8):828-36.

Vitamin D

Alvarez; Chowdhury; Jones et al.: Vitamin D status is independently associated with plasma glutathione and cysteine thiol/disulphide redox status in adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014 Sep;81(3):458-66. Garcion; Sindji; Leblondel et al.: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates the synthesis of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and glutathione levels in rat primary astrocytes. J Neurochem. 1999 Aug;73(2):859-66. Greń: Effects of vitamin E, C and D supplementation on inflammation and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2013;83(3):168-75. Jain; Micinski: Vitamin D upregulates glutamate cysteine ligase and glutathione reductase, and GSH formation, and decreases ROS and MCP-1 and IL-8 secretion in high-glucose exposed U937 monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013 Jul 19;437(1):7-11. K echrid; Hamdi; Naziroğlu et al.: Vitamin D supplementation modulates blood and tissue zinc, liver glutathione and blood biochemical parameters in diabetic rats on a zinc-deficient diet.Biol Trace Elem Res. 2012;148(3):371-7.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 595 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Saedisomeolia; Taheri; Djalali et al.: Vitamin D status and its association with antioxidant profiles in diabetic patients: A cross-sectional study in Iran. Indian J Med Sci. 2013 Jan-Feb;67(1-2):29-37.

Vitamin C und E

Barbagallo; Dominguez et al.: Effects of vitamin E and glutathione on glucose metabolism: role of magnesium. Hypertension. 1999 Oct;34(4 Pt 2):1002-6. Chavan; More; Mulgu nd et al.: Effect of supplementation of vitamin C and E on oxidative stress in osteoporosis. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2007;22(2):101-5. Jain; McVie; Smith: Vitamin E supplementation restores glutathione and malondialdehyde to normal concentrations in erythrocytes of type 1 diabetic children. Diabetes Care. 2000 Sep;23(9):1389-94. Johnston; Meyer; Srilakshmi: Vitamin C elevates red blood cell glutathione in healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993 Jul;58(1):103-5. Lenton; Sané; Therriault et al.: Vitamin C augments lymphocyte glutathione in subjects with ascorbate deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jan;77(1):189-95. van Haaften; Haenen; Evelo; Bast: Effect of vitamin E on glutathione- dependent enzymes. Drug Metab Rev. 2003 May-Aug;35(2-3):215-53.

Magnesium

Bede; Nagy; Sur ányi et al.: Effects of magnesium supplementation on the glutathione redox system in atopic asthmatic children. Inflamm Res. 2008 Jun;57(6):279-86. Djukić-Cosić; Ninković; Malicević et al.: Effect of magnesium pretreatment on reduced glutathione levels in tissues of mice exposed to acute and subacute cadmium intoxication: a time course study. Magnes Res. 2007;20(3):177-86. Hsu; Rubenstein; Paleker: Role of magnesium in glutathione metabolism of rat erythrocytes. J Nutr. 1982 Mar;112(3):488-96. Mills; Lindeman; Lang: Magnesium deficiency inhibits biosynthesis of blood glutathione and tumor growth in the rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1986 Mar;181(3):326-32. R egan; Guo: Magnesium deprivation decreases cellular reduced glutathione and causes oxidative neuronal death in murine cortical cultures. Brain Res. 2001;890(1):177-83. R egan; Guo: Extracellular reduced glutathione increases neuronal vulnerability to combined chemical hypoxia and glucose deprivation. Brain Res. 1999;817(1-2):145-50.

596 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. B-Vitamine

Lamers; O‘Rourke; Gilbert et al.: Vitamin B-6 restriction tends to reduce the red blood cell glutathione synthesis rate without affecting red blood cell or plasma glutathione concentrations in healthy men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(2):336-43. James; Melnyk; Fuchs et al.: Efficacy of methylcobalamin and folinic acid treatment on glutathione redox status in children with autism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jan;89(1):425-30.

Bewegung

Bergholm; Mäkimattila; Valkonen et al.: Intense physical training decreases circulating antioxidants and endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in vivo. Atherosclerosis. 1999 Aug;145(2):341-9. Elokda; Nielsen: Effects of exercise training on the glutathione antioxidant system. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007 Oct;14(5):630-7. Elosua; Molina; Fito et al.: Response of oxidative stress biomarkers to a 16-week aerobic physical activity program, and to acute physical activity, in healthy young men and women. Atherosclerosis. 2003 Apr;167(2):327-34. Powers; Ji; Leeuwenburgh: Exercise training-induced alterations in skeletal muscle antioxidant capacity: a brief review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999 Jul;31(7):987-97. Watson; Callister; Taylor et al.: Antioxidant restricted diet increases oxidative stress during acute exhaustive exercise. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003;12 Suppl:S9.

Ubichinon-Q10 (Koenzym Q10) (Kapitel 16, Seite 171)

Alf; Schmidt; Siebrecht: Ubiquinol supplementation enhances peak power production in trained athletes: a double-blind, placebo controlled study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2013 Apr 29;10:24. Ikematsu; Nak amur a; Har ashima et al.: Safety assessment of coenzyme Q10 (Kaneka Q10) in healthy subjects: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2006 Apr;44(3):212-8. James; Smith; Murphy: Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of mitochondrial Coenzyme Q. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2004 Mar 1;423(1):47-56. K ikk awa; Takehar a; Miyakoshi; Miyawaki: Safety of High Dose Supple- mentation of Coenzyme Q10 in Healthy Human Adults. Japanese Journal of Food Chemistry, Vol. 14(2), 2007. Moon; Ko; Ju ng et al.: Coenzyme q10 regulates osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation. J Food Sci. 2013 May;78(5):H785-891.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 597 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Moon; Ko; Han et al.: Antioxidants, like coenzyme Q10, selenite, and curcumin, inhibited osteoclast differentiation by suppressing reactive oxygen species generation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012 Feb 10;418(2):247-53. Sohal; K amzalov; Sumien et al.: Effect of coenzyme Q10 intake on endogenous coenzyme Q content, mitochondrial electron transport chain, antioxidative defenses, and life span of mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 Feb 1;40(3):480-7. Thorpe; R eodica; Davies et al.: Superoxide radicals have a protective role during H2O2 stress. Mol Biol Cell. 2013 Sep;24(18):2876-84. Yerr amilli-R ao; Beal; Watanabe et al.: Oral repeated-dose toxicity studies of coenzyme Q10 in beagle dogs. Int J Toxicol. 2012 Jan-Feb;31(1):58-69.

Die Behandlung mit Bisphosphonaten verschlechtert den Q10-Status

K alyan; Huebbe; Esatbeyoglu et al.: Nitrogen-bisphosphonate therapy is linked to compromised coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E status in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Apr;99(4):1307-13. Palan; Strube; Letko et al.: Effects of oral, vaginal, and transdermal hormonal contraception on serum levels of coenzyme q(10), vitamin e, and total antioxidant activity. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2010;2010. pii: 925635. Palan; Con nell; R amirez et al.: Effects of menopause and hormone replacement therapy on serum levels of coenzyme Q10 and other lipid-soluble antioxidants. Biofactors. 2005;25(1-4):61-6.

Carnitin (Kapitel 17, Seite 177)

Cibulk a; R acek; Pikner et al.: Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on secondary hyperparathyroidism and bone metabolism in hemodialyzed patients. Calcif Tissue Int. 2007 Aug;81(2):99-106. Hooshmand; Balakrishnan; Clark et al.: Dietary l-carnitine supplementation improves bone mineral density by suppressing bone turnover in aged ovariectomized rats. Phytomedicine. 2008 Aug;15(8):595-601. Orsal; Halici; Bayir et al.: The role of carnitine on ovariectomy and inflammation-induced osteoporosis in rats.Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2013;238(12):1406-12. Patano; Mancini; Settan ni et al.: L: -carnitine fumarate and isovaleryl-L: -carnitine fumarate accelerate the recovery of bone volume/total volume ratio after experimetally induced osteoporosis in pregnant mice. Calcif Tissue Int. 2008 Mar;82(3):221-8.

598 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Alpha-Liponsäure – ein starkes Antioxidans (Kapitel 18, Seite 179)

Gomes; Negr ato: Alpha-lipoic acid as a pleiotropic compound with potential therapeutic use in diabetes and other chronic diseases. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2014 Jul 28;6(1):80. Gor ąca; Huk-Kolega; Piechota et al.: Lipoic acid - biological activity and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Rep. 2011;63(4):849-58. Ha; Lee; K im et al: alpha-Lipoic acid inhibits inflammatory bone resorption by suppressing prostaglandin E2 synthesis. J Immunol. 2006 Jan 1;176(1):111-7. K im; Chang; K im et al.: Antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid inhibits osteoclast differentiation by reducing nuclear factor-kappaB DNA binding and prevents in vivo bone resorption induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 May 1;40(9):1483-93. Mainini; Rotondi; Di Nola et al.: Oral supplementation with antioxidant agents containing alpha lipoic acid: effects on postmenopausal bone mass. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2012;39(4):489-93. McCormick: Osteoporosis: integrating biomarkers and other diagnostic correlates into the management of bone fragility. Altern Med Rev. 2007;12(2):113-45. Packer; Tritschler; Wessel: Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;22(1-2):359-78. Polat; Halici; Cadirci et al.: The effect of alpha-lipoic acid in ovariectomy and inflammation-mediated osteoporosis on the skeletal status of rat bone. Eur J Pharmacol. 2013 Oct 15;718(1-3):469-74.

Antioxidantien über Obst und Gemüse

Bellavia; Larsson; Bottai et al.: Fruit and vegetable consumption and all-cause mortality: a dose-response analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Aug;98(2):454-9. Carlsen; Halvorsen; Holte et al.: The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010;9:3. Lo; Chang; Wahlqvist et al.: Spending on vegetable and fruit consumption could reduce all-cause mortality among older adults. Nutr J. 2012;11:113. Nicklett; Semba; Xue et al.: Fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity, and mortality in older community-dwelling women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(5):862-8.

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Abelow; Holford; Insogna: Cross-cultural association between dietary animal protein and hip fracture: a hypothesis. Calcif Tissue Int. 1992 Jan;50(1):14-8. Adebajo; Cooper; Evans: Fractures of the hip and distal forearm in West Africa and the United Kingdom. Age Ageing. 1991 Nov;20(6):435-8. Allen; Oddoye; Margen: Protein-induced hypercalciuria: a longer term study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1979 Apr;32(4):741-9. Anderson; Lee; Anderson et al.: The effect of dietary calcium on 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis and sparing of serum 25(OH)D3 levels. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 Jul;121(1-2):288-92. Anderson: The important role of physical activity in skeletal development: how exercise may counter low calcium intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(6):1384-6. Arnett: Extracellular pH regulates bone cell function. J Nutr. 2008;138(2):415S-418S. Arnett: Regulation of bone cell function by acid-base balance. Proc Nutr Soc. 2003 May;62(2):511-20. Aspr ay; Prentice; Cole et al.: Low bone mineral content is common but osteoporotic fractures are rare in elderly rural Gambian women. J Bone Miner Res. 1996 Jul;11(7):1019-25. Barger-Lux; Davies; Heaney: Calcium supplementation does not augment bone gain in young women consuming diets moderately low in calcium. J Nutr. 2005 Oct;135(10):2362-6. Barss: Fractured hips in rural Melanesians: a nonepidemic. Trop Geogr Med. 1985 Jun;37(2):156-9. Bischoff-Ferr ari; Dawson-Hughes; Baron et al.: Milk intake and risk of hip fracture in men and women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Apr;26(4):833-9. Bischoff-Ferr ari; K iel; Dawson-Hughes et al.: Dietary calcium and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in relation to BMD among U.S. adults. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24(5):935-42. Bischoff-Ferr ari; Dawson-Hughes; Baron et al.: Calcium intake and hip fracture risk in men and women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Dec;86(6):1780-90. Black; Williams; Jones; Goulding: Children who avoid drinking cow milk have low dietary calcium intakes and poor bone health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Sep;76(3):675-80. Bollen; Bai: Effects of long-term calcium intake on body weight, body fat and bone in growing rats. Osteoporos Int. 2005 Dec;16(12):1864-70. Bonjour; K r aenzlin; Levasseur et al.: Dairy in adulthood: from foods to nutrient interactions on bone and skeletal muscle health. J Am Coll Nutr. 2013;32(4):251-63.

600 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Br andao-Burch; Utting; Orriss; Arnett: Acidosis inhibits bone formation by osteoblasts in vitro by preventing mineralization. Calcif Tissue Int. 2005 Sep;77(3):167-74. Breslau; Brinkley; Hill; Pak: Relationship of animal protein-rich diet to kidney stone formation and calcium metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988 Jan;66(1):140-6. Bron ner: Mechanisms of intestinal calcium absorption. J Cell Biochem. 2003 Feb 1;88(2):387-93. Bron ner; Pansu: Nutritional aspects of calcium absorption. J Nutr. 1999 Jan;129(1):9-12. Bushinsky: Acid-base imbalance and the skeleton. Eur J Nutr. 2001 Oct;40(5):238-44. Cadogan; Eastell; Jones; Barker: Milk intake and bone mineral acquisition in adolescent girls: randomised, controlled intervention trial. BMJ. 1997 Nov 15;315(7118):1255-60. Canal-Macias; Roncero-Martin; Mor an et al.: Increased bone mineral density is associated with breastfeeding history in premenopausal Spanish women. Arch Med Sci. 2013 Aug 30;9(4):703-8. Case; Eisner; Gurney et al.: Evolution of calcium homeostasis: from birth of the first cell to an omnipresent signalling system. Cell Calcium. 2007 Oct-Nov;42(4-5):345-50. Ceglia; Harris; Abr ams et al.: Potassium bicarbonate attenuates the urinary nitrogen excretion that accompanies an increase in dietary protein and may promote calcium absorption. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Feb;94(2):645-53. Chan; Hoffman; McMurry: Effects of dairy products on bone and body composition in pubertal girls. J Pediatr. 1995 Apr;126(4):551-6. Cheng; Lyytikäinen; K röger et al.: Effects of calcium, dairy product, and vitamin D supplementation on bone mass accrual and body composition in 10-12-y-old girls: a 2-y randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Nov;82(5):1115-26; quiz 1147-8. Chevalley; R izzoli; Nydegger et al.: Effects of calcium supplements on femoral bone mineral density and vertebral fracture rate in vitamin-D-replete elderly patients. Osteoporos Int. 1994 Sep;4(5):245-52. Chu; Margen; Costa: Studies in calcium metabolism. II. Effects of low calcium and variable protein intake on human calcium metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 1975 Sep;28(9):1028-35. Chu ng; Lee; Ter asawa et al.: Vitamin D with or without calcium supplementation for prevention of cancer and fractures: an updated meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2011 20;155(12):827-38. Collage; Howell; Zhang et al.: Calcium supplementation during sepsis exacerbates organ failure and mortality via calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase signaling. Crit Care Med. 2013 Nov;41(11):e352-60. Cooper: Osteoporosis--an epidemiological perspective: a review. J R Soc Med. 1989 December; 82(12): 753–757.

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Verkalkung der Arterienwände, Arteriosklerose, Infarktrisiko

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Die Folgen hoher Parathormon-Spiegel

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Stanniocalcin

Filvaroff; Guillet; Zlot et al.: Stanniocalcin 1 alters muscle and bone structure and function in transgenic mice. Endocrinology. 2002 Sep;143(9):3681-90. Honda; K ashiwagi; Ook ata et al.: Regulation by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) of expression of stanniocalcin messages in the rat kidney and ovary. FEBS Lett. 1999 Oct 1;459(1):119-22. Hu ng; Yamamoto; Takei et al.: Up-regulation of stanniocalcin 1 expression by 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D(3) and parathyroid hormone in renal proximal tubular cells. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2012 May;50(3):227-33. Johnston; R amos-Valdes; Stanton et al.: Human stanniocalcin-1 or -2 expressed in mice reduces bone size and severely inhibits cranial intramembra- nous bone growth. Transgenic Res. 2010 Dec;19(6):1017-39. Olsen; Cepeda; Zhang et al.: Human stanniocalcin: a possible hormonal regulator of mineral metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 5;93(5):1792-6. Ook ata; Tojo; Onozato et al.: Distribution of stanniocalcin 1 in rat kidney and its regulation by vitamin D3. Exp Nephrol. 2001;9(6):428-35. R adman; McCudden; James et al.: Evidence for calcium-sensing receptor mediated stanniocalcin secretion in fish.Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2002;186(1):111-9. Takei; Yamamoto; Masuda et al.: Stanniocalcin 2 is positively and negatively controlled by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and PTH in renal proximal tubular cells. J Mol Endocrinol. 2009 Mar;42(3):261-8. Wagner; Dimattia: The stanniocalcin family of proteins. J Exp Zool A Comp Exp Biol. 2006 Sep 1;305(9):769-80. Yahata; Mori; Mukoyama et al.: Regulation of stanniocalcin 1 and 2 expression in the kidney by klotho gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;310(1):128-34.

Vitamin-D-bindendes Protein

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Vitamin-D-Spiegel und Knochenmasse im Jahresverlauf

Meier; Woitge; Witte et al.: Supplementation with oral vitamin D3 and calcium during winter prevents seasonal bone loss: a randomized controlled open-label prospective trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2004 Aug;19(8):1221-30. Storm; Eslin; Porter et al.: Calcium supplementation prevents seasonal bone loss and changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover in elderly New England women: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Nov;83(11):3817-25.

Vitamin-D-Aufnahme

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Magnesium (Kapitel 22, Seite 251)

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Inulin steigert die Magnesium- und Kalziumaufnahme (Kapitel 23, Seite 269)

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Die Wirkung der Phytinsäure auf die Knochen (Kapitel 24, Seite 273)

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Gerinnungshemmer

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Vitamin K unterdrückt Entzündungen

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Harnsäure

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Starker Salzkonsum fördert Osteoporose

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Die Wirkung von Chlorid

Ok amoto; K ajiya; Toh et al.: Intracellular ClC-3 chloride channels promote bone resorption in vitro through organelle acidification in mouse osteoclasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2008 Mar;294(3):C693-701. Schaller; Henriksen; Sørensen; K arsdal: The role of chloride channels in osteoclasts: ClC-7 as a target for osteoporosis treatment. Drug News Perspect. 2005 Oct;18(8):489-95. Schaller; Henriksen; Sveigaard et al.: The chloride channel inhibitor NS3736 [corrected] prevents bone resorption in ovariectomized rats without changing bone formation. J Bone Miner Res. 2004 Jul;19(7):1144-53. Toto; Hulter; Mackie; Sebastian: Renal tubular acidosis induced by dietary chloride. Kidney Int. 1984 Jan;25(1):26-32.

Die gesundheitsfördernde Wirkung des Citrats

Caudarella; Vescini: Urinary citrate and renal stone disease: the preventive role of alkali citrate treatment. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2009 Sep;81(3):182-7. Mandel; Taylor; Curhan: Dietary and lifestyle factors and medical conditions associated with urinary citrate excretion. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013 Jun;8(6):901-8. Oöpik; Saaremets; Medijainen et al.: Effects of sodium citrate ingestion before exercise on endurance performance in well trained college runners. Br J Sports Med. 2003 Dec;37(6):485-9.

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Vorsicht Phosphatüberlastung! (Kapitel 27, Seite 307)

Br au n; Asmus; Holzer et al.: Long-term comparison of a calcium-free phosphate binder and calcium carbonate--phosphorus metabolism and cardiovascular calcification.Clin Nephrol. 2004 Aug;62(2):104-15. Calvo; Uribarri: Public health impact of dietary phosphorus excess on bone and cardiovascular health in the general population. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98(1):6-15. Calvo; Uribarri: Contributions to total phosphorus intake: all sources conside- red. Semin Dial. 2013a Jan-Feb;26(1):54-61. Calvo; Park: Changing phosphorus content of the U.S. diet: potential for adverse effects on bone. J Nutr. 1996 Apr;126(4 Suppl):1168S-80S. Calvo: Dietary phosphorus, calcium metabolism and bone. J Nutr. 1993;123(9):1627-33.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 659 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Calvo; Kumar; Heath: Persistently elevated parathyroid hormone secretion and action in young women after four weeks of ingesting high phosphorus, low calcium diets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990 May;70(5):1334-40. Calvo; Kumar; Heath: Elevated secretion and action of serum parathyroid hormone in young adults consuming high phosphorus, low calcium diets assem- bled from common foods. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988 Apr;66(4):823-9. Chertow; Burke; R aggi: Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary and aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients.Kidney Int. 2002;62(1):245-52. Eddington; Hoefield; Sinha et al.: Serum phosphate and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Dec;5(12):2251-7. Ellam; Chico: Phosphate: the new cholesterol? The role of the phosphate axis in non-uremic vascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 2012 Feb;220(2):310-8. Ellam; Wilkie; Chamberlain et al.: Dietary phosphate modulates atherogen- esis and insulin resistance in apolipoprotein E knockout mice--brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011 Sep;31(9):1988-90. Fenton; Lyon; Eliasziw et al.: Phosphate decreases urine calcium and increases calcium balance: a meta-analysis of the osteoporosis acid-ash diet hypothesis. Nutr J. 2009 Sep 15;8:41. Foley; Collins; Herzog et al.: Serum phosphorus levels associate with coronary atherosclerosis in young adults. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(2):397-404. Foley: Phosphate levels and cardiovascular disease in the general population. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Jun;4(6):1136-9. Giachelli: The emerging role of phosphate in vascular calcification. Kidney Int. 2009;75(9):890-7. Gonzalez-Parr a; Tu ñón; Egido; Ortiz: Phosphate: a stealthier killer than previously thought? Cardiovasc Pathol. 2012 Sep-Oct;21(5):372-81. Gutiérrez; Man nstadt et al.: Fibroblast growth factor 23 and mortality among patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(6):584-92. Hegsted; Schuette; Zemel; Linkswiler: Urinary calcium and calcium balance in young men as affected by level of protein and phosphorus intake. J Nutr. 1981 Mar;111(3):553-62. Hong; K im; Lee: Effects of calcium intake, milk and dairy product intake, and blood vitamin D level on osteoporosis risk in Korean adults: analysis of the 2008 and 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutr Res Pract. 2013 Oct;7(5):409-17. K arp; Ekholm; K emi et al.: Differences among total and in vitro digestible phosphorus content of plant foods and beverages. J Ren Nutr. 2012;22(4):416-22. K arp; Vaihia; K ärkk äinen et al.: Acute effects of different phosphorus sources on calcium and bone metabolism in young women: a whole-foods approach. Calcif Tissue Int. 2007 Apr;80(4):251-8. K emi; K ärkk äinen; R ita et al.: Low calcium:phosphorus ratio in habitual diets affects serum parathyroid hormone concentration and calcium metabolism in healthy women with adequate calcium intake. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(4):561-8.

660 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. K emi; R ita; K ärkk äinen et al.: Habitual high phosphorus intakes and foods with phosphate additives negatively affect serum parathyroid hormone concentration: a cross-sectional study on healthy premenopausal women. Public Health Nutr. 2009 Oct;12(10):1885-92. K emi; K ärkk äinen; K arp et al.: Increased calcium intake does not completely counteract the effects of increased phosphorus intake on bone: an acute dose- response study in healthy females. Br J Nutr. 2008 Apr;99(4):832-9. K emi; K ärkk äinen; Lamberg-Allardt: High phosphorus intakes acutely and negatively affect Ca and bone metabolism in a dose-dependent manner in healthy young females. Br J Nutr. 2006 Sep;96(3):545-52. K r apf; Glatz; Hulter: Neutral phosphate administration generates and maintains renal metabolic alkalosis and hyperparathyroidism. Am J Physiol. 1995 May;268(5 Pt 2):F802-7. Kuro-o: A potential link between phosphate and aging--lessons from Klotho- deficient mice.Mech Ageing Dev. 2010;131(4):270-5. Liu; Quarles: How fibroblast growth factor 23 works. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(6):1637-47. Noori; K alantar-Zadeh; Kovesdy et al.: Association of dietary phosphorus intake and phosphorus to protein ratio with mortality in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(4):683-92. R itz; Hahn; K etteler et al.: Gesundheitsrisiko durch Phosphatzusätze in Nahrungsmitteln. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2012;109(4):49-55. Rodriguez; Almaden; Hernandez; Torres: Effect of phosphate on the parathyroid gland: direct and indirect? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 1996 Jul;5(4):321-8. Schuette; Linkswiler: Effects on Ca and P metabolism in humans by adding meat, meat plus milk, or purified proteins plus Ca and P to a low protein diet. J Nutr. 1982 Feb;112(2):338-49. Shroff; McNair; Skepper et al: Chronic mineral dysregulation promotes vascular smooth muscle cell adaptation and extracellular matrix calcification. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(1):103-12. Shuto; Taketani; Tanak a et al.: Dietary phosphorus acutely impairs endothelial function. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(7):1504-12. Tonelli; Sacks; Pfeffer et al.: Relation between serum phosphate level and cardiovascular event rate in people with coronary disease. Circulation. 2005;112(17):2627-33. Tucker; Morita; Qiao et al.: Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(4):936-42. Zemel; Linkswiler: Calcium metabolism in the young adult male as affected by level and form of phosphorus intake and level of calcium intake. J Nutr. 1981 Feb;111(2):315-24.

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Bonewald; Wacker: FGF23 production by osteocytes. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013 Apr;28(4):563-8. Desjardins; Liabeuf; R enard et al.: FGF23 is independently associated with vascular calcification but not bone mineral density in patients at various CKD stages. Osteoporos Int. 2012 Jul;23(7):2017-25. Ford; Smith; Tomlinson et al.: FGF-23 and osteoprotegerin are independently associated with myocardial damage in chronic kidney disease stages 3 and 4. Another link between chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder and the heart. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012 Feb;27(2):727-33. Nak ayama; K aizu; Nagata et al.: Fibroblast growth factor 23 is associated with carotid artery calcification in chronic kidney disease patients not undergoing dialysis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol. 2013 Jan 22;14:22. R azzaque; St-Arnaud; Taguchi; Lanske: FGF-23, vitamin D and calcification: the unholy triad. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005 Oct;20(10):2032-5. Touchberry; Green; Tchikrizov et al.: FGF23 is a novel regulator of intracellular calcium and cardiac contractility in addition to cardiac hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Apr 15;304(8):E863-73.

Cola-Getränke Fernando; Martha; Evangelina: Consumption of soft drinks with phosphoric acid as a risk factor for the development of hypocalcemia in postmenopausal women. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999 Oct;52(10):1007-10. Høstmark; Søgaard et al.: The oslo health study: a dietary index estimating frequent intake of soft drinks and rare intake of fruit and vegetables is negatively associated with bone mineral density. J Osteoporos. 2011:102686. Mahmood; Saleh; Al-Alawi; Ahmed: Health effects of soda drinking in adolescent girls in the United Arab Emirates. J Crit Care. 2008 Sep;23(3):434-40. Mazariegos-R amos; Guerrero-Romero; Rodríguez-Mor án et al.: Consumption of soft drinks with phosphoric acid as a risk factor for the development of hypocalcemia in children: a case-control study. J Pediatr. 1995 Jun;126(6):940-2. McGartland; Robson; Murr ay et al.: Carbonated soft drink consumption and bone mineral density in adolescence: the Northern Ireland Young Hearts project. J Bone Miner Res. 2003 Sep;18(9):1563-9. Ogur; Uysal; Ogur et al.: Evaluation of the effect of cola drinks on bone mineral density and associated factors. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007 May;100(5):334-8. Tsanzi; Light; Tou: The effect of feeding different sugar-sweetened beverages to growing female Sprague-Dawley rats on bone mass and strength. Bone. 2008 May;42(5):960-8. Tucker; Morita; Qiao et al.: Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Oct;84(4):936-42.

662 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Whybro; Jagger; Barker; Eastell: Phosphate supplementation in young men: lack of effect on calcium homeostasis and bone turnover. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998 Jan;52(1):29-33. Wyshak: Teenaged girls, carbonated beverage consumption, and bone fractures. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000 Jun;154(6):610-3. Wyshak; Frisch: Carbonated beverages, dietary calcium, the dietary calcium/ phosphorus ratio, and bone fractures in girls and boys. J Adolesc Health. 1994 May;15(3):210-5. Wyshak; Frisch; Albright et al.: Nonalcoholic carbonated beverage consumption and bone fractures among women former college athletes. J Orthop Res. 1989;7(1):91-9.

Reichliche Kalorienzufuhr beschleunigt die Alterung der Knochen (Kapitel 28, Seite 319)

Die Alterung der Knochen

Boskey; Coleman: Aging and bone. J Dent Res. 2010 Dec;89(12):1333-48. K lompmaker: Lifetime high calcium intake increases osteoporotic fracture risk in old age. Med Hypotheses. 2005;65(3):552-8. Manolagas: From estrogen-centric to aging and oxidative stress: a revised perspective of the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2010;31(3):266-300.

Kalorien- und Proteinreduktion

Dirks; Leeuwenburgh: Caloric restriction in humans: potential pitfalls and health concerns. Mech Ageing Dev. 2006 Jan;127(1):1-7. Fontana; Partridge; Longo: Extending healthy life span--from yeast to humans. Science. 2010;328(5976):321-6. Gallinetti; Harputlugil; Mitchell: Amino acid sensing in dietary-restriction-mediated longevity: roles of signal-transducing kinases GCN2 and TOR. Biochem J. 2013 Jan 1;449(1):1-10. McCarty: mTORC1 activity as a determinant of cancer risk--rationalizing the cancer-preventive effects of adiponectin, metformin, rapamycin, and low-protein vegan diets. Med Hypotheses. 2011 Oct;77(4):642-8. Melnik: Leucine signaling in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and obesity. World J Diabetes. 2012 Mar 15;3(3):38-53. Nak agawa; Lagisz; Hector; Spencer: Comparative and meta-analytic insights into life extension via dietary restriction. Aging Cell. 2012 Jun;11(3):401-9. Pallavi; Giorgio; Pelicci: Insights into the beneficial effect of caloric/ dietary restriction for a healthy and prolonged life. Front Physiol. 2012 Aug 9;3:318.

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Kalorienreduktion und Knochenfestigkeit

Black; Allison; Shapses et al.: Calorie restriction and skeletal mass in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): evidence for an effect mediated through changes in body size. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001 Mar;56(3):B98-107. Bodnar et al.: Interaction between exercise, dietary restriction and age-related bone loss in a rodent model of male senile osteoporosis. Gerontology. 2012;58(2):139-49. Campbell; Tang: Protein intake, weight loss, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010 Oct;65(10):1115-22. Colman; Beasley; Allison; Weindruch: Skeletal effects of long-term caloric restriction in rhesus monkeys. Age (Dordr). 2012 Oct;34(5):1133-43. De Souza; Williams: Beyond hypoestrogenism in amenorrheic athletes: energy deficiency as a contributing factor for bone loss. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2005;4(1):38-44. Devlin; Cloutier et al.: Caloric restriction leads to high marrow adiposity and low bone mass in growing mice. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25(9):2078-88. Fontana: Neuroendocrine factors in the regulation of inflammation: excessive adiposity and calorie restriction. Exp Gerontol. 2009 Jan-Feb;44(1-2):41-5. Fontana; Shew; Holloszy; Villareal: Low bone mass in subjects on a long- term raw vegetarian diet. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Mar 28;165(6):684-9. Hamrick; Ding; Pon nala et al.: Caloric restriction decreases cortical bone mass but spares trabecular bone in the mouse skeleton: implications for the regulation of bone mass by body weight. J Bone Miner Res. 2008 Jun;23(6):870-8. Hawkins; Cifuentes; Pleshko et al.: Energy restriction is associated with lower bone mineral density of the tibia and femur in lean but not obese female rats. J Nutr. 2010 Jan;140(1):31-7. Iyer; Han; Bartell et al.: Sirtuin1 (Sirt1) promotes cortical bone formation by preventing β-catenin sequestration by FoxO transcription factors in osteoblast progenitors. J Biol Chem. 2014 Aug 29;289(35):24069-78. Jeon; K im; Shin et al.: Short-term caloric restriction does not reduce bone mineral density in rats with early type 2 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2014 Mar;29(1):70-6. Lane; Black; Handy et al.: Energy restriction does not alter bone mineral metabolism or reproductive cycling and hormones in female rhesus monkeys. J Nutr. 2001 Mar;131(3):820-7. Mardon; Trzeciakiewicz; Habauzit et al.: Dietary protein supplementation increases peak bone mass acquisition in energy-restricted growing rats. Pediatr Res. 2009 Nov;66(5):513-8.

664 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Mardon; Habauzit; Trzeciakiewicz et al.: Influence of high and low protein intakes on age-related bone loss in rats submitted to adequate or restricted energy conditions. Calcif Tissue Int. 2008 May;82(5):373-82. Mareschi; Cousin; de la Villeon; Brubacher: Caloric value of food and coverage of the recommended nutritional intake of vitamins in the adult human. Principle foods containing vitamins. Ann Nutr Metab. 1984;28(1):11-23. R icci; Heymsfield; Pierson et al.: Moderate energy restriction increases bone resorption in obese postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Feb;73(2):347-52. Shen; Zhu; Gao et al.: Energy-restricted diet benefits body composition but degrades bone integrity in middle-aged obese female rats. Nutr Res. 2013 Aug;33(8):668-76. Sukumar; Ambia-Sobhan; Zurfluh et al.: Areal and volumetric bone mineral density and geometry at two levels of protein intake during caloric restriction: a randomized, controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Jun;26(6):1339-48. Swift; Baek; Swift; Bloomfield: Restriction of dietary energy intake has a greater impact on bone integrity than does restriction of calcium in exercising female rats. J Nutr. 2012 Jun;142(6):1038-45. Talbott; Cifuentes; Du n n; Shapses: Energy restriction reduces bone density and biomechanical properties in aged female rats. J Nutr. 2001;131(9):2382-7. Talbott; Rothkopf: Dietary restriction of energy and calcium alters bone turnover and density in younger and older female rats. J Nutr. 1998;128(3):640-5. Villareal; Kotyk; Armamento-Villareal et al.: Reduced bone mineral density is not associated with significantly reduced bone quality in men and women practicing long-term calorie restriction with adequate nutrition. Aging Cell. 2011 Feb;10(1):96-102.

Fasten

Cheng; Adams; Perin et al.: Prolonged fasting reduces IGF-1/PKA to promote hematopoietic-stem-cell-based regeneration and reverse immunosuppression. Cell Stem Cell. 2014 Jun 5;14(6):810-23. Faris; K acimi; Al-Kurd et al.: Intermittent fasting during Ramadan attenuates proinflammatory cytokines and immune cells in healthy subjects. Nutr Res. 2012;32(12):947-55. Faris; Hussein; Al-Kurd et al.: Impact of ramadan intermittent fasting on oxidative stress measured by urinary 15-f(2t)-isoprostane. J Nutr Metab. 2012:802924. Grinspoon; Baum; K im et al.: Decreased bone formation and increased mineral dissolution during acute fasting in young women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Dec;80(12):3628-33. Mendelsohn; Larrick: Prolonged fasting/refeeding promotes hematopoietic stem cell regeneration and rejuvenation. Rejuvenation Res. 2014;17(4):385-9.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 665 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Peptid YY – ein Sättigungshormon

Utz; Lawson; Misr a et al.: Peptide YY (PYY) levels and bone mineral density (BMD) in women with anorexia nervosa. Bone. 2008 Jul;43(1):135-9. Wong; Driessler; K hor et al.: Peptide YY regulates bone remodeling in mice: a link between gut and skeletal biology. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40038. Wortley; Garcia; Ok amoto et al.: Peptide YY regulates bone turnover in rodents. Gastroenterology. 2007 Nov;133(5):1534-43.

Das Okinawa-Phänomen

Akisak a; Asato; Chan et al.: Energy and nutrient intakes of Okinawan centenarians. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1996 Jun;42(3):241-8. Bonita: Cardiovascular disease in Okinawa. Lancet. 1993;341(8854):1185. Davis; Ross; Nevitt; Wasnich: Incidence rates of falls among Japanese men and women living in Hawaii. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997 May;50(5):589-94. Fr aser; Shavlik: Ten years of life: Is it a matter of choice? Arch Intern Med. 2001 Jul 9;161(13):1645-52. Fujita: Osteoporosis in Japan: factors contributing to the low incidence of hip fracture. Adv Nutr Res. 1994;9:89-99. Hayflick: How and why we age. Exp Gerontol. 1998 Nov-Dec;33(7-8):639-53. Hazzard: Ways to make „usual“ and „successful“ aging synonymous. Preventive gerontology. West J Med. 1997 October; 167(4):206-215. Mizushima; Moriguchi; Nak ada et al.: The relationship of dietary factors to cardiovascular diseases among Japanese in Okinawa and Japanese immigrants, originally from Okinawa, in Brazil. Hypertens Res. 1992;15:45-55. Ross; Huang: Hip fracture incidence among Caucasians in Hawaii is similar to Japanese. A population-based study. Aging (Milano). 2000 Oct;12(5):356-9. Ross; Norimatsu; Davis et al.: A comparison of hip fracture incidence among native Japanese, Japanese Americans, and American Caucasians. Am J Epidemiol. 1991 Apr 15;133(8):801-9. Suzuki; Willcox; Rosenbaum; Willcox: Oxidative stress and longevity in okinawa: an investigation of blood lipid peroxidation and tocopherol in okinawan centenarians. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res. 2010;2010:380460. Willcox; Willcox; Todoriki; Suzuki: The Okinawan diet: health implications of a low-calorie, nutrient-dense, antioxidant-rich dietary pattern low in glycemic load. J Am Coll Nutr. 2009 Aug;28 Suppl:500S-516S. Willcox; Willcox; Todoriki et al.: Caloric restriction, the traditional Okina- wan diet, and healthy aging: the diet of the world‘s longest-lived people and its potential impact on morbidity and life span. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Oct;1114:434-55. Willcox; Willcox; Todoriki et al.: Caloric restriction and human longevity: what can we learn from the Okinawans? Biogerontology. 2006 Jun;7(3):173-7.

666 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Kohlenhydrate: Zucker und Stärke, und ihr Einfluß auf die Knochen (Kapitel 29, Seite 327)

Knochenschwund durch Zuckerkonsum

Abdollahi; Farshchi; Nikfar; Seyedifar: Effect of chromium on glucose and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes; a meta-analysis review of randomized trials. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013;16(1):99-114. Douard; Patel; Lee et al.: Chronic high fructose intake reduces serum 1,25 (OH)2D3 levels in calcium-sufficient rodents.PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e93611. Douard; Sabbagh; Lee et al.: Excessive fructose intake causes 1,25-(OH)(2) D(3)-dependent inhibition of intestinal and renal calcium transport in growing rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Jun 15;304(12):E1303-13. Douard; Suzuki et al.: Dietary fructose inhibits lactation-induced adaptations in rat 1,25-(OH)D synthesis and calcium transport. FASEB J. 2012;26(2):707-21. Ericsson; Angmar-Månsson; Flores: Urinary mineral ion loss after sugar ingestion. Bone Miner. 1990 Jun;9(3):233-7. Fields; Lewis: Impaired endocrine and exocrine pancreatic functions in copper- deficient rats: the effect of gender. J Am Coll Nutr. 1997 Aug;16(4):346-51. Fields; Lewis; Lure: Copper deficiency in rats: the effect of clofibrate. J Am Coll Nutr. 1992 Aug;11(4):399-404. Fields; R eiser; Smith: Effect of copper or insulin in diabetic copper-deficient rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1983 May;173(1):137-9. Hummel; Standl; Schnell: Chromium in metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Horm Metab Res. 2007 Oct;39(10):743-51. Garland; Singh: Effects of D-glucose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose and D-xylose on renal function in the rat. J Physiol. 1988 Jun;400:447-58. Kozlovsky; Moser; R eiser; Anderson: Effects of diets high in simple sugars on urinary chromium losses. Metabolism. 1986 Jun;35(6):515-8. Leman n; Len non; Piering et al.: Evidence that glucose ingestion inhibits net renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and magnesium in man. J Lab Clin Med. 1970 Apr;75(4):578-85. Li; Zernicke; Barnard; Li: Effects of a high fat-sucrose diet on cortical bone morphology and biomechanics. Calcif Tissue Int. 1990 Nov;47(5):308-13. Lorincz; Manske; Zernicke: Bone health: part 1, nutrition. Sports Health. 2009 May;1(3):253-60. Milne; Nielsen: The interaction between dietary fructose and magnesium adversely affects macromineral homeostasis in men. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000 Feb;19(1):31-7. Ogur; Uysal; Ogur et al.: Evaluation of the effect of cola drinks on bone mineral density and associated factors. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;100(5):334-8.

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Zöliakie und Osteoporose

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670 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. R ashtak; Marietta; Murr ay: Celiac sprue: a unique autoimmune disorder. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2009 Sep;5(5):593-604. R astogi; Bhadada; Bhansali et al.: Celiac disease: A missed cause of metabolic bone disease. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;16(5):780-5. R iches; McRorie; Fr aser et al.: Osteoporosis associated with neutralizing autoantibodies against osteoprotegerin. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(15):1459-65. R izzoli; Bonjour: Effects of lectins and tunicamycin on cAMP response to parathyroid hormone. Am J Physiol. 1989;256(1 Pt 1):E80-6. Sánchez; Mohaidle; Baistrocchi et al.: Risk of fracture in celiac disease: gender, dietary compliance, or both? World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(25):3035-42. Sanguineti; Puddu; Mach et al.: Advanced glycation end products play adverse proinflammatory activities in osteoporosis.Mediators Inflamm. 2014:975872. Selby; Davies; Adams; Mawer: Bone loss in celiac disease is related to secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Res. 1999 Apr;14(4):652-7. Shah; Leffler: Celiac disease: an underappreciated issue in womens health. Womens Health (Lond Engl). 2010 Sep;6(5):753-66. Shir azi; Somi; R ezaeifar et al.: Bone density and bone metabolism in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(4):241-7. Shor; Orbach; Boaz et al.: Gastrointestinal-associated autoantibodies in different autoimmune diseases. Am J Clin Exp Immunol. 2012;1(1):49-55. Smith: Preventing baker‘s asthma: an alternative strategy. Occup Med (Lond). 2004 Jan;54(1):21-7. Stazi; Trecca; Trinti: Osteoporosis in celiac disease and in endocrine and reproductive disorders. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jan 28;14(4):498-505. Stenson; Newberry; Lorenz et al.: Increased prevalence of celiac disease and need for routine screening among patients with osteoporosis. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(4):393-9. Sugai; Cherñavsky; Pedreir a et al.: Bone-specific antibodies in sera from patients with celiac disease: characterization and implications in osteoporosis. J Clin Immunol. 2002 Nov;22(6):353-62. Szymczak; Bohdanowicz-Pawlak et al.: Low bone mineral density in adult patients with coeliac disease. Endokrynol Pol. 2012;63(4):270-6. van der Windt; Jellema; Mulder et al.: Diagnostic testing for celiac disease among patients with abdominal symptoms: a systematic review. JAMA. 2010;303(17):1738-46. Vasquez; Mazure; Gonzalez et al.: Risk of fractures in celiac disease patients: a cross-sectional, case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(1):183-9. Verdu; Armstrong; Murr ay: Between celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome: the „no man‘s land“ of gluten sensitivity. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(6):1587-94. Zevallos; Ellis; Suligoj et al.: Variable activation of immune response by quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) prolamins in celiac disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Aug;96(2):337-44.

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Zonulin und die Durchlässigkeit der Darmschleimhaut

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672 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Fasano: Zonulin, regulation of tight junctions, and autoimmune diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012 Jul;1258:25-33. Fasano: Zonulin and its regulation of intestinal barrier function: the biological door to inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. Physiol Rev. 2011;91(1):151-75. Fasano: Physiological, pathological, and therapeutic implications of zonulin-mediated intestinal barrier modulation: living life on the edge of the wall. Am J Pathol. 2008 Nov;173(5):1243-52. Lammers; Lu; Brow nley et al.: Gliadin induces an increase in intestinal permeability and zonulin release by binding to the chemokine receptor CXCR3. Gastroenterology. 2008 Jul;135(1):194-204.e3. Palová-Jelínková; Dáňová; Dr ašarová et al.: Pepsin digest of wheat gliadin fraction increases production of IL-1β via TLR4/MyD88/TRIF/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway and an NLRP3 inflammasome activation. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e62426. Sapone; de Magistris; Pietzak et al.: Zonulin upregulation is associated with increased gut permeability in subjects with type 1 diabetes and their relatives. Diabetes. 2006 May;55(5):1443-9. Thomas; Sapone; Fasano; Vogel: Gliadin stimulation of murine macrophage inflammatory gene expression and intestinal permeability are MyD88-dependent: role of the innate immune response in Celiac disease. J Immunol. 2006 Feb 15;176(4):2512-21. Visser; Rozing; Sapone et al.: Tight junctions, intestinal permeability, and autoimmunity: celiac disease and type 1 diabetes paradigms. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 May;1165:195-205. Wang; Uzzau; Goldblum; Fasano: Human zonulin, a potential modulator of intestinal tight junctions. J Cell Sci. 2000;113 Pt 24:4435-40.

Vitamin D und Darmerkrankungen

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Fruktose

Asgary; K eshvari; Afshani et al.: Effect of fresh orange juice intake on physiological characteristics in healthy volunteers. ISRN Nutr. 2014:405867. Bru ndin; Wahren: Whole body and splanchnic oxygen consumption and blood flow after oral ingestion of fructose or glucose. Am J Physiol. 1993;264(4 Pt 1):E504-13. Buscemi; Rosafio; Arcoleo et al.: Effects of red orange juice intake on endothelial function and inflammatory markers in adult subjects with increased cardiovascular risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 May;95(5):1089-95. Esfahani; Lam; K endall: Acute effects of raisin consumption on glucose and insulin reponses in healthy individuals. J Nutr Sci. 2014 Jan 7;3:e1. Ghanim; Mohanty et al.: Orange juice or fructose intake does not induce oxidative and inflammatory response.Diabetes Care. 2007;30(6):1406-11. Grosso; Galvano; Mistretta et al.: Red orange: experimental models and epidemiological evidence of its benefits on human health. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013:157240. Holbrook; Smith; R eiser: Dietary fructose or starch: effects on copper, zinc, iron, manganese, calcium, and magnesium balances in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989 Jun;49(6):1290-4. Laughlin: Normal roles for dietary fructose in carbohydrate metabolism. Nutrients. 2014 Aug 5;6(8):3117-29. Lenoir; Serre; Cantin; Ahmed: Intense sweetness surpasses cocaine reward. PLoS One. 2007 Aug 1;2(8):e698. Lustig: Fructose: it‘s „alcohol without the buzz“. Adv Nutr. 2013;4(2):226-35. Moore; Davis; Man n et al.: Acute fructose administration improves oral glucose tolerance in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(11):1882-7. Moore; Cherrington; Man n; Davis: Acute fructose administration decreases the glycemic response to an oral glucose tolerance test in normal adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Dec;85(12):4515-9.

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Glykation

Alikhani; Alikhani; Boyd et al.: Advanced glycation end products stimulate osteoblast apoptosis via the MAP kinase and cytosolic apoptotic pathways. Bone. 2007 Feb;40(2):345-53. Dalal; Ferrucci; Su n et al.: Elevated serum advanced glycation end products and poor grip strength in older community-dwelling women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64(1):132-7. Dong; Qin; Xu; Wang: In situ accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) in bone matrix and its correlation with osteoclastic bone resorption. Bone. 2011 Aug;49(2):174-83. Garnero: The contribution of collagen crosslinks to bone strength. Bonekey Rep. 2012 Sep 19;1:182. Goodarzi; Moosavi-Movahedi; Habibi-R ezaei et al.: Hemoglobin fructation promotes heme degradation through the generation of endogenous reactive oxygen species. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2014;130:561-7. Hein; Weiss; Lehman n et al.: Advanced glycation end product modification of bone proteins and bone remodelling: hypothesis and preliminary immunohisto- chemical findings.Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(1):101-4. K arim; Vashishth: Heterogeneous glycation of cancellous bone and its association with bone quality and fragility. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35047. Saito; Marumo: Bone quality in diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausan). 2013;4:72. Sanguineti; Puddu; Mach et al.: Advanced glycation end products play adverse proinflammatory activities in osteoporosis.Mediators Inflamm. 2014:975872. Schwartz; Garnero; Hillier et al.: Pentosidine and increased fracture risk in older adults with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(7):2380-6. Sroga; Vashishth: Effects of bone matrix proteins on fracture and fragility in osteoporosis. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2012;10(2):141-50. Su n; Semba; Fried et al.: Elevated Serum Carboxymethyl-Lysine, an Advanced Glycation End Product, Predicts Severe Walking Disability in Older Women: The Women‘s Health and Aging Study I. J Aging Res. 2012:586385. Valcourt; Merle et al.: Non-enzymatic glycation of bone collagen modifies osteoclastic activity and differentiation. J Biol Chem. 2007;282(8):5691-703.

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Einflußfaktoren auf die Glykation

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Insulin, Insulinresistenz und Glykation

Bjørnholt; Erikssen; Aaser et al.: Fasting blood glucose: an underestima- ted risk factor for cardiovascular death. Results from a 22-year follow-up of healthy nondiabetic men. Diabetes Care. 1999 Jan;22(1):45-9. K haw; Wareham: Glycated hemoglobin as a marker of cardiovascular risk. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2006 Dec;17(6):637-43. K haw; Wareham; Luben et al.: Glycated haemoglobin, diabetes, and mortality in men in Norfolk cohort of european prospective investigation of cancer and nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk). BMJ. 2001 Jan 6;322(7277):15-8. Nar ayan; Boyle; Thompson et al.: Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States. JAMA. 2003 Oct 8;290(14):1884-90. O‘Brien; Streeper; Ayala et al.: Insulin-regulated gene expression. Biochem Soc Trans. 2001;29(Pt 4):552-8. Port; Boyle; Hsueh et al.: The predictive role of blood glucose for mortality in subjects with cardiovascular disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163(4):342-51. Port; Goodarzi; Boyle; Jen nrich: Blood glucose: a strong risk factor for mortality in nondiabetic patients with cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J. 2005 Aug;150(2):209-14. Sell; K leinman; Mon nier: Longitudinal determination of skin collagen glycation and glycoxidation rates predicts early death in C57BL/6NNIA mice. FASEB J. 2000 Jan;14(1):145-56. Selvin; Steffes; Zhu et al.: Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4;362(9):800-11.

Insulinresistenz, Diabetes und Osteoporose

Chang-Quan; Bi-Rong; Qian et al.: Renal injury, abnormal vitamin D metabolism and bone homeostasis in aged rats with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Investig Med. 2008 Aug;56(6):872-7. Chang-Quan; Bi-Rong; Ping et al.: Insulin resistance, renal injury, renal 1-alpha hydroxylase, and bone homeostasis in aged obese rats. Arch Med Res. 2008 May;39(4):380-7. Chen; Deng; Li: Prevalence of Osteoporosis and Its Associated Factors among Older Men with Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013:285729. DCCT: The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 30;329(14):977-86. Hofbauer; Brueck; Singh; Dobnig: Osteoporosis in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Bone Miner Res. 2007 Sep;22(9):1317-28.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 677 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Huang; Ma; Tao et al.: The relationship among renal injury, changed activity of renal 1-alpha hydroxylase and bone loss in elderly rats with insulin resistance or Type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol Invest. 2009;32(3):196-201. Huang; Ma; Tao et al.: The relationship between renal injury and change in vitamin D metabolism in aged rats with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Int Med Res. 2008;36(2):289-95. Ishii; Cauley; Cr andall et al.: Diabetes and femoral neck strength: findings from the Hip Strength Across the Menopausal Transition Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jan;97(1):190-7. Issa; Zantout; Azar: Osteoporosis in men with diabetes mellitus. J Osteoporos. 2011;2011:651867. Jackuliak; Payer: Osteoporosis, fractures, and diabetes. Int J Endocrinol. 2014:820615. Ju ng; K im; Lee et al.: Fracture incidence and risk of osteoporosis in female type 2 diabetic patients in Korea. Diabetes Metab J. 2012 Apr;36(2):144-50. K awashima; Fritton; Yak ar et al.: Type 2 diabetic mice demonstrate slender long bones with increased fragility secondary to increased osteoclastogenesis. Bone. 2009;44(4):648-55. K hazai; Beck; Umpierrez: Diabetes and fractures: an overshadowed association. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2009;16(6):435-45. Kumeda: Osteoporosis in diabetes. Clin Calcium. 2008;18(5):589-99. Leck a-Czernik: Bone loss in diabetes: use of antidiabetic thiazolidinediones and secondary osteoporosis. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2010 Dec;8(4):178-84. Montagnani; Gon nelli; Alessandri; Nuti: Osteoporosis and risk of fracture in patients with diabetes: an update. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2011;23(2):84-90. Napoli; Strollo; Paladini et al.: The alliance of mesenchymal stem cells, bone, and diabetes. Int J Endocrinol. 2014:690783. Ok azaki: Diabetes Mellitus and bone metabolism. Clin Calcium. 2011;21(5):669-75. R äkel; Sheehy; R ahme; LeLorier: Osteoporosis among patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2008 Jun;34(3):193-205. Roy: Biomolecular basis of the role of diabetes mellitus in osteoporosis and bone fractures. World J Diabetes. 2013 Aug 15;4(4):101-13. Saito; K ida; K ato; Marumo: Diabetes, Collagen, and Bone Quality. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2014 Jun;12(2):181-8. Saito; Marumo: Bone quality in diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2013 Jun 14;4:72. Saito; Marumo: Collagen cross-links as a determinant of bone quality: a possible explanation for bone fragility in aging, osteoporosis, and diabetes mellitus. Osteoporos Int. 2010 Feb;21(2):195-214. Saito; Fujii; Mori; Marumo: Role of collagen enzymatic and glycation induced cross-links as a determinant of bone quality in spontaneously diabetic WBN/ Kob rats. Osteoporos Int. 2006 Oct;17(10):1514-23. Saller; Maggi; Romanato et al.: Diabetes and osteoporosis. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2008 Aug;20(4):280-9. Schafer; Vittinghoff; Lang et al.: Fat infiltration of muscle, diabetes, and clini-

678 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. cal fracture risk in older adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(11):E368-72. Schwartz; Ewing; Porzig et al.: Diabetes and change in bone mineral density at the hip, calcaneus, spine, and radius in older women. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2013;4:62. Schwartz; Garnero; Hillier et al.: Pentosidine and increased fracture risk in older adults with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(7):2380-6. Shu; Yin; Stein et al.: Bone structure and turnover in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(2):635-41. Silva; Brodt; Ly nch et al.: Type 1 diabetes in young rats leads to progressive trabecular bone loss, cessation of cortical bone growth, and diminished whole bone strength and fatigue life. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24(9):1618-27. Tomasek; Meyers et al.: Diabetic and age-related enhancement of collagen-linked fluorescence in cortical bones of rats.Life Sci. 1994;55(11):855-61. UKPDS: Quality of life in type 2 diabetic patients is affected by complications but not by intensive policies to improve blood glucose or blood pressure control (UKPDS 37). Diabetes Care. 1999 Jul;22(7):1125-36. Wada; K amiya; Fuk awa: Bone quality changes in diabetes. Clin Calcium. 2008 May;18(5):600-5. Wittr ant; Gorin; Woodruff et al.: High d(+)glucose concentration inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Bone. 2008;42(6):1122-30. Won; Lee; Park et al.: Prominent bone loss mediated by RANKL and IL-17 produced by CD4+ T cells in TallyHo/JngJ mice. PLoS One. 2011;6(3):e18168. Wongdee; Charoenphandhu: Osteoporosis in diabetes mellitus: Possible cellular and molecular mechanisms. World J Diabetes. 2011;2(3):41-8. Xia; Zhong; Huang et al.: The relationship between insulin resistance and osteoporosis in elderly male type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2012 Dec;73(6):546-51. Yamaguchi; Sugimoto: Bone metabolism and fracture risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bonekey Rep. 2012;1:36. Yamaguchi: Bone fragility in type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Orthop. 2010 Nov 18;1(1):3-9. Yamagishi; Nak amur a; Inoue: Possible participation of advanced glycation end products in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in diabetic patients. Med Hypotheses. 2005;65(6):1013-5.

Übergewicht, Fettleibigkeit und Osteoporose

Bredella; Lin; Gerweck et al.: Determinants of bone microarchitecture and mechanical properties in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(11):4115-22. Cao: Effects of obesity on bone metabolism. J Orthop Surg Res. 2011;6:30. Costa; Carlos; Gonzalez et al.: Diet containing low n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio, provided by canola oil, alters body composition and bone quality in young rats. Eur J Nutr. 2012;51(2):191-8. Greco; Fr ancomano et al.: Negative association between trunk fat, insulin resistance and skeleton in obese women. World J Diabetes. 2013;4(2):31-9.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 679 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Halade; El Jamali; Williams et al.: Obesity-mediated inflammatory microenvironment stimulates osteoclastogenesis and bone loss in mice. Exp Gerontol. 2011;46(1):43-52. Jú nior; Cardoso; Christofaro et al.: The relationship between visceral fat thickness and bone mineral density in sedentary obese children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr. 2013 Mar 20;13:37. Migliaccio; Fr ancomano; Bruzziches et al.: Trunk fat negatively influences skeletal and testicular functions in obese men: clinical implications for the aging male. Int J Endocrinol. 2013:182753. Migliaccio; Greco; Fornari et al.: Is obesity in women protective against osteoporosis? Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2011;4:273-82. Lenchik; R egister; Hsu et al.: Adiponectin as a novel determinant of bone mineral density and visceral fat. Bone. 2003 Oct;33(4):646-51. Paula; Horowitz; Rosen: Novel insights into the relationship between diabetes and osteoporosis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2010;26(8):622-30. Paula; Rosen: Obesity, diabetes mellitus and last but not least, osteoporosis. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2010a Mar;54(2):150-7. Rosen; Bouxsein: Mechanisms of disease: is osteoporosis the obesity of bone? Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2006 Jan;2(1):35-43. Russell; Mendes et al.: Visceral fat is a negative predictor of bone density measures in obese adolescent girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(3):1247-55. Tsangari; Findlay; Kuliwaba et al.: Increased expression of IL-6 and RANK mRNA in human trabecular bone from fragility fracture of the femoral neck. Bone. 2004;35(1):334-42. Vaidya: Obesity, sarcopenia and postmenopausal osteoporosis: An interlinked triad! J Midlife Health. 2014 Jan;5(1):1-2. Wan nenes; Papa; Greco et al.: Abdominal Fat and Sarcopenia in Women Signi- ficantly Alter Osteoblasts Homeostasis In Vitro by a WNT/ β -Catenin Depen- dent Mechanism. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:278316. Zhou; Immel; Xi et al.: Regulation of osteoclast function and bone mass by RAGE. J Exp Med. 2006 Apr 17;203(4):1067-80.

Chronische Entzündungen und oxidativer Streß fördern Insulinresistenz

Casas-Agustench; Bulló; Salas-Salvadó: Nuts, inflammation and insulin resistance. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(1):124-30. de Luca; Olefsky: Inflammation and insulin resistance. FEBS Lett. 2008;582(1):97-105. Donath; Shoelson: Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011 Feb;11(2):98-107. Shoelson; Herrero; Naaz: Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Gastroenterology. 2007 May;132(6):2169-80. Shoelson; Lee; Goldfine: Inflammation and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2006 Jul;116(7):1793-801.

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Garcia-Bailo; El-Sohemy; Haddad et al.: Vitamins D, C, and E in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress. Biologics. 2011;5:7-19. Guerrero-Romero; Rodríguez-Mor án: Complementary therapies for diabetes: the case for chromium, magnesium, and antioxidants. Arch Med Res. 2005;36(3):250-7.

Insulinresistenz und Magnesiummangel

Balon; Jasman; Scott et al.: Dietary magnesium prevents fructose-induced insulin insensitivity in rats. Hypertension. 1994 Jun;23(6 Pt 2):1036-9. Barbagallo; Dominguez et al.: Role of magnesium in insulin action, diabetes and cardio-metabolic syndrome X. Mol Aspects Med. 2003;24(1-3):39-52. Cahill; Shahidi; Shea et al.: High dietary magnesium intake is associated with low insulin resistance in the Newfoundland population. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58278. Cong; Zhong; Zhang et al.: Effects of magnesium intake on expression of insulin receptor in type 2 diabetes rats. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2012;41(2):264-7. Corica; Corsonello et al.: Serum ionized magnesium levels in relation to metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic patients. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006;25(3):210-5. Dasgupta; Sarma; Saikia: Hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Nov;16(6):1000-3. Dong; Xu n; He; Qin: Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(9):2116-22. Guerrero-Romero; Tamez-Perez; González-González et al.: Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic subjects with insulin resistance. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. Diabetes Metab. 2004 Jun;30(3):253-8. Hruby; Ngwa; R enström et al.: Higher magnesium intake is associated with lower fasting glucose and insulin, with no evidence of interaction with select genetic loci, in a meta-analysis of 15 CHARGE Consortium Studies. J Nutr. 2013;143(3):345-53. K im; Xu n; Liu et al.: Magnesium intake in relation to systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and the incidence of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(12):2604-10. Lopez-R idaur a; Willett; R imm et al.: Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. Diabetes Care. 2004 Jan;27(1):134-40. Madihi; Marikhi; Nasri: Prevention of hypomagnesemia in diabetes patients. Int J Prev Med. 2013 Aug;4(8):982-3. Mooren; K rüger; Völker et al.: Oral magnesium supplementation reduces insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects - a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011 Mar;13(3):281-4. R ayssiguier; Gueux; Nowacki et al.: High fructose consumption combined with low dietary magnesium intake may increase the incidence of the metabolic syndrome by inducing inflammation.Magnes Res. 2006;19(4):237-43.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 681 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. R eis; R eyes; Saad; Velloso: Magnesium deficiency modulates the insulin signaling pathway in liver but not muscle of rats. J Nutr. 2000;130(2):133-8. Rodríguez-Mor án; Guerrero-Romero: Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(4):1147-52. Rumawas; McK eow n; Rogers et al.: Magnesium intake is related to improved insulin homeostasis in the framingham offspring cohort. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006;25(6):486-92. Seyoum; Sir aj; Saenz; Abdulk adir: Hypomagnesemia in Ethiopians with diabetes mellitus. Ethn Dis. 2008 Spring;18(2):147-51. Song; Manson; Buring; Liu: Dietary magnesium intake in relation to plasma insulin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2004 Jan;27(1):59-65. Tak aya; Higashino; Kobayashi: Intracellular magnesium and insulin resistance. Magnes Res. 2004 Jun;17(2):126-36. Villegas; Gao; Dai et al.: Dietary calcium and magnesium intakes and the risk of type 2 diabetes: the Shanghai Women‘s Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(4):1059-67. Wang; Persuitte; Olendzki et al.: Dietary magnesium intake improves insulin resistance among non-diabetic individuals with metabolic syndrome participa- ting in a dietary trial. Nutrients. 2013 Sep 27;5(10):3910-9. Yang; Hwang; Baik et al.: Serum magnesium level is associated with type 2 diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus: the Korea National Diabetes Program study. J Korean Med Sci. 2014;29(1):84-9. Zhong; Fang; Cheng; Li: Influence of magnesium supplementation on insulin receptor affinity in erythrocytes of type 2 diabetes rats. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2013;42(2):217-20.

Vitamin D verstärkt die Wirkung von Insulin

Alkharfy; Al-Daghri et al.: Influence of vitamin D treatment on transcriptional regulation of insulin-sensitive genes. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2013;11(4):283-8. Alvarez; Ashr af: Role of vitamin d in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity for glucose homeostasis. Int J Endocrinol. 2010:351385. Bachali; Dasu et al.: Vitamin d deficiency and insulin resistance in normal and type 2 diabetes subjects. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2013;28(1):74-8. Borissova; Tankova; K irilov et al.: The effect of vitamin D3 on insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Clin Pract. 2003 May;57(4):258-61. Cade; Norman: Rapid normalization/stimulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in the vitamin D-deficient rat. Endocrinology. 1987;120(4):1490-7. Cade; Norman: Vitamin D3 improves impaired glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in the vitamin D-deficient rat in vivo. Endocrinology. 1986 Jul;119(1):84-90.

682 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Cavalier; Delanaye; Souberbielle; R adermecker: Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes mellitus: where do we stand? Diabetes Metab. 2011;37(4):265-72. Chagas; Borges; Martini; Rogero: Focus on vitamin D, inflammation and type 2 diabetes. Nutrients. 2012;4(1):52-67. Davidson; Dur an; Lee et al.: High-dose vitamin D supplementation in people with prediabetes and hypovitaminosis D. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(2):260-6. Friedman: Vitamin D supplementation to prevent the progression of prediabetes to diabetes: getting closer to a recommendation. Transl Res. 2011;158(5):273-5. Gandhe; Jain; Gandhe: Evaluation of 25(OH) Vitamin D3 with Reference to Magnesium Status and Insulin Resistance in T2DM. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7(11):2438-41. K abadi; Liu; Auchincloss; Zakeri: Multivariate path analysis of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, inflammation, and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dis Markers. 2013;35(3):187-93. K adowaki; Norman: Dietary vitamin D is essential for normal insulin secretion from the perfused rat pancreas. J Clin Invest. 1984 Mar;73(3):759-66. Kostoglou-Athanassiou; Athanassiou; Gkou ntouvas; K aldrymides: Vitamin D and glycemic control in diabetes mellitus type 2. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2013;4(4):122-8. Nazarian; St Peter; Boston et al.: Vitamin D3 supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in subjects with impaired fasting glucose. Transl Res. 2011;158(5):276-81. Su ng; Liao; Lu; Wu: Role of vitamin D in insulin resistance. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:634195. Takiishi; Gysemans; Bouillon; Mathieu: Vitamin D and diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010 Jun;39(2):419-46. Teegarden; Donkin: Vitamin D: emerging new roles in insulin sensitivity. Nutr Res Rev. 2009 Jun;22(1):82-92.

Vitamin K2

Bulló; Moreno-Navarrete; Fernández-R eal et al.: Total and undercarboxylated osteocalcin predict changes in insulin sensitivity and β cell function in elderly men at high cardiovascular risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(1):249-55. Hwang; Jeong; Ahn; Chu ng: The uncarboxylated form of osteocalcin is associated with improved glucose tolerance and enhanced beta-cell function in middle-aged male subjects Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2009 Nov;25(8):768-72. Iki; Tamaki; Fujita et al.: Serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin levels are inversely associated with glycemic status and insulin resistance in an elderly Ja- panese male population: Fujiwara-kyo Osteoporosis Risk in Men (FORMEN) Study. Osteoporos Int. 2012 Feb;23(2):761-70. Lee; Sowa; Hinoi et al.: Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton. Cell. 2007 Aug 10;130(3):456-69.

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Zinkmangel, Diabetes und Osteoporose

Fushimi; Inoue; Yamada et al.: Zinc deficiency exaggerates diabetic osteoporosis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1993 Jun;20(3):191-6. K im; Lee: Effect of zinc supplementation on insulin resistance and metabolic risk factors in obese Korean women. Nutr Res Pract. 2012 Jun;6(3):221-5. Li; Tan; Su n et al.: The role of zinc in the prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy and nephropathy. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2013 Jan;23(1):27-33.

Chrom und der Glukose-Toleranzfaktor

Ali; Ma; R ey nolds et al.: Chromium effects on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in persons at risk for diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. 2011;17(1):16-25. Anderson: Chromium and polyphenols from cinnamon improve insulin sensitivity. Proc Nutr Soc. 2008;67(1):48-53. Ani; Moshtaghie: The effect of chromium on parameters related to iron metabolism. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992 Jan-Mar;32:57-64. Chen; Chen; Liu; Mao: Chromium supplementation enhances insulin signalling in skeletal muscle of obese KK/HlJ diabetic mice. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009;11(4):293-303. Horvath; Tackett; McCarthy et al.: Antidiabetogenic effects of chromium mitigate hyperinsulinemia-induced cellular insulin resistance via correction of plasma membrane cholesterol imbalance. Mol Endocrinol. 2008;22(4):937-50. Hua; Clark; R en; Sreejayan: Molecular mechanisms of chromium in allevia- ting insulin resistance. J Nutr Biochem. 2012;23(4):313-9. Su ndar ar aman; Sridhar; Sujatha; Anita: Serum chromium levels in gestational diabetes mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16 Suppl 1:S70-3. Wang; Cefalu: Current concepts about chromium supplementation in type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Curr Diab Rep. 2010;10(2):145-51. Wang; Zhang; Russell et al.: Chromium picolinate enhances skeletal muscle cellular insulin signaling in vivo in obese, insulin-resistant JCR:LA-cp rats. J Nutr. 2006 Feb;136(2):415-20.

684 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Leptin und dessen Wirkung auf die Knochen Albala; Yáñez; Devoto et al.: Obesity as a protective factor for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996 Nov;20(11):1027-32. Crepaldi; Romanato; Tonin; Maggi: Osteoporosis and body composition. J Endocrinol Invest. 2007;30(6 Suppl):42-7. Demontiero; Vidal; Duque: Aging and bone loss: new insights for the clinician. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2012 Apr;4(2):61-76. De Souza; Williams: Beyond hypoestrogenism in amenorrheic athletes: energy deficiency as a contributing factor for bone loss.Curr Sports Med Rep. 2005;4(1):38-44. Ducy; Amling; Takeda et al.: Leptin inhibits bone formation through a hypothalamic relay: a central control of bone mass. Cell. 2000;100(2):197-207. Elefteriou; Ahn; Takeda et al.: Leptin regulation of bone resorption by the sympathetic nervous system and CART. Nature. 2005;434(7032):514-20. Hamrick; Ferr ari: Leptin and the sympathetic connection of fat to bone. Osteoporos Int. 2008 Jul;19(7):905-12. Hess; Pino; R íos et al.: High affinity leptin receptors are present in human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from control and osteoporotic donors. J Cell Biochem. 2005 Jan 1;94(1):50-7. Hinoi; Gao; You ng Ju ng et al.: The sympathetic tone mediates leptin‘s inhibition of insulin secretion by modulating osteocalcin bioactivity. J Cell Biol. 2008; 183(7): 1235-1242. Hogan: The effects of weight loss on calcium and bone. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2005 Jul-Sep;28(3):269-75. Hwang; Jeong; Ahn; Chu ng: The uncarboxylated form of osteocalcin is associated with improved glucose tolerance and enhanced beta-cell function in middle-aged male subjects Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2009 Nov;25(8):768-72. Iki; Tamaki; Fujita et al.: Serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin levels are inversely associated with glycemic status and insulin resistance in an elderly Ja- panese male population: Fujiwara-kyo Osteoporosis Risk in Men (FORMEN) Study. Osteoporos Int. 2012 Feb;23(2):761-70. Javaid; Godfrey; Taylor et al.: Umbilical cord leptin predicts neonatal bone mass. Calcif Tissue Int. 2005 May;76(5):341-7. K arsenty: Leptin controls bone formation through a hypothalamic relay. Recent Prog Horm Res. 2001;56:401-15. K arsenty: The central regulation of bone remodeling. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Dec;11(10):437-9. K awai; de Paula; Rosen: New insights into osteoporosis: the bone-fat connection. J Intern Med. 2012 Oct;272(4):317-29. K awai; Devlin; Rosen: Fat targets for skeletal health. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2009 Jul;5(7):365-72. Kolaczy nski; Nyce et al.: Acute and chronic effects of insulin on leptin production in humans: Studies in vivo and in vitro. Diabetes. 1996;45(5):699-701. Legir an; Br andi: Bone mass regulation of leptin and postmenopausal osteoporosis with obesity. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2012;9(3):145-9.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 685 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Rosen; Ackert-Bicknell; Rodriguez; Pino: Marrow fat and the bone microenvironment: developmental, functional, and pathological implications. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 2009;19(2):109-24. Takeda; K arsenty: Molecular bases of the sympathetic regulation of bone mass. Bone. 2008 May;42(5):837-40. Takeda; Elefteriou; Levasseur et al.: Leptin regulates bone formation via the sympathetic nervous system. Cell. 2002 Nov 1;111(3):305-17. Takeda; K arsenty: Central control of bone formation. J Bone Miner Metab. 2001;19(3):195-8. Turner; K alr a; Wong et al.: Peripheral leptin regulates bone formation. J Bone Miner Res. 2013 Jan;28(1):22-34.

Überlastung mit Fruktose verschlimmert Insulinresistenz

Basciano; Federico; Adeli: Fructose, insulin resistance, and metabolic dyslipidemia. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005;2(1):5. R ayssiguier; Gueux; Nowacki et al.: High fructose consumption combined with low dietary magnesium intake may increase the incidence of the metabolic syndrome by inducing inflammation.Magnes Res. 2006 Dec;19(4):237-43. Tappy; Lê: Metabolic effects of fructose and the worldwide increase in obesity. Physiol Rev. 2010 Jan;90(1):23-46. Teff; Elliott; Tschöp et al.: Dietary fructose reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates postprandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;89(6):2963-72.

Vorsicht Brot!

Andersson; Tengblad; K arlström et al.: Whole-grain foods do not affect insulin sensitivity or markers of lipid peroxidation and inflammation in healthy, moderately overweight subjects. J Nutr. 2007;137(6):1401-7. Cuatrecasas; Tell: Insulin-like activity of concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin--direct interactions with insulin receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973 Feb;70(2):485-9. Cuatrecasas: Interaction of concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin with the insulin receptor of fat cells and liver. J Biol Chem. 1973;248(10):3528-34. Livingston; Purvis: The effects of wheat germ agglutinin on the adipocyte insulin receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981;678(2):194-201. Livingston; Purvis: Effects of wheat germ agglutinin on insulin binding and insulin sensitivity of fat cells. Am J Physiol. 1980;238(3):E267-75. Lotan; Barzilai: Effect of wheat germ agglutinin and concanavalin A on insulin binding and response by Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Isr J Med Sci. 1990;26(1):5-11. Messina; Hamlin; Larner: Insulin-mimetic actions of wheat germ agglutinin and concanavalin A on specific mRNA levels. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1987;254(1):110-5.

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Der Insulin-Index

Flint; Møller; R aben et al.: The use of glycaemic index tables to predict glycaemic index of composite breakfast meals. Br J Nutr. 2004;91(6):979-89. Hir aok a; Fukuwatari; Imaizumi; Fushiki: Effects of oral stimulation with fats on the cephalic phase of pancreatic enzyme secretion in esophagostomized rats. Physiol Behav. 2003;79(4-5):713-7. Holt; Miller; Petocz: An insulin index of foods: the insulin demand generated by 1000-kJ portions of common foods. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66(5):1264-76. Holt; Miller; Petocz; Farmak alidis: A satiety index of common foods. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995 Sep;49(9):675-90. Mattes: Brief oral stimulation, but especially oral fat exposure, elevates serum triglycerides in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009;296(2):G365-71.

Milch

Melnik; John; Schmitz: Milk is not just food but most likely a genetic transfec- tion system activating mTORC1 signaling for postnatal growth. Nutr J. 2013;12:103. Melnik; Schmitz; John et al.: Metabolic effects of milk protein intake strongly depend on pre-existing metabolic and exercise status. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2013 Oct 2;10(1):60. Nilsson; Stenberg; Frid et al.: Glycemia and insulinemia in healthy subjects after lactose-equivalent meals of milk and other food proteins: the role of plasma amino acids and incretins. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(5):1246-53. Salehi; Gu n nerud; Muhammed et al.: The insulinogenic effect of whey protein is partially mediated by a direct effect of amino acids and GIP on β-cells. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2012 May 30;9(1):48.

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Fettreiche Ernährung und geringe Knochenmasse

Bergqvist; Schall; Stallings; Zemel: Progressive bone mineral content loss in children with intractable epilepsy treated with the ketogenic diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;88(6):1678-84. Bertoli; Striuli; Testolin et al.: Nutritional status and bone mineral mass in children treated with ketogenic diet. Recenti Prog Med. 2002;93(12):671-5. Cao; Gregoire; Gao: High-fat diet decreases cancellous bone mass but has no effect on cortical bone mass in the tibia in mice. Bone. 2009;44(6):1097-104. Fehrendt; Lin n; Hartman n et al.: Negative influence of a long-term high-fat diet on murine bone architecture. Int J Endocrinol. 2014:318924. Lac; Cavalie; Ebal; Michaux: Effects of a high fat diet on bone of growing rats. Correlations between visceral fat, adiponectin and bone mass density. Lipids Health Dis. 2008 Apr 28;7:16. Lau; Fajardo; McMeekin et al.: Influence of high-fat diet from differential dietary sources on bone mineral density, bone strength, and bone fatty acid composition in rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2010 Oct;35(5):598-606. Macri; Gonzales Chaves; Rodriguez et al.: High-fat diets affect energy and bone metabolism in growing rats. Eur J Nutr. 2012 Jun;51(4):399-406. Patsch; K iefer; Varga et al.: Increased bone resorption and impaired bone microarchitecture in short-term and extended high-fat diet-induced obesity. Metabolism. 2011 Feb;60(2):243-9. Sirois; Cheu ng; Ward: Biomechanical bone strength and bone mass in young male and female rats fed a fish oil diet.Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2003;68(6):415-21. Zernicke; Salem; Barnard; Schr amm: Long-term, high-fat-sucrose diet alters rat femoral neck and vertebral morphology, bone mineral content, and mechanical properties. Bone. 1995;16(1):25-31.

Lipid-Peroxidation

Allard; Kurian; Aghdassi et al.: Lipid peroxidation during n-3 fatty acid and vitamin E supplementation in humans. Lipids. 1997 May;32(5):535-41. Umeda-Sawada; Ogawa; Igar ashi: The metabolism and n-6/n-3 ratio of essential fatty acids in rats: effect of dietary arachidonic acid and a mixture of sesame lignans (sesamin and episesamin). Lipids. 1998;33(6):567-72. Umeda-Sawada; Tak ahashi; Igar ashi: Interaction of sesamin and eicosapentaenoic acid against delta 5 desaturation and n-6/n-3 ratio of essential fatty acids in rat. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1995;59(12):2268-73.

688 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Die Aufnahme fettlöslicher Vitamine und Antioxidantien

Brow n; Ferruzzi; Nguyen et al.: Carotenoid bioavailability is higher from salads ingested with full-fat than with fat-reduced salad dressings as measured with electrochemical detection. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(2):396-403. Chu ng; R asmussen et al.: Lutein bioavailability is higher from lutein-enriched eggs than from supplements and spinach in men. J Nutr. 2004;134(8):1887-93. Dr ammeh; Marquis; Fu nkhouser et al.: A randomized, 4-month mango and fat supplementation trial improved vitamin A status among young Gambian children. J Nutr. 2002 Dec;132(12):3693-9. Jalal; Nesheim; Agus et al.: Serum retinol concentrations in children are affected by food sources of beta-carotene, fat intake, and anthelmintic drug treatment. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Sep;68(3):623-9. Kopec; Cooperstone; Schweiggert et al.: Avocado consumption enhances human postprandial provitamin A absorption and conversion from a novel high-β-carotene tomato sauce and from carrots. J Nutr. 2014;144(8):1158-66. McEligot; Rock; Shanks et al.: Comparison of serum carotenoid responses between women consuming vegetable juice and women consuming raw or cooked vegetables. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999;8(3):227-31. Roodenburg; Leenen; van het Hof et al.: Amount of fat in the diet affects bioavailability of lutein esters but not of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and vitamin E in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(5):1187-93. Takyi: Children‘s consumption of dark green, leafy vegetables with added fat enhances serum retinol. J Nutr. 1999 Aug;129(8):1549-54. Unlu; Bohn; Clinton; Schwartz: Carotenoid absorption from salad and salsa by humans is enhanced by the addition of avocado or avocado oil. J Nutr. 2005;135(3):431-6.

Der Mythos von den ungesunden gesättigten Fettsäuren

Joseph; Prior; Salmond; Stanley: Elevation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure associated with migration: the Tokelau island migrant study. J Chronic Dis. 1983;36(7):507-16. Prior; Welby; Ostbye et al.: Migration and gout: the Tokelau Island migrant study. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987;295(6596):457-61. Prior; Davidson; Salmond; Czochansk a: Cholesterol, coconuts, and diet on Polynesian atolls: a natural experiment: the Pukapuka and Tokelau island studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34(8):1552-61. Stanhope; Sampson; Prior: The Tokelau Island Migrant Study: serum lipid concentration in two environments. J Chronic Dis. 1981;34(2-3):45-55. Stanhope; Prior: The Tokelau island migrant study: prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus. N Z Med J. 1980 Dec 10;92(673):417-21.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 689 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Ist Olivenöl wirklich besser als gesättigtes Fett?

Mutanen; Freese; Valsta et al.: Rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets enhance platelet in vitro aggregation and thromboxane production in healthy men when compared with milk fat or habitual diets. Thromb Haemost. 1992;67(3):352-6. Rose; Thomson; Williams: Corn Oil in Treatment of Ischaemic Heart Disease Br Med J. 1965;1(5449):1531-3. Turpeinen; Pajari; Freese et al.: Replacement of dietary saturated by unsatura- ted fatty acids: effects of platelet protein kinase C activity, urinary content of 2,3-dinor-TXB2 and in vitro platelet aggregation in healthy man. Thromb Haemost. 1998 Oct;80(4):649-55. Turpeinen; Basu; Mutanen: A high linoleic acid diet increases oxidative stress in vivo and affects nitric oxide metabolism in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1998a Sep;59(3):229-33.

Gesättigtes Fett fördert die Bildung von Testosteron

Dorgan; Judd; Longcope et al.: Effects of dietary fat and fiber on plasma and urine androgens and estrogens in men: a controlled feeding study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Dec;64(6):850-5. Hämäläinen; Adlercreutz et al.: Decrease of serum total and free testosterone during a low-fat high-fibre diet.J Steroid Biochem. 1983;18(3):369-70. Lambert; Fr ank; Evans: Macronutrient considerations for the sport of bodybuilding. Sports Med. 2004;34(5):317-27. R eed; Cheng et al.: Dietary lipids: an additional regulator of plasma levels of sex hormone binding globulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;64(5):1083-5. Sallinen; Pak arinen; Ahtiainen et al.: Relationship between diet and serum anabolic hormone responses to heavy-resistance exercise in men. Int J Sports Med. 2004 Nov;25(8):627-33. Volek; K r aemer; Bush et al.: Testosterone and cortisol in relationship to dietary nutrients and resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1997;82(1):49-54.

Kokosnüsse – ein Geschenk der Natur

Abujazia; Muhammad; Shuid; Soelaiman: The effects of virgin coconut oil on bone oxidative status in ovariectomised rat. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:525079. Hayatullina; Muhammad; Mohamed; Soelaiman: Virgin coconut oil supplementation prevents bone loss in osteoporosis rat model. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:237236.

Die wertvollen Oliven

Charoenpr asert; Mitchell: Factors influencing phenolic compounds in table olives (Olea europaea). J Agric Food Chem. 2012 Jul 25;60(29):7081-95.

690 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Cicer ale; Lucas; K east: Antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phenolic activities in extra virgin olive oil. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2012;23(2):129-35. Cicer ale; Lucas; K east: Biological activities of phenolic compounds present in virgin olive oil. Int J Mol Sci. 2010;11(2):458-79. Cicer ale; Conlan; Barnett et al.: Influence of heat on biological activity and concentration of oleocanthal--a natural anti-inflammatory agent in virgin olive oil. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Feb 25;57(4):1326-30. Fernández-R eal; Bulló et al.: A Mediterranean diet enriched with olive oil is associated with higher serum total osteocalcin levels in elderly men at high cardiovascular risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(10):3792-8. García-Martínez; R ivas; R amos-Torrecillas et al.: The effect of olive oil on osteoporosis prevention. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014;65(7):834-40. Hagiwar a; Goto; Ar aki et al.: Olive polyphenol hydroxytyrosol prevents bone loss. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011;662(1-3):78-84. Jacomelli; Pitozzi; Zaid et al.: Dietary extra-virgin olive oil rich in phenolic antioxidants and the aging process: long-term effects in the rat. J Nutr Biochem. 2010;21(4):290-6. Li; Yang; Li et al.: Maslinic acid suppresses osteoclastogenesis and prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss by regulating RANKL-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(3):644-56. Lucas; Russell; K east: Molecular mechanisms of inflammation. Anti-inflammatory benefits of virgin olive oil and the phenolic compound oleocanthal. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(8):754-68. Omar: Oleuropein in olive and its pharmacological effects. Sci Pharm. 2010;78(2):133-54. Parkinson; K east: Oleocanthal, a phenolic derived from virgin olive oil: a review of the beneficial effects on inflammatory disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(7):12323-34. Puel; Mardon; Agalias et al.: Major phenolic compounds in olive oil modulate bone loss in an ovariectomy/inflammation experimental model. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(20):9417-22. Puel; Mardon; K ati-Coulibaly et al.: Black Lucques olives prevented bone loss caused by ovariectomy and talc granulomatosis in rats. Br J Nutr. 2007;97(5):1012-20. Puel; Mathey; Agalias et al.: Dose-response study of effect of oleuropein, an olive oil polyphenol, in an ovariectomy/inflammation experimental model of bone loss in the rat. Clin Nutr. 2006 Oct;25(5):859-68. Puel; Quintin; Agalias et al.: Olive oil and its main phenolic micronutrient (oleuropein) prevent inflammation-induced bone loss in the ovariectomised rat. Br J Nutr. 2004 Jul;92(1):119-27. Saleh; Saleh: Olive oil effectively mitigates ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011 Feb 4;11:10. Tripoli; Giammanco; Tabacchi et al.: The phenolic compounds of olive oil: structure, biological activity and beneficial effects on human health. Nutr Res Rev. 2005 Jun;18(1):98-112.

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Arts; Hollman: Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jan;81(1 Suppl):317S-325S. Chong; Macdonald; Lovegrove: Fruit polyphenols and CVD risk: a review of human intervention studies. Br J Nutr. 2010 Oct;104 Suppl 3:S28-39. Ghosh; Scheepens: Vascular action of polyphenols. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009 Mar;53(3):322-31. Victor; Rocha; Solá et al.: Oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des. 2009;15(26):2988-3002.

Avocado

Carvajal-Zarr abal; Nolasco-Hipolito; Aguilar-Uscanga et al.: Effect of dietary intake of avocado oil and olive oil on biochemical markers of liver function in sucrose-fed rats. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:595479. Dreher; Davenport: Hass avocado composition and potential health effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2013;53(7):738-50. Duester: Avocado fruit is a rich source of beta-sitosterol. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101(4):404-5. Fulgoni; Dreher; Davenport: Avocado consumption is associated with better diet quality and nutrient intake, and lower metabolic syndrome risk in US adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2008. Nutr J. 2013 Jan 2;12:1. Lu; Zhang; Wang et al.: California Hass avocado: profiling of carotenoids, tocopherol, fatty acid, and fat content during maturation and from different growing areas. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Nov 11;57(21):10408-13.

Nüsse

Grosso; Yang; Marventano et al.: Nut consumption on all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Apr;101(4):783-93.

EPA und DHA

Anderson; Ma: Are all n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids created equal? Lipids Health Dis. 2009 Aug 10;8:33. h Bren na; Salem; Sinclair et al.: alpha-Linolenic acid supplementation and conversion to n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2009 Feb-Mar;80(2-3):85-91. Bren na: Efficiency of conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to long chain n-3 fatty acids in man. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2002 Mar;5(2):127-32.

692 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Bren ner; R imoldi; Lombardo et al.: Desaturase activities in rat model of insulin resistance induced by a sucrose-rich diet. Lipids. 2003 Jul;38(7):733-42. Bren ner: Hormonal modulation of delta6 and delta5 desaturases: case of diabetes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2003 Feb;68(2):151-62. Bren ner; Bernasconi; González; R imoldi: Dietary cholesterol modulates delta6 and delta9 desaturase mRNAs and enzymatic activity in rats fed a low- eFA diet. Lipids. 2002;37(4):375-83. Burdge; Wootton: Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in young women. Br J Nutr. 2002 Oct;88(4):411-20. Burton: Dietary fatty acids and inflammatory skin disease. Lancet. 1989;1(8628):27-31. Gerster: Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)? Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998;68(3):159-73. Mantzioris; James; Gibson; Cleland: Dietary substitution with an alpha- linolenic acid-rich vegetable oil increases eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations in tissues. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Jun;59(6):1304-9. Mori; Bao; Burke et al.: Docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid lowers ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in humans. Hypertension. 1999 Aug;34(2):253-60. Pawlosky; Hibbeln; Herion et al.: Compartmental analysis of plasma and liver n-3 essential fatty acids in alcohol-dependent men during withdrawal. J Lipid Res. 2009 Jan;50(1):154-61. Pawlosky; Salem: Perspectives on alcohol consumption: liver polyunsaturated fatty acids and essential fatty acid metabolism. Alcohol. 2004;34(1):27-33. Pawlosky; Hibbeln; Novotny; Salem: Physiological compartmental analysis of alpha-linolenic acid metabolism in adult humans. J Lipid Res. 2001;42(8):1257-65. Stonehouse; Conlon; Podd et al.: DHA supplementation improved both memory and reaction time in healthy young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 May;97(5):1134-43. Surh; Kwon: Estimation of daily exposure to 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals in Korean foods containing n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Food Addit Contam. 2005 Aug;22(8):701-8. Venk atesan; R ideout; Simpson: Microsomal delta 9, delta 6 and delta 5 desaturase activities and liver membrane fatty acid profiles in alcohol-fed rats. Biomed Chromatogr. 1990 Nov;4(6):234-8. Yang; Li; Jin et al.: Determination of the contents of EPA and DHA and lipid constituents in main fresh water fishes in China. J Tongji Med Univ. 1994;14(2):77-80. Zhao; Levy; Fr aser et al.: Circulating docosahexaenoic acid levels are associated with fetal insulin sensitivity. PLoS One. 2014 Jan 13;9(1):e85054.

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Akiyama; Nak ahama; Morita: Impact of docosahexaenoic acid on gene expression during osteoclastogenesis in vitro--a comprehensive analysis. Nutrients. 2013 Aug 13;5(8):3151-62. Calderon-Garcia; Mor an; Roncero-Martin et al.: Dietary habits, nutrients and bone mass in Spanish premenopausal women: the contribution of fish to better bone health. Nutrients. 2012 Dec 27;5(1):10-22. Casado-Díaz; Santiago-Mor a; Dor ado; Quesada-Gómez: The omega-6 arachidonic fatty acid, but not the omega-3 fatty acids, inhibits osteoblastogenesis and induces adipogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells: potential implication in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2013 May;24(5):1647-61. Chowdhury; Warnakula; Ku nutsor et al.: Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(6):398-406. Fan; Xue; Wu et al.: Higher fish intake is associated with a lower risk of hip fractures in Chinese men and women: a matched case-control study. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56849. Farina; K iel; Roubenoff et al.: Plasma phosphatidylcholine concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids are differentially associated with hip bone mineral density and hip fracture in older adults: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2012 May;27(5):1222-30. Farina; K iel; Roubenoff et al.: Dietary intakes of arachidonic acid and alpha- linolenic acid are associated with reduced risk of hip fracture in older adults. J Nutr. 2011;141(6):1146-53. Janssen; K iliaan: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) from genesis to senescence: The influence of LCPUFA on neural development, aging, and neurodegeneration. Prog Lipid Res. 2014 Jan;53:1-17. K ajar abille; Díaz-Castro; Hijano et al.: A new insight to bone turnover: role of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. ScientificWorldJournal. 2013:589641. Mangano; K erstetter; K en ny et al.: An investigation of the association between omega 3 FA and bone mineral density among older adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey years 2005-2008. Osteoporos Int. 2014 Mar;25(3):1033-41. Mangano; Sahni; K erstetter et al.: Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their relation with bone and muscle health in adults. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2013 Sep;11(3):203-12. Muskiet: Pathophysiology and Evolutionary Aspects of Dietary Fats and Long- Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids across the Life Cycle. 2010. Orchard; Ing; Lu et al.: The association of red blood cell n-3 and n-6 fatty acids with bone mineral density and hip fracture risk in the women‘s health initiative. J Bone Miner Res. 2013 Mar;28(3):505-15. Orchard; Pan; Cheek et al.: A systematic review of omega-3 fatty acids and osteoporosis. Br J Nutr. 2012 Jun;107 Suppl 2:S253-60.

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Krebs durch gebratene und fritierte Speisen

Butler; Montague; Koh et al.: Fried meat intake is a risk factor for lung ade- nocarcinoma in a prospective cohort of Chinese men and women in Singapore. Carcinogenesis. 2013 Aug;34(8):1794-9. De Stefani; Ronco; Boffetta et al.: Meat consumption, meat cooking and risk of lung cancer among Uruguayan men. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2010;11(6):1713-7. De Stefani; Ronco; Mendilaharsu et al.: Meat intake, heterocyclic amines, and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in Uruguay. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997 Aug;6(8):573-81. Deneo-Pellegrini; De Stefani; Ronco et al.: Meat consumption and risk of lung cancer; a case-control study from Uruguay. Lung Cancer. 1996 Jun;14(2-3):195-205. Joshi; John; Koo et al.: Fish intake, cooking practices, and risk of prostate cancer: results from a multi-ethnic case-control study. Cancer Causes Control. 2012 Mar;23(3):405-20. K nekt; Steineck; Järvinen et al.: Intake of fried meat and risk of cancer: a follow-up study in Finland. Int J Cancer. 1994 Dec 15;59(6):756-60. Lin; Forman; Wang et al.: Intake of red meat and heterocyclic amines, metabolic pathway genes and bladder cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 2012;131(8):1892-903. Moorthy; Chu; Carlin: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: from metabolism to lung cancer. Toxicol Sci. 2015 May;145(1):5-15. Shaughnessy; Gangarosa; Schliebe et al.: Inhibition of fried meat-induced colorectal DNA damage and altered systemic genotoxicity in humans by crucifera, chlorophyllin, and yogurt. PLoS One. 2011 Apr 25;6(4):e18707. Sinha; Kulldorff; Curtin et al.: Fried, well-done red meat and risk of lung cancer in women (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1998;9(6):621-30. Sinha; Rothman et al.: Pan-fried meat containing high levels of heterocyclic aromatic amines but low levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induces cytochrome P4501A2 activity in humans. Cancer Res. 1994;54(23):6154-9. Sugimur a; Wak abayashi; Nak agama; Nagao: Heterocyclic amines: Mutagens/carcinogens produced during cooking of meat and fish. Cancer Sci. 2004 Apr;95(4):290-9. Zheng; Lee: Well-done meat intake, heterocyclic amine exposure, and cancer risk. Nutr Cancer. 2009;61(4):437-46.

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Lee; Yang; Peng et al.: The precancerous effect of emitted cooking oil fumes on precursor lesions of cervical cancer. Int J Cancer. 2010;127(4):932-41. Metayer; Wang; K leinerman et al.: Cooking oil fumes and risk of lung cancer in women in rural Gansu, China. Lung Cancer. 2002 Feb;35(2):111-7. Seow; Poh; Teh et al.: Fumes from meat cooking and lung cancer risk in Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000 Nov;9(11):1215-21. Shields; Xu; Blot et al.: Mutagens from heated Chinese and U.S. cooking oils. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87(11):836-41. Warner; Gehring: High-temperature natural antioxidant improves soy oil for frying. J Food Sci. 2009 Aug;74(6):C500-5. Yu; Chiu; Au et al.: Dose-response relationship between cooking fumes exposures and lung cancer among Chinese nonsmoking women. Cancer Res. 2006;66(9):4961-7.

Chronische Entzündungen fördern Osteoporose (Kapitel 32, Seite 393)

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Bewegung

Colbert; Visser; Simonsick et al.: Physical activity, exercise, and inflammatory markers in older adults: findings from the Health, Aging and Body Compositi- on Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004 Jul;52(7):1098-104. Ford: Does exercise reduce inflammation? Physical activity and C-reactive protein among U.S. adults. Epidemiology. 2002 Sep;13(5):561-8. Taaffe; Harris; Ferrucci et al.: Cross-sectional and prospective relationships of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein with physical performance in elderly persons: MacArthur studies of successful aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Dec;55(12):M709-15.

Der Einfluß von Genußmitteln auf Knochenmasse und Frakturrisiko (Kapitel 33, Seite 397)

Alkohol

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Koffein

Barrett-Con nor; Chang; Edelstein: Coffee-associated osteoporosis offset by daily milk consumption. The Rancho Bernardo Study. JAMA. 1994;271(4):280-3. Cooper; Atkinson; Wahner et al.: Is caffeine consumption a risk factor for osteoporosis? J Bone Miner Res. 1992 Apr;7(4):465-71. Greden; Victor; Fontaine; Lubetsky: Caffeine-withdrawal headache: a clinical profile.Psychosomatics . 1980 May;21(5):411-3, 417-8. Hallström; Byberg; Gly n n et al.: Long-term Coffee Consumption in Relation to Fracture Risk and Bone Mineral Density in Women. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178(6):898-909. Hallström; Wolk; Gly n n; Michaëlsson: Coffee, tea and caffeine consumption in relation to osteoporotic fracture risk in a cohort of Swedish women. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(7):1055-64. Harris; Dawson-Hughes: Caffeine and bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Oct;60(4):573-8. Hernandez-Avila; Colditz; Stampfer et al.: Caffeine, moderate alcohol intake, and risk of fractures of the hip and forearm in middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Jul;54(1):157-63. Juliano; Griffiths: A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: empirical vali- dation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Oct;176(1):1-29. Massey; Whiting: Caffeine, urinary calcium, calcium metabolism and bone. J Nutr. 1993 Sep;123(9):1611-4. R apuri; Gallagher; K inyamu; Ryschon: Caffeine intake increases the rate of bone loss in elderly women and interacts with vitamin D receptor genotypes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Nov;74(5):694-700.

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Rauchen

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Homocystein beschleunigt die Alterung der Knochen (Kapitel 34, Seite 401)

Bartali; Semba; Frongillo et al.: Low micronutrient levels as a predictor of incident disability in older women. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(21):2335-40. Cagnacci; Baldassari et al.: Relation of homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B12 to bone mineral density of postmenopausal women. Bone. 2003;33(6):956-9. Dhonukshe-Rutten; Pluijm; de Groot et al.: Homocysteine and vitamin B12 status relate to bone turnover markers, broadband ultrasound attenuation, and fractures in healthy elderly people. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(6):921-9. Garnero: The contribution of collagen crosslinks to bone strength. Bonekey Rep. 2012;1:182.

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704 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Die Wirkung der Hormone auf die Knochen

Boyce; Xing: Functions of RANKL/RANK/OPG in bone modeling and remodeling. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2008 May 15;473(2):139-46. Boyce; Xing: Biology of RANK, RANKL, and osteoprotegerin. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007;9 Suppl 1:S1. Boyce; Xing: The RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2007 Sep;5(3):98-104. Brow n: Skeletal muscle and bone: effect of sex steroids and aging. Adv Physiol Educ. 2008 Jun;32(2):120-6. Huang; Sak ata; Pfleger et al.: PTH differentially regulates expression of RANKL and OPG. J Bone Miner Res. 2004 Feb;19(2):235-44. Indridason; Fr anzson; Sigurdsson: Serum osteoprotegerin and its relationship with bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover. Osteoporos Int. 2005 Apr;16(4):417-23. K atsuyama; Otsuki; Tomita et al.: Menaquinone-7 regulates the expressions of osteocalcin, OPG, RANKL and RANK in osteoblastic MC3T3E1 cells. Int J Mol Med. 2005 Feb;15(2):231-6. K arsenty: The mutual dependence between bone and gonads. J Endocrinol. 2012 May;213(2):107-14. K arsenty: Bone endocrine regulation of energy metabolism and male reproduction. C R Biol. 2011 Oct;334(10):720-4. Lee; Sowa; Hinoi et al.: Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton. Cell. 2007 Aug 10;130(3):456-69. Manolagas; O‘Brien; Almeida: The role of estrogen and androgen receptors in bone health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013 Dec;9(12):699-712. Manolagas: From estrogen-centric to aging and oxidative stress: a revised perspective of the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2010;31(3):266-300. Oury: A crosstalk between bone and gonads. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1260:1-7. Oury; Sumar a; Sumar a et al.: Endocrine regulation of male fertility by the skeleton. Cell. 2011 Mar 4;144(5):796-809. Szulc; Hofbauer; Heufelder et al.: Osteoprotegerin serum levels in men: correlation with age, estrogen, and testosterone status. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(7):3162-5.

Die Wirkung von Östrogenen auf die Knochen (Kapitel 35, Seite 407)

Östrogene und Knochen

Bagger; Tankó; Alexandersen et al.: Two to three years of hormone replacement treatment in healthy women have long-term preventive effects on bone mass and osteoporotic fractures: the PERF study. Bone. 2004;34(4):728-35.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 705 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Banks; Ber al; R eeves et al.: Fracture incidence in relation to the pattern of use of hormone therapy in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2004;291(18):2212-20. Barrett-Con nor; Wehren; Siris et al.: Recency and duration of postmenopausal hormone therapy: effects on bone mineral density and fracture risk in the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA) study. Menopause. 2003 Sep-Oct;10(5):412-9. Beil; Barvencik; Gebauer et al.: Effects of estrogen on fracture healing in mice. J Trauma. 2010 Nov;69(5):1259-65. Cauley; Robbins; Chen et al.: Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: the Women‘s Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA. 2003 Oct 1;290(13):1729-38. Cutler: The role of estrogen in bone growth and maturation during childhood and adolescence. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1997 Apr;61(3-6):141-4. Devlin; Stetter; Lin et al.: Peripubertal estrogen levels and physical activity affect femur geometry in young adult women. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(4):609-17. Fujita; Roforth; Demar ay et al.: Effects of estrogen on bone mRNA levels of sclerostin and other genes relevant to bone metabolism in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(1):E81-8. Gallagher; R apuri; Hay natzki; Detter: Effect of discontinuation of estrogen, calcitriol, and the combination of both on bone density and bone markers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Nov;87(11):4914-23. Greenspan; Emkey; Bone et al.: Significant differential effects of alendronate, estrogen, or combination therapy on the rate of bone loss after discontinuation of treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137(11):875-83. Imai; You n; Kondoh et al.: Estrogens maintain bone mass by regulating expression of genes controlling function and life span in mature osteoclasts. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1173 Suppl 1:E31-9. Jagger; Lean; Davies; Chambers: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates osteopenia caused by depletion of antioxidants. Endocrinology. 2005;146(1):113-8. Lean; Jagger; K irstein et al.: Hydrogen peroxide is essential for estrogen-deficiency bone loss and osteoclast formation. Endocrinology. 2005;146(2):728-35. Jackson; Wactawski-Wende; LaCroix et al.: Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on risk of fractures and BMD in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: results from the women‘s health initiative randomized trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(6):817-28. K anis: Estrogens, the menopause, and osteoporosis. Bone. 1996 Nov;19(5 Suppl):185S-190S. K arim; Dell; Greene et al.: Hip fracture in postmenopausal women after cessation of hormone therapy: results from a prospective study in a large health management organization. Menopause. 2011;18(11):1172-7. Komulainen; K röger; Tuppur ainen et al.: HRT and Vit D in prevention of non-vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women; a 5 year randomized trial. Maturitas. 2008 Sep-Oct;61(1-2):85-94.

706 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Lindsay; Gallagher; K leerekoper; Pick ar: Effect of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate on bone in early postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2002 May 22-29;287(20):2668-76. Lindsay; Hart; MacLean et al.: Bone response to termination of oestrogen treatment. Lancet. 1978 Jun 24;1(8078):1325-7. Mincey: Osteoporosis in women with breast cancer. Curr Oncol Rep. 2003 Jan;5(1):53-7. Nak amur a; Imai et al.: Estrogen prevents bone loss via estrogen receptor alpha and induction of Fas ligand in osteoclasts. Cell. 2007;130(5):811-23. Prestwood; K en ny; K leppinger; Kulldorff: Ultralow-dose micronized 17beta-estradiol and bone density and bone metabolism in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003 Aug 27;290(8):1042-8. R iggs: The mechanisms of estrogen regulation of bone resorption. J Clin Invest. 2000 Nov;106(10):1203-4. R iggs; Jowsey; Goldsmith et al.: Short- and long-term effects of estrogen and synthetic anabolic hormone in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Clin Invest. 1972 Jul;51(7):1659-63. Torgerson; Bell-Syer: Hormone replacement therapy and prevention of nonvertebral fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2001 Jun 13;285(22):2891-7. Turner; R iggs; Spelsberg: Skeletal effects of estrogen. Endocr Rev. 1994 Jun;15(3):275-300. Väänänen; Härkönen: Estrogen and bone metabolism. Maturitas. 1996;23 Suppl:S65-9. Weitzman n: The Role of Inflammatory Cytokines, the RANKL/OPG Axis, and the Immunoskeletal Interface in Physiological Bone Turnover and Osteoporosis. Scientifica (Cairo). 2013;2013:125705. Weitzman n; Pacifici: Estrogen deficiency and bone loss: an inflammatory tale. J Clin Invest. 2006 May;116(5):1186-94. Yates; Barrett-Con nor; Barlas et al.: Rapid loss of hip fracture protection after estrogen cessation: evidence from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assess- ment. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Mar;103(3):440-6.

Estriol und Knochen

Blum: Benefits of vaginal estriol cream combined with clonidine HCL for menopausal syndrome treatment. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1985;12(1-2):1-2. Hayashi; Ito; K ano et al.: Estriol (E3) replacement improves endothelial function and bone mineral density in very elderly women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000;55(4):B183-90; discussion B191-3. Lindsay; Hart; Maclean et al.: Bone loss during oestriol therapy in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 1979 Jun;1(4):279-85. Minaguchi; Uemur a; Shir asu et al.: Effect of estriol on bone loss in postmenopausal Japanese women: a multicenter prospective open study. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 1996 Jun;22(3):259-65.

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Knochenmasse und Brustkrebsrisiko

O‘Brien; Caballero: High bone mass as a marker for breast cancer risk. Nutr Rev. 1997 Jul;55(7):284-6. Fr aenkel; Novack; Liel et al.: Association between bone mineral density and incidence of breast cancer. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 5;8(8):e70980. Hadji; Gottschalk; Ziller et al.: Bone mass and the risk of breast cancer: the influence of cumulative exposure to oestrogen and reproductive correlates. Results of the Marburg breast cancer and osteoporosis trial (MABOT). Maturitas. 2007;56(3):312-21. Zhang; K iel; K reger et al.: Bone mass and the risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(9):611-7.

Folgen der Östrogen-Behandlung

Anderson; Limacher; Assaf et al.: Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women‘s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Apr 14;291(14):1701-12. Espeland; Bru n ner; Hogan et al.: Long-term effects of conjugated equine estrogen therapies on domain-specific cognitive function: results from the Women‘s Health Initiative study of cognitive aging extension. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(7):1263-71. Hulley; Furberg; Barrett-Con nor et al.: Noncardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA. 2002 Jul 3;288(1):58-66. Marjoribanks; Farquhar; Roberts; Lethaby: Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;7:CD004143. Paganini-Hill; Corr ada; K awas: Increased longevity in older users of postmenopausal estrogen therapy: the Leisure World Cohort Study. Menopause. 2006;13(1):12-8.

708 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Sare; Gr ay; Bath: Association between hormone replacement therapy and subsequent arterial and venous vascular events: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(16):2031-41. Shetty; Vogt; Bhattacharya: Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular health in the United States. Med Care. 2009 May;47(5):600-6. Shumaker; Legault; R app et al.: Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the Women‘s Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003 May 28;289(20):2651-62. Shultz; Wilcox; Spuehler; Howie: Dietary and hormonal interrelationships in premenopausal women: evidence for a relationship between dietary nutrients and plasma prolactin levels. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987 Dec;46(6):905-11. Tak ahashi; Manabe; Ok ada et al.: Efficacy and safety of oral estriol for mana- ging postmenopausal symptoms. Maturitas. 2000;34(2):169-77. Viña; Sastre; Pallardó et al.: Role of mitochondrial oxidative stress to explain the different longevity between genders: protective effect of estrogens. Free Radic Res. 2006;40(12):1359-65.

Krebs

Bakken; Alsaker; Eggen; Lu nd: Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of hormone-dependent cancers in the Norwegian Women and Cancer study. Int J Cancer. 2004 Oct 20;112(1):130-4. Ber al; R eeves et al.: Breast cancer risk in relation to the interval between menopause and starting hormone therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(4):296-305. Ber al; Bull; Green et al.: Ovarian cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet. 2007 May 19;369(9574):1703-10. Ber al; Bull; R eeves et al.: Endometrial cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet. 2005;365(9470):1543-51. Ber al et al.: Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet. 2003;362(9382):419-27. Bergkvist; Adami; Persson et al.: The risk of breast cancer after estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement. N Engl J Med. 1989;321(5):293-7. Biglia; Mariani; Sgro et al.: Increased incidence of lobular breast cancer in women treated with hormone replacement therapy: implications for diagnosis, surgical and medical treatment. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2007;14(3):549-67. Carmichael: Obesity as a risk factor for development and poor prognosis of breast cancer. BJOG. 2006;113(10):1160-6. Carmichael: Obesity and prognosis of breast cancer. Obes Rev. 2006a Nov;7(4):333-40. Chlebowski; Manson; Anderson et al.: Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in the Women‘s Health Initiative Observational Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105(8):526-35. Chlebowski; Anderson et al.: Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2010;304(15):1684-92.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 709 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Chlebowski; Kuller; Prentice et al.: Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(6):573-87. Colditz; Hankinson; Hu nter et al.: The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(24):1589-93. Comerci; Fields; Ru nowicz; Goldberg: Continuous low-dose combined hormone replacement therapy and the risk of endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1997 Mar;64(3):425-30. Cowan; Gordis; Tonascia; Jones: Breast cancer incidence in women with a history of progesterone deficiency. Am J Epidemiol. 1981;114(2):209-17. Fletcher; Colditz: Failure of estrogen plus progestin therapy for prevention. JAMA. 2002 Jul 17;288(3):366-8. Formby; Wiley: Progesterone inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells: inverse effects on Bcl-2 and p53. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1998;28(6):360-9. Fugh-Berman; McDonald; Bell et al.: Promotional tone in reviews of menopausal hormone therapy after the Women‘s Health Initiative: an analysis of published articles. PLoS Med. 2011 Mar;8(3):e1000425. Fugh-Berman: The haunting of medical journals: how ghostwriting sold „HRT“. PLoS Med. 2010 Sep 7;7(9):e1000335. Fugh-Berman; Bythrow: Bioidentical hormones for menopausal hormone therapy: variation on a theme. J Gen Intern Med. 2007 Jul;22(7):1030-4. Fugh-Berman; Pearson: The overselling of hormone replacement therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 2002 Sep;22(9):1205-8. Glass; Lacey; Carreon; Hoover: Breast cancer incidence, 1980-2006: combined roles of menopausal hormone therapy, screening mammography, and estrogen receptor status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99(15):1152-61. Head: Estriol: safety and efficacy. Altern Med Rev. 1998;3(2):101-13. Kumle; Weiderpass; Br aaten et al.: Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: The Norwegian-Swedish Women‘s Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Nov;11(11):1375-81. Ligibel: Obesity and breast cancer. Oncology (Williston). 2011;25(11):994-1000. Lu nd; Bakken; Dumeaux et al.: Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer in former users of oral contraceptives--The Norwegian Women and Cancer study. Int J Cancer. 2007;121(3):645-8. Mills; Beeson; Phillips et al.: Prospective study of exogenous hormone use and breast cancer in Seventh-day Adventists. Cancer. 1989;64(3):591-7. Mohr; Wang; Gregory et al.: Serum progesterone and prognosis in operable breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1996;73(12):1552-5. [No authors listed] Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Lancet. 1997 Oct 11;350(9084):1047-59. R avdin; Cronin; Howlader et al.: The decrease in breast-cancer incidence in 2003 in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(16):1670-4.

710 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. R eeves; Ber al; Green et al.: Hormonal therapy for menopause and breast-cancer risk by histological type: a cohort study and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7(11):910-8. Rossouw; Anderson; Prentice et al.: Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women‘s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321-33. Shultz; Leklem: Nutrient intake and hormonal status of premenopausal vegetarian Seventh-day Adventists and premenopausal nonvegetarians. Nutr Cancer. 1983;4(4):247-59. Steinberg; Thacker; Smith et al.: A meta-analysis of the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on the risk of breast cancer. JAMA. 1991;265(15):1985-90. Willett: Diet, nutrition, and avoidable cancer. Environ Health Perspect. 1995;103 Suppl 8:165-70. Ziel; Finkle: Increased risk of endometrial carcinoma among users of conjugated estrogens. N Engl J Med. 1975 Dec 4;293(23):1167-70.

Ernährung

Bagga; Ashley et al.: Effects of a very low fat, high fiber diet on serum hormones and menstrual function. Implications for breast cancer prevention. Cancer. 1995;76(12):2491-6. Ben nett; Ingr am: Diet and female sex hormone concentrations: an intervention study for the type of fat consumed. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990 Nov;52(5):808-12. Goldin; Gorbach: Effect of diet on the plasma levels, metabolism, and excretion of estrogens. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Sep;48(3 Suppl):787-90. Goldin; Adlercreutz; Gorbach et al.: Estrogen excretion patterns and plasma levels in vegetarian and omnivorous women. N Engl J Med. 1982;307(25):1542-7. Goldin; Adlercreutz; Dwyer et al.: Effect of diet on excretion of estrogens in pre- and postmenopausal women. Cancer Res. 1981;41(9 Pt 2):3771-3. Gorbach; Goldin: Diet and the excretion and enterohepatic cycling of estrogens. Prev Med. 1987 Jul;16(4):525-31. Howes; Houghton; Barlow et al.: Assessment of estrogenic activity in some common essential oil constituents. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2002;54(11):1521-8. Howie; Shultz: Dietary and hormonal interrelationships among vegetarian Seventh- Day Adventists and nonvegetarian men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985;42(1):127-34.

Phytoöstrogene

Alekel; Van Loan; Koehler et al.: The soy isoflavones for reducing bone loss (SIRBL) study: a 3-y randomized controlled trial in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(1):218-30. Alexandersen; Toussaint; Christiansen et al.: Ipriflavone in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285(11):1482-8.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 711 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Atkinson; Compston; Day et al.: The effects of phytoestrogen isoflavones on bone density in women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Feb;79(2):326-33. Brink; Coxam; Robins et al.: Long-term consumption of isoflavone-enriched foods does not affect bone mineral density, bone metabolism, or hormonal status in early postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Mar;87(3):761-70. Ju; Allred et al.: Physiological concentrations of dietary genistein dose-depen- dently stimulate growth of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer (MCF-7) tumors implanted in athymic nude mice. J Nutr. 2001;131(11):2957-62. Lagari; Levis: Phytoestrogens and bone health. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2010 Dec;17(6):546-53. Liu; Ho; Su et al.: Effect of long-term intervention of soy isoflavones on bone mineral density in women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Bone. 2009 May;44(5):948-53. Ma; Qin; Wang; K atoh: Soy isoflavone intake increases bone mineral density in the spine of menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2008 Feb;27(1):57-64. Ma; Qin; Wang; K atoh: Soy isoflavone intake inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation in menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008a Feb;62(2):155-61. Mu nro; Harwood; Hlywk a et al.: Soy isoflavones: a safety review. Nutr Rev. 2003 Jan;61(1):1-33. Spence; Lipscomb; Cadogan et al.: The effect of soy protein and soy isoflavones on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(4):916-22. Taku; Melby; Kurzer et al.: Effects of soy isoflavone supplements on bone turnover markers in menopausal women: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Bone. 2010;47(2):413-23. Taku; Melby; Takebayashi et al.: Effect of soy isoflavone extract supplements on bone mineral density in menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010a;19(1):33-42. Wie; Liu; Chen; Chen: Systematic review of soy isoflavone supplements on osteoporosis in women. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2012 Mar;5(3):243-8. Wong; Lewis; Steinberg et al.: Soy isoflavone supplementation and bone mineral density in menopausal women: a 2-y multicenter clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Nov;90(5):1433-9.

712 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Fremdöstrogene

Darbre: Metalloestrogens: an emerging class of inorganic xenoestrogens with potential to add to the oestrogenic burden of the human breast. J Appl Toxicol. 2006 May-Jun;26(3):191-7. K arpuzoglu; Holladay; Gogal: Parabens: potential impact of low-affinity estrogen receptor binding chemicals on human health. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2013;16(5):321-35. Pelch; Carleton; Phillips; Nagel: Developmental exposure to xenoestrogens at low doses alters femur length and tensile strength in adult mice. Biol Reprod. 2012 Mar 19;86(3):69.

Progesteron – unwirksam für die Knochen (Kapitel 36, Seite 421)

Banks; Berrington; Casabon ne: Overview of the relationship between use of progestogen-only contraceptives and bone mineral density. BJOG. 2001 Dec;108(12):1214-21. Benster; Carey; Wadsworth et al.: A double-blind placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of progestelle progesterone cream on postmenopausal women. Menopause Int. 2009;15(2):63-9. Cu ndy; Cornish; Evans et al.: Recovery of bone density in women who stop using medroxyprogesterone acetate. BMJ. 1994 Jan 22;308(6923):247-8. Cu ndy; Evans; Roberts et al.: Bone density in women receiving depot medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception. BMJ. 1991 Jul 6;303(6793):13-6. Lee: Is natural progesterone the missing link in osteoporosis prevention and treatment? Med Hypotheses. 1991;35(4):316-8. Leonetti; Longo; Anasti: Transdermal progesterone cream for vasomotor symptoms and postmenopausal bone loss. Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Aug;94(2):225-8. Paiva; Pinto-Neto; Fau ndes: Bone density among long-term users of medroxyprogesterone acetate as a contraceptive. Contraception. 1998;58(6):351-5. Prior; Vigna; Wark et al.: Premenopausal ovariectomy-related bone loss: a randomized, double-blind, one-year trial of conjugated estrogen or medroxyprogesterone acetate. J Bone Miner Res. 1997 Nov;12(11):1851-63. Prior; Vigna; Barr et al.: Cyclic medroxyprogesterone treatment increases bone density: a controlled trial in active women with menstrual cycle disturbances. Am J Med. 1994 Jun;96(6):521-30. Prior: Progesterone as a bone-trophic hormone. Endocr Rev. 1990;11(2):386-98. Prior; Vigna; Schechter; Burgess: Spinal bone loss and ovulatory disturbances. N Engl J Med. 1990a Nov 1;323(18):1221-7. Seifert-K lauss; Schmidmayr; Hobmaier; Wimmer: Progesterone and bone: a closer link than previously realized. Climacteric. 2012 Apr;15 Suppl 1:26-31. Seifert-K lauss; Prior: Progesterone and bone: actions promoting bone health in women. J Osteoporos. 2010 Oct 31;2010:845180.

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Testosteron stärkt die Knochen (Kapitel 37, Seite 423)

Die Einflußfaktoren auf den Testosteron-Spiegel

Chen; Liu; Luo et al.: Vitamin E, aging and Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Exp Gerontol. 2005 Aug-Sep;40(8-9):728-36. Cinar; Polat; Baltaci; Mogulkoc: Effects of magnesium supplementation on testosterone levels of athletes and sedentary subjects at rest and after exhaustion. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Apr;140(1):18-23. Cortés-Gallegos; Castañeda; Alonso et al.: Sleep deprivation reduces circulating androgens in healthy men. Arch Androl. 1983 Mar;10(1):33-7. Excoffon; Guillaume; Woronoff-Lemsi; André: Magnesium effect on testosterone-SHBG association studied by a novel molecular chromatography approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2009 Feb 20;49(2):175-80. Fernandes; Ger ardin; Assumpção et al.: Can vitamins C and E restore the androgen level and hypersensitivity of the vas deferens in hyperglycemic rats? Pharmacol Rep. 2011;63(4):983-91. Gonzalez-R eimers; Martinez-R ier a; Santolaria-Fernandez et al.: Relati- ve and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on gonadal function and histology. Alcohol. 1994;11(5):355-60. Leproult; Van Cauter: Effect of 1 week of sleep restriction on testosterone levels in young healthy men. JAMA. 2011;305(21):2173-4. Maggio; De Vita; Lauretani et al.: The Interplay between Magnesium and Testosterone in Modulating Physical Function in Men. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:525249. Maggio; Ceda; Lauretani et al.: Magnesium and anabolic hormones in older men. Int J Androl. 2011 Dec;34(6 Pt 2):e594-600. Pr asad; Mantzoros; Beck et al.: Zinc status and serum testosterone levels of healthy adults. Nutrition. 1996 May;12(5):344-8. Zhu; Cao; Su n et al.: Vitamin C prevents hypogonadal bone loss. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47058.

714 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Testosteron und Vitamin D

Jorde; Grimnes; Hutchinson et al.: Supplementation with Vitamin D Does not Increase Serum Testosterone Levels in Healthy Males. Horm Metab Res. 2013 Sep;45(9):675-81. Lee; Tajar; Pye et al.: Association of hypogonadism with vitamin D status: the European Male Ageing Study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012 Jan;166(1):77-85. Nimptsch; Platz; Willett et al.: Association between plasma 25-OH vitamin D and testosterone levels in men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012;77(1):106-12. Pilz; Frisch; Koertke et al.: Effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in men. Horm Metab Res. 2011;43(3):223-5. Sawhney; Malhotr a; Pr asad et al.: Pituitary-gonadal hormones during prolonged residency in Antarctica. Int J Biometeorol. 1998 Aug;42(1):51-4. Wehr; Pilz; Boehm et al.: Association of vitamin D status with serum androgen levels in men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010 Aug;73(2):243-8.

Krafttraining

Ahtiainen; Hulmi; K r aemer et al.: Heavy resistance exercise training and skeletal muscle androgen receptor expression in younger and older men. Steroids. 2011 Jan;76(1-2):183-92. Derbré; Vincent; Maitel et al.: Androgen responses to sprint exercise in young men. Int J Sports Med. 2010 May;31(5):291-7. Meckel; Eliakim; Ser aev et al.: The effect of a brief sprint interval exercise on growth factors and inflammatory mediators. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(1):225-30. Smith; Toone; Peacock et al.: Dihydrotestosterone is elevated following sprint exercise in healthy young men. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2013;114(10):1435-40. Vingren; K r aemer et al.: Testosterone physiology in resistance exercise and training: the up-stream regulatory elements. Sports Med. 2010;40(12):1037-53. West; Phillips: Anabolic processes in human skeletal muscle: restoring the iden- tities of growth hormone and testosterone. Phys Sportsmed. 2010;38(3):97-104.

Niedriger Testosteron-Spiegel durch Pestizide und andere Umweltgifte

Abell; Ernst; Bonde: Semen quality and sexual hormones in greenhouse workers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2000 Dec;26(6):492-500. Abell; Ernst; Bonde: High sperm density among members of organic farmers‘ association. Lancet. 1994 Jun 11;343(8911):1498. Auger; Ku nstman n; Czyglik; Jouan net: Decline in semen quality among fer- tile men in Paris during the past 20 years. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(5):281-5. Barrett: The Testosterone Test: Phthalate Inhibits Leydig Cell Aggregation. Environ Health Perspect. 2007; 115(3): A153. Borch; Axelstad; Vinggaard; Dalgaard: Diisobutyl phthalate has compa- rable anti-androgenic effects to di-n-butyl phthalate in fetal rat testis. Toxicol Lett. 2006 Jun 1;163(3):183-90.

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716 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. exposed to high levels of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP): a cross-sectional study in China. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114(11):1643-8. Park; Ko; Oh et al.: Effects of smoking on plasma testosterone level and erectile function in rats. J Sex Med. 2012 Feb;9(2):472-81. Parks; Ostby; Lambright et al.: The plasticizer diethylhexyl phthalate induces malformations by decreasing fetal testosterone synthesis during sexual differentiation in the male rat. Toxicol Sci. 2000 Dec;58(2):339-49. R amos; Var ayoud; K ass et al.: Bisphenol a induces both transient and perma- nent histofunctional alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in prenatally exposed male rats. Endocrinology. 2003 Jul;144(7):3206-15. R ecio-Vega; Ocampo-Gómez; Borja-Aburto et al.: Organophosphorus pesticide exposure decreases sperm quality: association between sperm parameters and urinary pesticide levels. J Appl Toxicol. 2008 Jul;28(5):674-80. Saar anen; Suonio; K auhanen; Saarikoski: Cigarette smoking and semen quality in men of reproductive age. Andrologia. 1987 Nov-Dec;19(6):670-6. Tanak a; Nak aya; K atayama et al.: Effect of prenatal exposure to bisphenol A on the serum testosterone concentration of rats at birth. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2006 Jul;25(7):369-73. Toft; Long; K rüger et al.: Semen quality in relation to xenohormone and dioxin-like serum activity among Inuits and three European populations. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Dec;115 Suppl 1:15-20. Tohei; Suda; Taya et al.: Bisphenol A inhibits testicular functions and increases luteinizing hormone secretion in adult male rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2001 Mar;226(3):216-21. Vachhr ajani; Chowdhury: Distribution of mercury and evaluation of testicular steroidogenesis in mercuric chloride and methylmercury administered rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 1990 Aug;28(8):746-51. Veer amachaneni; K linefelter: Phthalate-Induced Pathology in the Foetal Testis Involves More Than Decreased Testosterone Production. Reproduction. 2014 Mar 2;147(4):435-42. Xiao-feng; Nai-qiang; Jing et al.: Di (n-butyl) phthalate inhibits testosterone synthesis through a glucocorticoid-mediated pathway in rats. Int J Toxicol. 2009 Sep-Oct;28(5):448-56. Yardimci; Atan; Delibasi et al.: Long-term effects of cigarette-smoke exposure on plasma testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels in male rats. Br J Urol. 1997 Jan;79(1):66-9. Yucr a; Gasco; Rubio; Gonzales: Semen quality in Peruvian pesticide appli- cators: association between urinary organophosphate metabolites and semen parameters. Environ Health. 2008 Nov 17;7:59. Zhou; Miao; R an et al.: Serum bisphenol-A concentration and sex hormone levels in men. Fertil Steril. 2013 Aug;100(2):478-82. Zhou; Chen; Leng et al.: Effects of dibutyl phthalate and monobutyl phthalate on testosterone secretion and insulin-like factor 3 expression of Leydig tumor cells in mice. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing. 2013;31(2):83-7.

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Ar aujo; Dixon; Suarez et al.: Clinical review: Endogenous testosterone and mortality in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Oct;96(10):3007-19. Bassil; Alk aade; Morley: The benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy: a review. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2009 Jun;5(3):427-48. Berglu nd; Prytz; Perski; Svartberg: Testosterone levels and psychological health status in men from a general population: the Tromsø study. Aging Male. 2011 Mar;14(1):37-41. Cawthon; Ensrud; Laughlin et al.: Sex hormones and frailty in older men: the osteoporotic fractures in men (MrOS) study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;94(10):3806-15. Corona; Man nucci; Forti; Maggi: Hypogonadism, ED, metabolic syndrome and obesity: a pathological link supporting cardiovascular diseases. Int J Androl. 2009 Dec;32(6):587-98. Dandona; Dhindsa: Update: Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in type 2 diabetes and obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Sep;96(9):2643-51. Dandona; Dhindsa et al.: Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in type 2 diabetes, obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Mol Med. 2008;8(8):816-28. Grinspoon; Corcor an; Lee et al.: Loss of lean body and muscle mass correlates with androgen levels in hypogonadal men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and wasting. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Nov;81(11):4051-8. Hyde; Norman; Flicker et al.: Low free testosterone predicts mortality from cardiovascular disease but not other causes: the Health in Men Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jan;97(1):179-89. Hyde; Flicker; Almeida et al.: Low free testosterone predicts frailty in older men: the health in men study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(7):3165-72. Isidori; Gian netta; Greco et al.: Effects of testosterone on body composition, bone metabolism and serum lipid profile in middle-aged men: a meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 Sep;63(3):280-93. K haw; Dowsett; Folkerd et al.: Endogenous testosterone and mortality due to all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in men: European prospective investigation into cancer in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) Prospective Population Study. Circulation. 2007 Dec 4;116(23):2694-701. Laughlin; Barrett-Con nor; Bergstrom: Low serum testosterone and mortality in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jan;93(1):68-75. Menke; Guallar; Rohrman n et al.: Sex steroid hormone concentrations and risk of death in US men. Am J Epidemiol. 2010 Mar 1;171(5):583-92. Moncada: Testosterone and men‘s quality of life. Aging Male. 2006 Dec;9(4):189-93. Mur aleedhar an; Marsh; K apoor et al.: Testosterone deficiency is associated with increased risk of mortality and testosterone replacement improves survival in men with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013 Oct 21;169(6):725-33.

718 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Mur aleedhar an; Jones: Testosterone and the metabolic syndrome. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Oct;1(5):207-23. R ao; K elly; Jones: Testosterone and insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome and T2DM in men. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013 Aug;9(8):479-93. Seidell; Björntorp; Sjöström et al.: Visceral fat accumulation in men is positively associated with insulin, glucose, and C-peptide levels, but negatively with testosterone levels. Metabolism. 1990 Sep;39(9):897-901. Shores; Smith; Forsberg et al.: Testosterone treatment and mortality in men with low testosterone levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jun;97(6):2050-8. Shores; Matsumoto; Sloan; K ivlahan: Low serum testosterone and mortality in male veterans. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Aug 14-28;166(15):1660-5. Tivesten; Vandenput; Labrie et al.: Low serum testosterone and estradiol predict mortality in elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jul;94(7):2482-8. Vik an; Schirmer; Njølstad; Svartberg: Endogenous sex hormones and the prospective association with cardiovascular disease and mortality in men: the Tromsø Study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Sep;161(3):435-42. Vermeulen; Goemaere; K aufman: Testosterone, body composition and aging. J Endocrinol Invest. 1999;22(5 Suppl):110-6. Wehr; Pilz; Boehm et al.: Low free testosterone is associated with heart failure mortality in older men referred for coronary angiography. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011 May;13(5):482-8. Zitzman n: Testosterone deficiency, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009 Dec;5(12):673-81.

Die Behandlung mit Testosteron

Basaria; Coviello; Tr avison et al.: Adverse events associated with testosterone administration. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 8;363(2):109-22. Fernández-Balsells; Mur ad; Lane et al.: Clinical review 1: Adverse effects of testosterone therapy in adult men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jun;95(6):2560-75. Finkle; Greenland; R idgeway et al.: Increased risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction following testosterone therapy prescription in men. PLoS One. 2014 Jan 29;9(1):e85805. Shores; Smith; Forsberg et al.: Testosterone treatment and mortality in men with low testosterone levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jun;97(6):2050-8. Vigen; O‘Don nell; Barón et al.: Association of testosterone therapy with mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke in men with low testosterone levels. JAMA. 2013 Nov 6;310(17):1829-36.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 719 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Testosteron-Ersatztherapie gegen Osteoporose Amin; Zhang; Felson et al.: Estradiol, testosterone, and the risk for hip fractures in elderly men from the Framingham Study. Am J Med. 2006;119(5):426-33. Anderson; Fr ancis; Peaston; Wastell: Androgen supplementation in eugona- dal men with osteoporosis: effects of six months‘ treatment on markers of bone formation and resorption. J Bone Miner Res. 1997 Mar;12(3):472-8. Andersson; Juul; Petersen et al.: Serum inhibin B in healthy pubertal and adolescent boys: relation to age, stage of puberty, and follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and estradiol levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997a;82(12):3976-81. Brodsky; Balagopal; Nair: Effects of testosterone replacement on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis in hypogonadal men--a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Oct;81(10):3469-75. Cauley; Ewing; Taylor et al.: Sex steroid hormones in older men: longitudinal associations with 4.5-year change in hip bone mineral density--the osteoporotic fractures in men study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Sep;95(9):4314-23. Clarke; K hosla: Androgens and bone. Steroids. 2009;74(3):296-305. Ebeling: Osteoporosis in men. New insights into aetiology, pathogenesis, prevention and management. Drugs Aging. 1998 Dec;13(6):421-34. Evans; Davie: Low body size and elevated sex-hormone binding globulin distin- guish men with idiopathic vertebral fracture. Calcif Tissue Int. 2002;70(1):9-15. Fr ancis: Androgen replacement in aging men. Calcif Tissue Int. 2001;69(4):235-8. Fr ancis: The effects of testosterone on osteoporosis in men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 Apr;50(4):411-4. Griggs; K ingston; Jozefowicz et al.: Effect of testosterone on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol. 1989 Jan;66(1):498-503. Gruenewald; Matsumoto: Testosterone supplementation therapy for older men: potential benefits and risks. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(1):101-15; discussion 115. Hoppé; Bouvard; Royer et al.: Sex hormone-binding globulin in osteoporosis. Joint Bone Spine. 2010 Jul;77(4):306-12. K atznelson; Finkelstein; Schoenfeld et al.: Increase in bone density and lean body mass during testosterone administration in men with acquired hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Dec;81(12):4358-65. K hosla: Update in male osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(1):3-10. K hosla; Amin; Orwoll: Osteoporosis in men. Endocr Rev. 2008;29(4):441-64. Kuchuk; van Schoor; Pluijm et al.: The association of sex hormone levels with quantitative ultrasound, bone mineral density, bone turnover and osteoporotic fractures in older men and women. Clin Endocrinol. 2007;67(2):295-303. LeBlanc; Nielson; Marshall et al.: The effects of serum testosterone, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin levels on fracture risk in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Sep;94(9):3337-46. Legr and; Hedde; Gallois et al.: Osteoporosis in men: a potential role for the sex hormone binding globulin. Bone. 2001 Jul;29(1):90-5. Lormeau; Soudan; d‘Herbomez et al.: Sex hormone-binding globulin, estradiol, and bone turnover markers in male osteoporosis. Bone. 2004;34(6):933-9.

720 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Meier; Nguyen; Handelsman et al.: Endogenous sex hormones and incident fracture risk in older men: the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Jan 14;168(1):47-54. Mellström; Vandenput; Mallmin et al.: Older men with low serum estradiol and high serum SHBG have an increased risk of fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(10):1552-60. Mellström; Johnell; Lju nggren et al.: Free testosterone is an independent predictor of BMD and prevalent fractures in elderly men: MrOS Sweden. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(4):529-35. Merlotti; Gen nari; Stolakis; Nuti: Aromatase activity and bone loss in men. J Osteoporos. 2011;2011:230671. Morley; Perry; K aiser et al.: Effects of testosterone replacement therapy in old hypogonadal males: a preliminary study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41(2):149-52. Pugeat; Nader et al.: Sex hormone-binding globulin gene expression in the liver: drugs and the metabolic syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010;316(1):53-9. Tuck; Fr ancis: Testosterone, bone and osteoporosis. Front Horm Res. 2009;37:123-32. Tuck; Scane; Fr aser et al.: Sex steroids and bone turnover markers in men with symptomatic vertebral fractures. Bone. 2008 Dec;43(6):999-1005. Urban; Bodenburg; Gilkison et al.: Testosterone administration to elderly men increases skeletal muscle strength and protein synthesis. Am J Physiol. 1995;269(5 Pt 1):E820-6. Vanderschueren; Laurent; Claessens et al.: Sex steroid actions in male bone. Endocr Rev. 2014 Dec;35(6):906-60. Wang; Eyre; Clark et al.: Sublingual testosterone replacement improves muscle mass and strength, decreases bone resorption, and increases bone formation markers in hypogonadal men--a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Oct;81(10):3654-62. Zacharin; Pua; K anumak ala: Bone mineral density outcomes following long- term treatment with subcutaneous testosterone pellet implants in male hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003 Jun;58(6):691-5.

Die Wirkung auf die Prostata

Calof; Singh; Lee et al.: Adverse events associated with testosterone replacement in middle-aged and older men: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo- controlled trials. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005 Nov;60(11):1451-7. Cooper; Page: Androgens and prostate disease. Asian J Androl. 2014;16(2):248-55. Ginzburg; K limas; Parvus et al.: Long-term Safety of Testosterone and Growth Hormone Supplementation: A Retrospective Study of Metabolic, Cardiovascu- lar, and Oncologic Outcomes. J Clin Med Res. 2010 Aug 18;2(4):159-66. Heikkilä; Aho; Heliövaar a et al.: Serum testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations and the risk of prostate carcinoma: a longitudinal study. Cancer. 1999 Jul 15;86(2):312-5.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 721 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Koo; Shim: Significance of Serum Testosterone for Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Elevation and Prediction of Prostate Cancer in Patients with PSA Above 10 ng/ml. Korean J Urol. 2010;51(12):831-5. Marks; Mazer; Mostaghel et al.: Effect of testosterone replacement therapy on prostate tissue in men with late-onset hypogonadism: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006 Nov 15;296(19):2351-61. Mustafa; Horuz; Celik; Kucukcan: Is there an association between serum prostate-specific antigen values and serum testosterone levels in healthy men? Korean J Urol. 2014 Jul;55(7):465-8. Nelles; Hu; Prins: Estrogen action and prostate cancer. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2011 May;6(3):437-451. Pechersky; Mazurov; Semiglazov et al.: Androgen administration in middle- aged and ageing men: effects of oral testosterone undecanoate on dihydrotestosterone, oestradiol and prostate volume. Int J Androl. 2002 Apr;25(2):119-25. R ay naud: Prostate cancer risk in testosterone-treated men. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2006 Dec;102(1-5):261-6. Schatzl; Madersbacher; Thurridl et al.: High-grade prostate cancer is associated with low serum testosterone levels. Prostate. 2001;47(1):52-8. Severi; Morris; MacIn nis et al.: Circulating steroid hormones and the risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(1):86-91. Shin; Hwang; Im et al.: Is a decreased serum testosterone level a risk factor for prostate cancer? A cohort study of korean men. Korean J Urol. 2010 Dec;51(12):819-23. Weiss; Huang; R inaldi et al.: Endogenous sex hormones and the risk of prostate cancer: a prospective study. Int J Cancer. 2008;122(10):2345-50. Wirén; Stocks; R inaldi et al.: Androgens and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. Prostate. 2007;67(11):1230-7.

Das Wachstumshormon Somatropin (Kapitel 38, Seite 431)

Ahmad; Hopkins; Thomas et al.: Body composition and quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency; effects of low-dose growth hormone replacement. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001 Jun;54(6):709-17. Arvat; Broglio; Ghigo: Insulin-Like growth factor I: implications in aging. Drugs Aging. 2000 Jan;16(1):29-40. Bartke: Growth hormone, insulin and aging: the benefits of endocrine defects. Exp Gerontol. 2011 Feb-Mar;46(2-3):108-11. Bartke: Pleiotropic effects of growth hormone signaling in aging. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Nov;22(11):437-42. Bartke: Impact of reduced insulin-like growth factor-1/insulin signaling on aging in mammals: novel findings.Aging Cell. 2008 Jun;7(3):285-90. Bartke: Insulin and aging. Cell Cycle. 2008;7(21):3338-43.

722 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Bartke; Chandr ashek ar; Dominici et al.: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and aging: controversies and new insights. Biogerontology. 2003;4(1):1-8. Blackman; Sorkin; Mü nzer et al.: Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(18):2282-92. Brow n-Borg: Hormonal regulation of aging and life span. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2003 May-Jun;14(4):151-3. Green; Cairns; Casabon ne et al.: Height and cancer incidence in the Million Women Study: prospective cohort, and meta-analysis of prospective studies of height and total cancer risk. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(8):785-94. Hoffman; Lieberman; Butterfield et al.: Functional consequences of the somatopause and its treatment. Endocrine. 1997;7(1):73-6. Holzenberger: Igf-I signaling and effects on longevity. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2011;68:237-45; discussion 246-9. Holzenberger: The GH/IGF-I axis and longevity. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;151 Suppl 1:S23-7. Jørgensen; Thuesen; Müller et al.: Three years of growth hormone treatment in growth hormone-deficient adults: near normalization of body composition and physical performance. Eur J Endocrinol. 1994 Mar;130(3):224-8. Miller: Genetic approaches to the study of aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Sep;53(9 Suppl):S284-6. Low: Growth hormone-releasing hormone: clinical studies and therapeutic aspects. Neuroendocrinology. 1991;53 Suppl 1:37-40. Mukherjee; Murr ay; Shalet: Impact of growth hormone status on body composition and the skeleton. Horm Res. 2004;62 Suppl 3:35-41. R eed; Merriam; K argi: Adult growth hormone deficiency- benefits, side effects, and risks of growth hormone replacement. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2013;4:64. R ichardson; Liu; Adamo et al.: The role of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I in mammalian ageing. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;18(3):393-406. Rudman; Feller; Cohn et al.: Effects of human growth hormone on body composition in elderly men. Horm Res. 1991;36 Suppl 1:73-81. Rudman; Feller; Nagr aj et al.: Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. N Engl J Med. 1990 Jul 5;323(1):1-6. Yu; Rohan: Role of the insulin-like growth factor family in cancer development and progression. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Sep 20;92(18):1472-89.

Somatropin und Knochen

Giustina; Mazziotti; Canalis: Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton. Endocr Rev. 2008 Aug;29(5):535-59. Landin-Wilhelmsen; Nilsson; Bosaeus; Bengtsson: Growth hormone increases bone mineral content in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2003 Mar;18(3):393-405.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 723 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Locatelli; Bianchi: Effect of GH/IGF-1 on Bone Metabolism and Osteoporsosis. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:235060. Sugimoto; Nak aok a; Nasu et al.: Effect of recombinant human growth hormone in elderly osteoporotic women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 Dec;51(6):715-24. Svensson: The importance of growth hormone (GH) and GH secretagogues for bone mass and density. Curr Pharm Des. 2002;8(23):2023-32. Tanak a: Hormones and osteoporosis update. Growth hormone and bone. Clin Calcium. 2009 Jul;19(7):984-9. doi: CliCa0907984989. Tangpricha; Luo; Fernández-Estívariz et al.: Growth hormone favorably affects bone turnover and bone mineral density in patients with short bowel syndrome undergoing intestinal rehabilitation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006 Nov-Dec;30(6):480-6. Wüster; Härle; R ehn et al.: Benefits of growth hormone treatment on bone metabolism, bone density and bone strength in growth hormone deficiency and osteoporosis. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1998 Feb;8 Suppl A:87-94.

Training

Dur and; Castr acane; Hollander et al.: Hormonal responses from concentric and eccentric muscle contractions. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(6):937-43. K r aemer; Hollander; R eeves et al.: Similar hormonal responses to concentric and eccentric muscle actions using relative loading. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;96(5):551-7. K r aemer; K ilgore; K r aemer; Castr acane: Growth hormone, IGF-I, and testosterone responses to resistive exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;24(12):1346-52. Nicklas; Ryan; Treuth et al.: Testosterone, growth hormone and IGF-I responses to acute and chronic resistive exercise in men aged 55-70 years. Int J Sports Med. 1995 Oct;16(7):445-50.

Der Insulinähnliche Wachstumsfaktor (Kapitel 39, Seite 435)

Arjmandi; K halil; Smith et al.: Soy protein has a greater effect on bone in postmenopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy, as evidenced by reducing bone resorption and urinary calcium excretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Mar;88(3):1048-54. Bartke: Impact of reduced insulin-like growth factor-1/insulin signaling on aging in mammals: novel findings.Aging Cell. 2008 Jun;7(3):285-90. Bartke; Chandr ashek ar; Dominici et al.: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and aging: controversies and new insights. Biogerontology. 2003;4(1):1-8. Canalis: Update in new anabolic therapies for osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Apr;95(4):1496-504.

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IGF-1 und Knochen

Celiker; Arslan: Comparison of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and growth hormone levels in osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Rheumatol Int. 2000;19(6):205-8. Chen; Jiang; Huang et al.: Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) potentiates BMP-9-induced osteogenic differentiation and bone formation. J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Nov;25(11):2447-59. Garnero; Sornay-R endu; Delmas: Low serum IGF-1 and occurrence of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Lancet. 2000;355(9207):898-9. Gu ntur; Rosen: IGF-1 regulation of key signaling pathways in bone. Bonekey Rep. 2013 Oct 2;2:437. K awai; Rosen: The IGF-I regulatory system and its impact on skeletal and energy homeostasis. J Cell Biochem. 2010 Sep 1;111(1):14-9. K halil; Lucas; Juma et al.: Soy protein supplementation increases serum insulin-like growth factor-I in young and old men but does not affect markers of bone metabolism. J Nutr. 2002 Sep;132(9):2605-8.

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726 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Epel; Blackburn; Lin et al.: Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Dec 7;101(49):17312-5. Gibson; Checkley; Papadopoulos et al.: Increased salivary cortisol reliably induced by a protein-rich midday meal. Psychosom Med. 1999;61(2):214-24. Glaser; K iecolt-Glaser: Stress-induced immune dysfunction: implications for health. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005 Mar;5(3):243-51. Gonzalez-Bono; Rohleder; Hellhammer et al.: Glucose but not protein or fat load amplifies the cortisol response to psychosocial stress. Horm Behav. 2002;41(3):328-33. Hinkelman n; Moritz; Botzenhardt et al.: Cognitive impairment in major depression: association with salivary cortisol. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;66(9):879-85. Ir anmanesh; Lawson; Du n n; Veldhuis: Glucose ingestion selectively amplifies ACTH and cortisol secretory-burst mass and enhances their joint synchro- ny in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Sep;96(9):2882-8. K err; Campbell; Applegate et al.: Chronic stress-induced acceleration of elec- trophysiologic and morphometric biomarkers of hippocampal aging. J Neurosci. 1991 May;11(5):1316-24. Leproult; Van Cauter: Role of sleep and sleep loss in hormonal release and metabolism. Endocr Dev. 2010;17:11-21. Mattsson; Olsson: Estrogens and glucocorticoid hormones in adipose tissue metabolism. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14(27):2918-24. Maurer; R iesen; Muser et al.: Neutralization of Western diet inhibits bone resorption independently of K intake and reduces cortisol secretion in humans. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003 Jan;284(1):F32-40. Pasquali; Vicen nati; Gambineri; Pagotto: Sex-dependent role of glucocorticoids and androgens in the pathophysiology of human obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008 Dec;32(12):1764-79. Pasquali; Vicen nati; Cacciari; Pagotto: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1083:111-28. Plat; Byrne; Sturis et al.: Effects of morning cortisol elevation on insulin secretion and glucose regulation in humans. Am J Physiol. 1996;270(1Pt1):E36-42. Sapolsky; Uno; R ebert; Finch: Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged glucocorticoid exposure in primates. J Neurosci. 1990;10(9):2897-902. Slag; Ahmad; Gan non; Nuttall: Meal stimulation of cortisol secretion: a protein induced effect. Metabolism. 1981 Nov;30(11):1104-8. Sudsuang; Chentanez; Veluvan: Effect of Buddhist meditation on serum cortisol and total protein levels, blood pressure, pulse rate, lung volume and reaction time. Physiol Behav. 1991 Sep;50(3):543-8. Torres; Nowson: Relationship between stress, eating behavior, and obesity. Nutrition. 2007 Nov-Dec;23(11-12):887-94. Uno; Tar ar a; Else et al.: Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged and fatal stress in primates. J Neurosci. 1989 May;9(5):1705-11. van Jaarsveld; Fidler; Steptoe et al.: Perceived stress and weight gain in adolescence: a longitudinal analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17(12):2155-61.

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Altindag; Altindag; Asoglu et al.: Relation of cortisol levels and bone mineral density among premenopausal women with major depression. Int J Clin Pract. 2007 Mar;61(3):416-20. Bedford; Barr: The relationship between 24-h urinary cortisol and bone in healthy young women. Int J Behav Med. 2010;17(3):207-15. Chiodini; Scillitani: Role of cortisol hypersecretion in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Recenti Prog Med. 2008 Jun;99(6):309-13. Chiodini; Torlontano; Carnevale et al.: Skeletal involvement in adult patients with endogenous hypercortisolism. J Endocrinol Invest. 2008a;31(3):267-76. Chiodini; Mascia; Muscarella et al.: Subclinical hypercortisolism among outpatients referred for osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(8):541-8. Eijken; Koedam; van Driel et al.: The essential role of glucocorticoids for proper human osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2006 Mar 27;248(1-2):87-93. Greendale; Unger; Rowe; Seeman: The relation between cortisol excretion and fractures in healthy older people: results from the MacArthur studies-Mac. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999 Jul;47(7):799-803. K im; Zhao; K itaur a et al.: Glucocorticoids suppress bone formation via the osteoclast. J Clin Invest. 2006 Aug;116(8):2152-60. Lasco; Catalano; Pilato et al.: Subclinical hypercortisol-assessment of bone fragility: experience of single osteoporosis center in Sicily. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014;18(3):352-8. Lawson; Donoho; Miller et al.: Hypercortisolemia is associated with severity of bone loss and depression in hypothalamic amenorrhea and anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Dec;94(12):4710-6. Osella; Ventur a; Ardito et al.: Cortisol secretion, bone health, and bone loss: a cross-sectional and prospective study in normal non-osteoporotic women in the early postmenopausal period. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;166(5):855-60. Pereir a; Carvalho; Canalis: Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in rheuma- tic diseases. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2010;65(11):1197-205. Pereir a; Delany; Dur ant; Canalis: Cortisol regulates the expression of Notch in osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem. 2002;85(2):252-8. Pereir a; Delany; Canalis: Cortisol inhibits the differentiation and apoptosis of osteoblasts in culture. Bone. 2001 May;28(5):484-90. Phillips; Upton; Duggal et al.: Depression following hip fracture is associated with increased physical frailty in older adults: the role of the cortisol: dehydro- epiandrosterone sulphate ratio. BMC Geriatr. 2013 Jun 17;13:60.

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Ar ampatzis; Pasch; Lippu ner; Mohaupt: Primary male osteoporosis is associated with enhanced glucocorticoid availability. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013;52(11):1983-91. Biller; Saxe; Herzog et al.: Mechanisms of osteoporosis in adult and adolescent women with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;68(3):548-54. Civitelli; Ziambar as: Epidemiology of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2008;31(7 Suppl):2-6. De Nijs: Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a review on pathophysiology and treatment options. Minerva Med. 2008 Feb;99(1):23-43. Homik; Suarez-Almazor; Shea et al.: Calcium and vitamin D for corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000952. K im; Lee; K ang et al.: Protective effect of Korean Red Ginseng against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in vitro and in vivo. J Ginseng Res. 2015 Jan;39(1):46-53. McK enzie; R ey nolds; O‘Fallon et al.: Decreased bone mineral density during low dose glucocorticoid administration in a randomized, placebo controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 2000 Sep;27(9):2222-6. Van Staa; Laan; Barton et al.: Bone density threshold and other predictors of vertebral fracture in patients receiving oral glucocorticoid therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Nov;48(11):3224-9. Vestergaard; R ej nmark; Mosekilde: Fracture risk associated with different types of oral corticosteroids and effect of termination of corticosteroids on the risk of fractures. Calcif Tissue Int. 2008 Apr;82(4):249-57.

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Cadmium

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Pollack; Mumford; Wactawski-Wende et al.: Bone mineral density and blood metals in premenopausal women. Environ Res. 2013 Jan;120:76-81. Schirrmacher; Wieman n; Bingman n; Büsselberg: Effects of lead, mercury, and methyl mercury on gap junctions and [Ca2+]i in bone cells. Calcif Tissue Int. 1998;63(2):134-9. Suzuki; Yamamoto; Watanabe et al.: Both mercury and cadmium directly influence calcium homeostasis resulting from the suppression of scale bone cells: the scale is a good model for the evaluation of heavy metals in bone metabolism. J Bone Miner Metab. 2004;22(5):439-46. Yachiguchi; Sekiguchi; Nak ano et al.: Effects of inorganic mercury and methylmercury on osteoclasts and osteoblasts in the scales of the marine teleost as a model system of bone. Zoolog Sci. 2014;31(5):330-7.

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Fluorid schädigt die Knochen (Kapitel 42, Seite 459)

Die Wirkung von Fluorid auf die Knochen

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Schädigung der Knochen bei Fluoridbelastung im Tierversuch

Burnell; Peo; Lewis; Crenshaw: Effect of dietary fluorine on growth, blood and bone characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci. 1986 Dec;63(6):2053-67. Chachr a; Turner; Du nipace; Gry npas: The effect of fluoride treatment on bone mineral in rabbits. Calcif Tissue Int. 1999 Apr;64(4):345-51. Chan; Rucker; Zeman; R iggins: Effect of fluoride on bone formation and strength in Japanese quail. J Nutr. 1973 Oct;103(10):1431-40. K r agstrup; R ichards; Fejerskov: Experimental osteo-fluorosis in the domestic pig: a histomorphometric study of vertebral trabecular bone. J Dent Res. 1984 Jun;63(6):885-9. Kuo; Wuthier: An investigation of fluoride protection against dietary induced osteoporosis in the rat. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1975 Jul-Aug;(110):324-31. Lafage; Balena; Battle et al.: Comparison of alendronate and sodium fluoride effects on cancellous and cortical bone in minipigs. A one-year study. J Clin Invest. 1995 May;95(5):2127-33. Mosekilde; K r agstrup; R ichards: Compressive strength, ash weight, and volume of vertebral trabecular bone in experimental fluorosis in pigs. Calcif Tissue Int. 1987 Jun;40(6):318-22. R iggins; Rucker; Chan et al.: The effect of fluoride supplementation on the strength of osteopenic bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1976 Jan-Feb;(114):352-7. R iggins; Zeman; Moon: The effects of sodium fluoride on bone breaking strength. Calcif Tissue Res. 1974 May 28;14(4):283-9. Simon; Beil; Rüther et al.: High fluoride and low calcium levels in drinking water is associated with low bone mass, reduced bone quality and fragility fractures in sheep. Osteoporos Int. 2014 Jul;25(7):1891-903. Søgaard; Mosekilde; Thomsen et al.: A comparison of the effects of two anabolic agents (fluoride and PTH) on ash density and bone strength assessed in an osteopenic rat model. Bone. 1997 May;20(5):439-49. Søgaard; Mosekilde; R ichards; Mosekilde: Loss of trabecular bone strength and bone quality after 5 years of fluoride therapy for osteoporosis.Ugeskr Laeger. 1995 Apr 3;157(14):2004-8. Turner; Hinckley; Wilson et al.: Combined effects of diets with reduced calcium and phosphate and increased fluoride intake on vertebral bone strength and histology in rats. Calcif Tissue Int. 2001 Jul;69(1):51-7. Turner et al.: Fluoride treatment increased serum IGF-1, bone turnover, and bone mass, but not bone strength, in rabbits. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997;61(1):77-83.

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Frakturrisiko und fluoridiertes Trinkwasser

Cauley; Murphy; R iley; Buhari: Effects of fluoridated drinking water on bone mass and fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 1995 Jul;10(7):1076-86. Cooper; Wickham; Lacey; Barker: Water fluoride concentration and fracture of the proximal femur. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1990 Mar;44(1):17-9. Danielson; Lyon; Egger; Goodenough: Hip fractures and fluoridation in Utah‘s elderly population. JAMA. 1992 Aug 12;268(6):746-8. Fesk anich; Owusu; Hu nter et al.: Use of toenail fluoride levels as an indicator for the risk of hip and forearm fractures in women. Epidemiology. 1998 Jul;9(4):412-6. Hegman n; Horne; K night et al.: The Effects of Fluoridation on Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) and Hip Fractures. Abstract 71 of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society For Epidemiological research. Am J Epidemiology. June 15-17,2000. S18. Hillier; Cooper; K ellingr ay et al.: Fluoride in drinking water and risk of hip fracture in the UK: a case-control study. Lancet. 2000 Jan 22;355(9200):265-9. Hillier; Inskip; Coggon; Cooper: Water fluoridation and osteoporotic fracture. Community Dent Health. 1996 Sep;13 Suppl 2:63-8. Jacobsen; O‘Fallon; Melton: Hip fracture incidence before and after the fluoridation of the public water supply, Rochester, Minnesota. Am J Public Health. 1993 May;83(5):743-5. Jacobsen; Goldberg; Cooper; Lockwood: The association between water fluoridation and hip fracture among white women and men aged 65 years and older. A national ecologic study. Ann Epidemiol. 1992 Sep;2(5):617-26. Jacqmin-Gadda; Fourrier; Commenges; Dartigues: Risk factors for fractures in the elderly. Epidemiology. 1998 Jul;9(4):417-23. K ar agas; Baron; Barrett; Jacobsen: Patterns of fracture among the United States elderly: geographic and fluoride effects. Ann Epidemiol. 1996;6(3):209-16. Kurttio; Gustavsson; Vartiainen; Pekk anen: Exposure to natural fluoride in well water and hip fracture: a cohort analysis in Finland. Am J Epidemiol. 1999 Oct 15;150(8):817-24. Lehman n; Wapniarz; Hofman n et al.: Drinking water fluoridation: bone mineral density and hip fracture incidence. Bone. 1998 Mar;22(3):273-8. Li; Liang; Slemenda et al.: Effect of long-term exposure to fluoride in drinking water on risks of bone fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2001 May;16(5):932-9.

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Fluoridbehandlung bei Osteoporose schadet den Knochen und ruiniert die Gesundheit

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Teekonsum, Fluoridbelastung und Skelettfluorose

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Fluorid und Kariesfortschritt

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Nekrose des Knochengewebes

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Bisphosphonate erhöhen das Risiko für Ermüdungsbrüche

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742 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Ott: Long-term safety of bisphosphonates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;90(3):1897-9. Park-Wyllie; Mamdani; Juurlink et al.: Bisphosphonate use and the risk of subtrochanteric or femoral shaft fractures in older women. JAMA 2011;305(8):783-9. Patel; Lazzarini: Bilateral simultaneous femoral diaphyseal fractures in a patient with long-term ibandronate use. J Orthopedics. 2010;33(10):775. Pr adhan; Saxena; Yadav; Mehrotr a: Atypical metatarsal fracture in a patient on long term bisphosphonate therapy. Indian J. Orthop. 2012;46(5):589-92. Pr asarn; Ahn; Helfet et al.: Bisphosphonate-associated femur fractures have high complication rates with operative fixation.Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470(8):2295-301. Sayed-Noor; Sjödén: Case reports: two femoral insufficiency fractures after long-term alendronate therapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467(7):1921-6. Schilcher; Michaëlsson; Aspenberg: Bisphosphonate use and atypical fractures of the femoral shaft. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(18):1728-37. Schilcher; Aspenberg: Incidence of stress fractures of the femoral shaft in women treated with bisphosphonate. Acta Orthop. 2009 Aug;80(4):413-5. Schneider: Should bisphosphonates be continued indefinitely? An unusual fracture in a healthy woman on long-term alendronate. Geriatrics. 2006;61(1):31-3. Schneider: Bisphosphonates and low-impact femoral fractures: current evidence on alendronate-fracture risk. Geriatrics. 2009;64(1):18-23. Sellmeyer: Atypical fractures as a potential complication of long-term bisphosphonate therapy. JAMA. 2010;304(13):1480-4. Ser aphim; Al-Hadithy; Mordecai; Al-Nammari: Do bisphosphonates cause femoral insufficiency fractures?J Orthop Traumatol. 2012;13(4):171-7. Solomon; Hochberg; Mogu n; Schneeweiss: The relation between bisphosphonate use and non-union of fractures of the humerus in older adults. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(6):895-901. Somford; Geurts; den Teuling et al.: Long-Term Alendronate Use Not without Consequences? Int J Rheumatol. 2009;2009:253432. Stepan; Burr; Pavo et al.: Low bone mineral density is associated with bone microdamage accumulation in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Bone. 2007 Sep;41(3):378-85. Tan; Saseendar; Tan et al.: Ulnar fractures with bisphosphonate therapy: a systematic review of published case reports. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26(2):421-9. van der Meulen; Boskey: Atypical subtrochanteric femoral shaft fractures: role for mechanics and bone quality. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(4):220. Ward; Carter; Wilson; Emory: Femoral stress fractures associated with long- term bisphosphonate treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470(3):759-65. Won; Lim; K im et al.: Atypical femoral fracture combined with osteonecrosis of jaw during osteoporosis treatment with bisphosphonate. J Bone Metab. 2014;21(2):155-9. Yli-Kyy ny; Tamminen; K röger: Atraumatic bilateral femur fracture in long- term bisphosphonate use. Orthopedics. 2010;33(12):867.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 743 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Das Frakturrisiko bei Behandlung mit Bisphosphonaten Alonso-Coello; García-Fr anco; Guyatt; Moy nihan: Drugs for pre-osteoporosis: prevention or disease mongering? BMJ. 2008;336(7636):126-9. Bilezikian: Efficacy of bisphosphonates in reducing fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Am J Med. 2009 Feb;122(2 Suppl):S14-21. Black; R eid; Boonen et al.: The effect of 3 versus 6 years of zoledronic acid treatment of osteoporosis: a randomized extension to the HORIZON-Pivotal Fracture Trial (PFT). J Bone Miner Res. 2012 Feb;27(2):243-54. Black; Cummings; K arpf: Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. Lancet. 1996;348(9041):1535-41. Bone; Hosking; Devogelaer et al.: Ten years‘ experience with alendronate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(12):1189-99. Boonen; Eastell; Su et al.: Time to onset of antifracture efficacy and year-by- year persistence of effect of zoledronic acid in women with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(7):1487-93. Boonen; R eginster; K aufman et al.: Fracture risk and zoledronic acid therapy in men with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2012a;367(18):1714-23. Boonen; Black et al.: Efficacy and safety of a once-yearly intravenous zoledronic acid 5 mg for fracture prevention in elderly postmenopausal women with osteoporosis aged 75 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(2):292-9. Cummings; Black; Thompson et al.: Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA. 1998;280(24):2077-82. Erviti; Alonso; Gorricho; López: Oral bisphosphonates may not decrease hip fracture risk in elderly Spanish women. BMJ. 2013a;3(2). Harris; Watts; Genant et al.: Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Vertebral Efficacy With Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. JAMA. 1999;282(14):1344-52. Hosking; Chilvers; Christiansen et al.: Prevention of bone loss with alendronate in postmenopausal women under 60 years of age. Early Postmenopausal Intervention Cohort Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998 ;338(8):485-92. Järvinen; Michaëlsson; Aspenberg; Sievänen: Osteoporosis: the emperor has no clothes. J Intern Med. 2015 Jun;277(6):662-73. K anis; Barton; Johnell: Risedronate decreases fracture risk in patients selected solely on the basis of prior vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2005 May;16(5):475-82. LeBlanc; Rosales; Balasubr amanian et al.: Risk factors for fracture among current, persistent users of bisphosphonates. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26(2):713-25. Lyles; Colón-Emeric; Magaziner et al.: Zoledronic acid and clinical fractures and mortality after hip fracture. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(18):1799-809. McClu ng; Geusens; Miller et al.: Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. Hip Intervention Program Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(5):333-40.

744 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Miller: Non-vertebral fracture risk reduction with oral bisphosphonates: challenges with interpreting clinical trial data. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(1):107-19. Orwoll; Miller; Adachi et al.: Efficacy and safety of a once-yearly i.v. Infu- sion of zoledronic acid 5 mg versus a once-weekly 70-mg oral alendronate in the treatment of male osteoporosis: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, active-controlled study. J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Oct;25(10):2239-50. R inge; Far ahmand; Faber; Dorst: Sustained efficacy of risedronate in men with primary and secondary osteoporosis: results of a 2-year study. Rheumatol Int. 2009;29(3):311-5. Serr ano; Begoña; Anitua et al.: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of alendronate and zoledronate for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2013;29(12):1005-14. Wells; Cr an ney; Peterson et al.: Alendronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23;(1):CD001155. Wells; Cr an ney; Peterson et al.: Risedronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008a Jan 23;(1):CD004523.

Schädigung der Schleimhäute des Verdauungstraktes

Green; Czan ner; R eeves et al.: Oral bisphosphonates and risk of cancer of oesophagus, stomach, and colorectum: case-control analysis within a UK primary care cohort. BMJ. 2010;341:c4444. K nopp-Sihota; Cummings; Homik; Voaklander: The association between serious upper gastrointestinal bleeding and incident bisphosphonate use: a population-based nested cohort study. BMC Geriatr. 2013;13:36. Papapetrou: Bisphosphonate-associated adverse events. Hormones (Athens). 2009;8(2):96-110. Shaheen: More on reports of esophageal cancer with oral bisphosphonate use. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(17):1790-1. Siris; Oster; Bilezikian: More on reports of esophageal cancer with oral bisphosphonate use. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(17):1791. Wysowski: Oral bisphosphonates and oesophageal cancer. BMJ. 2010 Sep 1;341:c4506. Wysowski: Reports of esophageal cancer with oral bisphosphonate use. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(1):89-90.

Entzündungen

Adami; Bhalla; Dorizzi et al.: The acute-phase response after bisphosphonate administration. Calcif Tissue Int. 1987 Dec;41(6):326-31. Badayan; Cudkowicz: Profound muscle weakness and pain after one dose of actonel. Case Rep Med. 2009:693014.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 745 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Cadario: Alendronate: suspected pancreatitis. CMAJ. 2002;166(1):86-7, 91-2. Carrère; Duval; Godard et al.: Severe acute hepatitis induced by alendronate. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2002 Feb;26(2):179-80. Diaz-Borjon; Seyler; Chen; Lim: Bisphosphonate-associated arthritis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2006 Jun;12(3):131-3. Endo; Nak amur a; K ikuchi et al.: Aminoalkylbisphosphonates, potent inhibitors of bone resorption, induce a prolonged stimulation of histamine synthesis and increase macrophages, granulocytes, and osteoclasts in vivo. Calcif Tissue Int. 1993;52(3):248-254. Etminan; Forooghian; Maberley: Inflammatory ocular adverse events with the use of oral bisphosphonates: a retrospective cohort study. CMAJ. 2012 May 15;184(8):E431-4. Fr au nfelder; Fr au nfelder: Bisphosphonates and ocular inflammation. N Engl J Med. 2003 Mar 20;348(12):1187-8. French; Margo: Postmarketing surveillance rates of uveitis and scleritis with bisphosphonates among a national veteran cohort. Retina. 2008;28(6):889-93. Gerster: Acute polyarthritis related to once-weekly alendronate in a woman with osteoporosis. J Rheumatol. 2004;31(4):829-30. Halabe; Lifschitz; Azuri: Liver damage due to alendronate. N Engl J Med. 2000 Aug 3;343(5):365-6. Hewitt; Lissina; Green et al.: The bisphosphonate acute phase response: rapid and copious production of proinflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood gdT cells in response to aminobisphosphonates is inhibited by statins. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005 Jan;139(1):101-11. K iyama; Ok ada; Tanak a et al.: Inflammatory and necrotic effects of minodronate, a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, in mice. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2013;230(3):141-9. Lieverse: Hepatitis after alendronate. Neth J Med. 1998;53(6):271-2. Lim; Kwon; Park; Park: Acute effects of intravenous administration of pamidronate in patients with osteoporosis. J Korean Med Sci. 2010;25(9):1277-83. McK ague; Jorgenson; Buxton: Ocular side effects of bisphosphonates: A case report and literature review. Can Fam Physician. 2010;56(10):1015-7. Mur atsu; Yoshiga; Taketomi et al.: Zoledronic acid enhances lipopolysaccharide-stimulated proinflammatory reactions through controlled expression of SOCS1 in macrophages. PLoS One. 2013 Jul 9;8(7):e67906. Or; Cui; Matsubar a; Forooghian: Pro-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects of bisphosphonates on human cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013 Aug;97(8):1074-8. Prommer: Toxicity of bisphosphonates. J Palliat Med. 2009 Nov;12(11):1061-5. Salmen, Berrueta; Sánchez et al.: Nongranulomatous anterior uveitis associated with alendronate therapy. Invest Clin. 2002;43(1):49-52. Sauty; Pecherstorfer; Zimmer-Roth et al.: Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels after bisphosphonates treatment in vitro and in patients with malignancy. Bone. 1996;18(2):133-9.

746 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Scheller; Hankenson; R euben; K rebsbach: Zoledronic acid inhibits macrophage SOCS3 expression and enhances cytokine production. J Cell Biochem. 2011;112(11):3364-72. Schweitzer; Oostendorp-van de Ruit; Van der Pluijm et al.: Interleukin-6 and the acute phase response during treatment of patients with Paget‘s disease with the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate dimethylaminohydroxypropylide- ne bisphosphonate. J Bone Miner Res. 1995 Jun;10(6):956-62. Toussirot; Vuitton; Koch; Valnet-R abier: Acute pancreatitis occurring after pamidronate infusions in two patients with spondyloarthritis. Case Rep Rheumatol. 2013:912692. Weber; Olaiwan; Bonte et al.: Adverse cutaneous drug reactions to ibandronate. Eur J Dermatol. 2011 Jul-Aug;21(4):591-4. Wysowski; Chang: Alendronate and risedronate: reports of severe bone, joint, and muscle pain. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(3):346-7. Yamaguchi; Motegi; Iwakur a; Endo: Involvement of interleukin-1 in the inflammatory actions of aminobisphosphonates in mice. Br J Pharmacol. 2000;130(7):1646-54. Yanik; Turk ay; Atalar: Hepatotoxicity induced by alendronate therapy. Osteoporos Int. 2007 Jun;18(6):829-31.

Schwächung der Abwehrkraft

Kuiper; Forster; Su n et al.: Zoledronate and pamidronate depress neutrophil functions and survival in mice. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2012;165(2):532-9. R euben; Dinh; Lee et al.: Bisphosphonates inhibit phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3: implications for their effects on innate immune function and osteoclastogenesis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011;111(2):196-204.

Nierenschäden

Hirschberg: Renal complications from bisphosphonate treatment. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2012 Sep;6(3):342-7. Komada; Morishita; K itamur a et al.: Acute kidney injury in a patient with nephrotic syndrome due to focal segmental glomerular nephritis induced by a single oral administration of high-dose bisphosphonate (minodronate). Intern Med. 2013;52(12):1383-7. Miur a; Mizu no; Aoyama et al.: Massive proteinuria and acute renal failure after oral bisphosphonate (alendronate) administration in a patient with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2009 Feb;13(1):85-8. Yilmaz; Taninmis; K ar a et al.: Nephrotic syndrome after oral bisphosphonate (alendronate) administration in a patient with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(7):2059-62.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 747 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Abfall des Kalziumspiegels

Do; Park; Park et al.: Bisphosphonate-induced Severe Hypocalcemia - A Case Report. J Bone Metab. 2012 Nov;19(2):139-45. Nasiruddin; Fayazuddin; Zahid; Iftekhar: Acute delirium in an elderly woman following zoledronate administration. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2014;5(3):217-9. Schussheim; Jacobs; Silverberg: Hypocalcemia associated with alendronate. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130(4 Pt 1):329.

Störung der Herzfunktion

Bhuriya; Singh; Molnar et al.: Bisphosphonate use in women and the risk of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Int J Cardiol. 2010;142(3):213-7. Heckbert; Li; Cummings et al.: Use of alendronate and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women.Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(8):826-31. Loke; Jeevanantham; Singh: Bisphosphonates and atrial fibrillation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Saf. 2009;32(3):219-28. Maclsaac; Seeman; Jerums: Seizures after alendronate. J R Soc Med. 2002;95(12):615-6. Shimshi; Abe; Fisher et al.: Bisphosphonates induce inflammation and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques in apolipoprotein-E null mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;328(3):790-3. Tsai; Huang; Chang et al.: Zoledronate inhibits ischemia-induced neovascula- rization by impairing the mobilization and function of endothelial progenitor cells. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e41065.

Verschlechterung des Q10-Status

K alyan; Huebbe; Esatbeyoglu et al.: Nitrogen-bisphosphonate therapy is linked to compromised coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E status in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(4):1307-13.

Denosumab – schlimmer als Bisphosphonate (Kapitel 44, Seite 489)

Bone; Chapurlat; Br andi et al.: The effect of three or six years of denosumab exposure in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: results from the FREE- DOM extension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Nov;98(11):4483-92. Bridgeman; Pathak: Denosumab for the reduction of bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a review. Clin Ther. 2011 Nov;33(11):1547-59. Cummings; San Martin; McClu ng et al.: Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(8):756-65.

748 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Del Fattore; Teti: The tight relationship between osteoclasts and the immune system. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2012;11(3):181-7. Hofbauer; Du nstan; Spelsberg et al.: Osteoprotegerin production by human osteoblast lineage cells is stimulated by vitamin D, bone morphogenetic protein-2, and cytokines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;250(3):776-81. Makr as; Polyzos; Papatheodorou et al.: Parathyroid hormone changes following denosumab treatment in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013;79(4):499-503. McClu ng; Boonen; Törring et al.: Effect of denosumab treatment on the risk of fractures in subgroups of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(1):211-8. Mosali; Bernard; Wajed et al.: Vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone concentrations influence the skeletal response to zoledronate and denosumab. Calcif Tissue Int. 2014;94(5):553-9. R eid; Cornish: Epidemiology and pathogenesis of osteonecrosis of the jaw. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011;8(2):90-6. von K eyserlingk; Hopkins; Anastasilakis et al.: Clinical efficacy and safety of denosumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density and osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Oct;41(2):178-86. Watts; Roux; Modlin et al.: Infections in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with denosumab or placebo: coincidence or causal association? Osteoporos Int. 2012 Jan;23(1):327-37.

Die Wahrheit über Teriparatid (Kapitel 45, Seite 493)

Bu nyar atavej: Experience of application: blood screening and bone turnover markers for prevention of unwanted effects and early outcomes of teriparatide. J Med Assoc Thai. 2011 Oct;94 Suppl 5:S31-4. Gallagher; Genant; Cr ans et al.: Teriparatide reduces the fracture risk associated with increasing number and severity of osteoporotic fractures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(3):1583-7. Greenspan; Bone et al.: Effect of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1- 84) on vertebral fracture and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(5):326-39. Hajime; Ok ada; Mori; Tanak a: A case of teriparatide-induced severe hypo- phosphatemia and hypercalcemia. J Bone Miner Metab. 2014 Sep;32(5):601-4. Hodsman; Bauer; Dempster et al.: Parathyroid hormone and teriparatide for the treatment of osteoporosis: a review of the evidence and suggested guidelines for its use. Endocr Rev. 2005 Aug;26(5):688-703. Jiang; Zhao; Mitlak et al.: Recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34) [teriparatide] improves both cortical and cancellous bone structure. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18(11):1932-41.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 749 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. K ar atopr ak; K ayatas; K ilicaslanet et al.: Severe hypercalcemia due to teriparatide. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012;44(2):270-271. Lasco; Catalano; Mor abito et al.: Adrenal effects of teriparatide in the treatment of severe postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22(1):299-303. Lindsay; Nieves; Formica et al.: Randomised controlled study of effect of parathyroid hormone on vertebral-bone mass and fracture incidence among postmenopausal women on oestrogen with osteoporosis. Lancet. 1997;350(9077):550-5. Marcus: Present at the beginning: a personal reminiscence on the history of teriparatide. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22(8):2241-8. Marcus; Wang; Satterwhite; Mitlak: The skeletal response to teriparatide is largely independent of age, initial bone mineral density, and prevalent vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18(1):18-23. Neer; Arnaud; Zanchetta et al.: Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(19):1434-41. Thiruchelvam; R andhawa; Sadiek; K istangari: Teriparatide induced delayed persistent hypercalcemia. Case Rep Endocrinol. 2014:802473.

Vorsicht mit Strontium! (Kapitel 46, Seite 497)

Abr ahamsen; Grove; Vestergaard: Nationwide registry-based analysis of cardiovascular risk factors and adverse outcomes in patients treated with strontium ranelate. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(2):757-62. Bärenholdt; Kolthoff; Nielsen: Effect of long-term treatment with strontium ranelate on bone strontium content. Bone. 2009;45(2):200-6. Boivin; Doublier; Farlay: Strontium ranelate--a promising therapeutic principle in osteoporosis. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2012 Jun;26(2-3):153-6. Boivin; Farlay; K hebbab et al.: In osteoporotic women treated with strontium ranelate, strontium is located in bone formed during treatment with a maintai- ned degree of mineralization. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(4):667-77. Boivin; Meu nier: The mineralization of bone tissue: a forgotten dimension in osteoporosis research. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14 Suppl 3:S19-24. Bon nelye; Chabadel; Saltel; Jurdic: Dual effect of strontium ranelate: stimulation of osteoblast differentiation and inhibition of osteoclast formation and resorption in vitro. Bone. 2008;42(1):129-38. Cianferotti; D‘Asta; Br andi: A review on strontium ranelate long-term antifracture efficacy in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2013;5(3):127-39. Collette; Bruyère; K aufman et al.: Vertebral anti-fracture efficacy of strontium ranelate according to pre-treatment bone turnover. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(2):233-41.

750 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Fonseca; Br andi: Mechanism of action of strontium ranelate: what are the facts? Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2010;7(1):17-8. K anis; Johansson; Oden; McCloskey: A meta-analysis of the effect of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral and non-vertebral fracture in postmenopausal osteoporosis and the interaction with FRAX(®). Osteoporos Int. 2011;22(8):2347-55. Li; Peng; Pan et al.: Microarchitecture and nanomechanical properties of trabecular bone after strontium administration in osteoporotic goats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2012;145(1):39-46. Ma; Zhang; Wu et al.: Strontium fructose 1,6-diphosphate prevents bone loss in a rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis via the OPG/RANKL/RANK pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2012 Apr;33(4):479-89. Marie: Strontium ranelate: a dual mode of action rebalancing bone turnover in favour of bone formation. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2006 Jun;18 Suppl 1:S11-5. Marie: Strontium ranelate: a novel mode of action optimizing bone formation and resorption. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16 Suppl 1:S7-10. Meu nier; Roux; Ortolani et al.: Effects of long-term strontium ranelate treatment on vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(10):1663-73. Meu nier; Roux; Seeman et al.: The effects of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(5):459-68. Montagnani: Bone anabolics in osteoporosis: Actuality and perspectives. World J Orthop. 2014;5(3):247-54. O‘Don nell; Cr an ney; Wells et al.: Strontium ranelate for preventing and treating postmenopausal osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(3):CD005326. Osborne; Layton; Perrio et al.: Incidence of venous thromboembolism in users of strontium ranelate: an analysis of data from a prescription-event monitoring study in England. Drug Saf. 2010;33(7):579-91. Peng; Liu; Huang et al.: The cross-talk between osteoclasts and osteoblasts in response to strontium treatment: involvement of osteoprotegerin. Bone. 2011;49(6):1290-8. R eginster; K aufman; Goemaere et al.: Maintenance of antifracture efficacy over 10 years with strontium ranelate in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(3):1115-22. R eginster; Hiligsman n; Bruyere: Strontium Ranelate: Long-Term Efficacy against Vertebral, Nonvertebral and Hip Fractures in Patients with Postmeno- pausal Osteoporosis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2010;2(3):133-43. R eginster; Felsenberg; Boonen et al.: Effects of long-term strontium ranelate treatment on the risk of nonvertebral and vertebral fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis: Results of a five-year, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Jun;58(6):1687-95. R eginster; Deroisy et al.: Prevention of early postmenopausal bone loss by strontium ranelate: the randomized, two-year, double-masked, dose-ranging, placebo-controlled PREVOS trial. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(12):925-31.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 751 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Rolland; Abellan Van K an n; Gillette-Guyon net et al.: Strontium ranelate and risk of vertebral fractures in frail osteoporotic women. Bone. 2011;48(2):332-8. Roux; Fechtenbaum; Kolta et al.: Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of vertebral fracture in young postmenopausal women with severe osteoporosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67(12):1736-8. Seeman; Devogelaer; Lorenc et al.: Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of vertebral fractures in patients with osteopenia. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(3):433-8. Tan; Zhang; Zhu et al.: Deregulation of bone forming cells in bone diseases and anabolic effects of strontium-containing agents and biomaterials. Biomed Res Int. 2014:814057. The TReatment Of Peripheral OSteoporosis (TROPOS).

Kombinationstherapie – die Alternative

Genuis; Bouchard: Combination of Micronutrients for Bone (COMB) Study: bone density after micronutrient intervention. J Environ Public Health. 2012:354151.

Überlastung mit Strontium

Bauman; Valinietse; Babarykin: Effect of strontium on the anti-rickets activity of vitamin D3 and its hydroxy analogs. Vopr Med Khim. 1988;34(4):26-32. Cohen-Solal: Strontium overload and toxicity: impact on renal osteodystrophy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17 Suppl 2:30-4. h Corr adino; Ebel; Cr aig et al.: Calcium absorption and the vitamin D 3- dependent calcium-binding protein. I. Inhibition by dietary strontium. Calcif Tissue Res. 1971;7(2):81-92. K roes; den Tonkelaar; Minderhoud et al.: Short-term toxicity of strontium chloride in rats. Toxicology. 1977;7(1):11-21. Neufeld; Boskey: Strontium alters the complexed acidic phospholipid content of mineralizing tissues. Bone. 1994 Jul-Aug;15(4):425-30. Omdahl; Jelinek; Eaton: Kinetic analysis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolism in strontium-induced rickets in the chick. J Clin Invest. 1977 Nov;60(5):1202-10. Omdahl; DeLuca: Rachitogenic activity of dietary strontium. I. Inhibition of intestinal calcium absorption and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol synthesis. J Biol Chem. 1972;247(17):5520-6. Omdahl; DeLuca: Strontium induced rickets: metabolic basis. Science. 1971;174(4012):949-51. Oste; Bervoets; Behets et al.: Time-evolution and reversibility of strontium-induced osteomalacia in chronic renal failure rats. Kidney Int. 2005;67(3):920-30. Ozgür; Sümer; Koçoğlu: Rickets and soil strontium. Arch Dis Child. 1996 Dec;75(6):524-6. Petrova; Miloserdova; Babaskina: Toxic action of ergocalciferol in strontium rickets. Vopr Pitan. 1977 Mar-Apr;(2):41-3.

752 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Polak-Juszczak: Impact of strontium on skeletal deformities in Baltic cod (Ga- dus morhua callaris L.). Chemosphere. 2011;83(4):486-91. Schrooten; Behets; Cabrer a et al.: Dose-dependent effects of strontium on bone of chronic renal failure rats. Kidney Int. 2003 Mar;63(3):927-35. Wadhwa; Care: Effects of strontium on the absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphate ions from the ovine reticulo-rumen. J Comp Physiol B. 2000;170(3):225-9. Wornham; Hajjawi; Orriss; Arnett: Strontium potently inhibits mineralisation in bone-forming primary rat osteoblast cultures and reduces numbers of osteoclasts in mouse marrow cultures. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(10):2477-84.

Weitere Medikamente und Maßnahmen (Kapitel 47, Seite 503)

Raloxifen

Barrett-Con nor; Mosca; Collins et al.: Effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular events and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(2):125-37. Ettinger; Black; Mitlak et al.: Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA. 1999;282(7):637-45.

Mit Vibration gegen Osteoporose

Bieleman n; Martinez-Mesa; Gigante: Physical activity during life course and bone mass: a systematic review of methods and findings from cohort studies with young adults. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:77. Borer: Physical activity in the prevention and amelioration of osteoporosis in women : interaction of mechanical, hormonal and dietary factors. Sports Med. 2005;35(9):779-830. Chan; Uzer; Rubin: The potential benefits and inherent risks of vibration as a non-drug therapy for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2013 Mar;11(1):36-44. French; Fulkerson; Story: Increasing weight-bearing physical activity and calcium intake for bone mass growth in children and adolescents: a review of intervention trials. Prev Med. 2000 Dec;31(6):722-31. Gross; Edwards; McLeod; Rubin: Strain gradients correlate with sites of periosteal bone formation. J Bone Miner Res. 1997;12(6):982-8. Gilsanz; Wren; Sanchez et al.: Low-level, high-frequency mechanical signals enhance musculoskeletal development of young women with low BMD. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(9):1464-74.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 753 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Han nan; Cheng; Green et al.: Establishing the compliance in elderly women for use of a low level mechanical stress device in a clinical osteoporosis study. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15(11):918-26. Iwamoto; Takeda; Sato; Uzawa: Effect of whole-body vibration exercise on lumbar bone mineral density, bone turnover, and chronic back pain in postmenopausal osteoporotic women treated with alendronate. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2005;17(2):157-63. Judex; Boyd; Qin et al.: Adaptations of trabecular bone to low magnitude vibrations result in more uniform stress and strain under load. Ann Biomed Eng. 2003 Jan;31(1):12-20. K iel; Han nan; Barton et al.: Low Magnitude Mechanical Stimulation to Improve Bone Density in Persons of Advanced Age: A Randomized, Placebo- Controlled Trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2015 Jul;30(7):1319-28. K iiski; Heinonen; Järvinen et al.: Transmission of vertical whole body vibration to the human body. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(8):1318-25. Lai; Tseng; Chen et al.: Effect of 6 months of whole body vibration on lumbar spine bone density in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:1603-9. Lam; Ng; Cheu ng et al.: Effect of whole body vibration (WBV) therapy on bone density and bone quality in osteopenic girls with adolescent idiopathic scolio- sis: a randomized, controlled trial. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(5):1623-36. Lau; Al-Dujaili; Guenther et al.: Effect of low-magnitude, high-frequency vibration on osteocytes in the regulation of osteoclasts. Bone. 2010;46(6):1508-15. Ozcivici; Luu; Adler et al.: Mechanical signals as anabolic agents in bone. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010;6(1):50-9. Rubin; Judex; Qin: Low-level mechanical signals and their potential as a non-pharmacological intervention for osteoporosis. Age Ageing. 2006;35 Suppl 2:ii32-ii36. Rubin; R ecker; Cullen et al.: Prevention of postmenopausal bone loss by a low-magnitude, high-frequency mechanical stimuli: a clinical trial assessing compliance, efficacy, and safety. J Bone Miner Res. 2004 Mar;19(3):343-51. Rubin; Pope; Fritton et al.: Transmissibility of 15-hertz to 35-hertz vibrations to the human hip and lumbar spine: determining the physiologic feasibility of deli- vering low-level anabolic mechanical stimuli to skeletal regions at greatest risk of fracture because of osteoporosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003;28(23):2621-7. Rubin; Turner; Mallinckrodt et al.: Mechanical strain, induced noninvasively in the high-frequency domain, is anabolic to cancellous bone, but not cortical bone. Bone. 2002;30(3):445-52. Rubin; Turner; Müller et al.: Quantity and quality of trabecular bone in the femur are enhanced by a strongly anabolic, noninvasive mechanical intervention. J Bone Miner Res. 2002 Feb;17(2):349-57. Rubin; Turner; Bain et al.: Anabolism. Low mechanical signals strengthen long bones. Nature. 2001;412(6847):603-4. Rubin; Gross; McLeod; Bain: Morphologic stages in lamellar bone formation stimulated by a potent mechanical stimulus. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10(3):488-95.

754 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Rubin; Bain; McLeod: Suppression of the osteogenic response in the aging skeleton. Calcif Tissue Int. 1992;50(4):306-13. Russo; Lauretani; Bandinelli et al.: High-frequency vibration training increases muscle power in postmenopausal women. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(12):1854-7. Qin; Lam; Ferreri; Rubin: Dynamic skeletal muscle stimulation and its potential in bone adaptation. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2010;10(1):12-24. Qin; Rubin; McLeod: Nonlinear dependence of loading intensity and cycle number in the maintenance of bone mass and morphology. J Orthop Res. 1998;16(4):482-9. Schoenau; Fricke: Mechanical influences on bone development in children. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;159 Suppl 1:S27-31. Schönau: The peak bone mass concept: is it still relevant? Pediatr Nephrol. 2004;19(8):825-31. Slatkovsk a; Alibhai; Beyene et al.: Effect of 12 months of whole-body vibration therapy on bone density and structure in postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(10):668-79, W205. Verschueren; Roelants; Delecluse et al.: Effect of 6-month whole body vibration training on hip density, muscle strength, and postural control in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(3):352-9. Von Stengel; K emmler; Bebenek et al.: Effects of whole-body vibration training on different devices on bone mineral density. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(6):1071-9. Xie; Jacobson; Choi et al.: Low-level mechanical vibrations can influence bone resorption and bone formation in the growing skeleton. Bone. 2006;39(5):1059-66. Zaki: Effects of whole body vibration and resistance training on bone mineral density and anthropometry in obese postmenopausal women. J Osteoporos. 2014:702589.

Andere Maßnahmen

Jensen; Lu ndin-Olsson; Nyberg; Gustafson: Fall and injury prevention in older people living in residential care facilities. A cluster randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2002 May 21;136(10):733-41.

Arzneimittel, die Osteoporose verursachen (Kapitel 48, Seite 507)

Panday; Gona; Humphrey: Medication-induced osteoporosis: screening and treatment strategies. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2014 Oct;6(5):185-202. Yang; Lewis; Epstein; Metz: Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture. JAMA. 2006;296(24):2947-53.

Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: 755 Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016. Opioide

Carbone; Chin; Lee et al.: The association of opioid use with incident lower extremity fractures in spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2013;36(2):91-6. Daniell: Opioid endocrinopathy in women consuming prescribed sustained-action opioids for control of nonmalignant pain. J Pain. 2008 Jan;9(1):28-36. Daniell: Opioid osteoporosis. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(3):338. Elliott; Fibuch: Endocrine effects of chronic opioid therapy: implications for clinical management. Pain Manag. 2013 May;3(3):237-46. Teng; Zhu; Wu et al.: Opioids contribute to fracture risk: a meta-analysis of 8 cohort studies. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0128232.

Serotonin-Wiederaufnahme-Hemmer

Bab; Yirmiya: Depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and osteoporosis. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2010 Dec;8(4):185-91. Bruyère; R eginster: Osteoporosis in patients taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a focus on fracture outcome. Endocrine. 2015 Feb;48(1):65-8. Eom; Lee; Ye et al.: Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(5):1186-95. Galli; Macaluso; Passeri: Serotonin: a novel bone mass controller may have implications for alveolar bone. J Negat Results Biomed. 2013 Aug 21;12:12. R ichards; Papaioan nou; Adachi et al.: Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on the risk of fracture. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(2):188-94. R izzoli; Cooper; R eginster et al.: Antidepressant medications and osteoporosis. Bone. 2012;51(3):606-13. Wu; Bencaz; Hentz; Crowell: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment and risk of fractures: a meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies. Osteoporos Int. 2012 Jan;23(1):365-75.

Die optimale Versorgung mit Nährstoffen (Kapitel 49, Seite 511)

Ioan nidis: Why most published research findings are false: author‘s reply to Goodman and Greenland. PLoS Med. 2007;4(6):e215. Ioan nidis: Contradicted and initially stronger effects in highly cited clinical research. JAMA. 2005;294(2):218-28.

756 Thomas Klein, Raimund von Helden: Osteoporose als Folge fehlerhafter Ernährung und Lebensweise. Hygeia-Verlag Dresden 2016.