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Dog Gastric Lipase: Stimulation of Its Secretion in Vivo and Cytolocalization in Mucous Pit Cells

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Dog Gastric Lipase: Stimulation of Its Secretion in Vivo and Cytolocalization in Mucous Pit Cells GASTROENTEROLOGY 1992;102:1535-1545 Dog Gastric Lipase: Stimulation of Its Secretion In Vivo and Cytolocalization in Mucous Pit Cells FREDERIC CARRIGRE, VBRONIQUE RAPHEL, HERVE MOREAU, ALAIN BERNADAC, MARIE-ALIX DEVAUX, ROBERT GRIMAUD, JAMES A. BARROWMAN, CLAUDE BENICOURT, JEAN-LOUIS JUNIEN, RENfi LAUGIER, and ROBERT VERGER Centre de Biochimie et de Biologie Mokulaire du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille: U-315 de l’INSERM, Marseille: and Institut de Recherche jouveinal, Fresnes, France Dog gastric lipase (DGL) secretion is stimulated in In our search for an animal model, we have re- vivo by urecholine, pentagastrin, histamine, 16,16- cently studied preduodenal lipase in the dog. The dimethyl prostaglandin E,, and secretin. Under biochemical properties of dog gastric lipase (DGL) are fasting conditions, DGL is irreversibly inactivated very similar to those of preduodenal lipases previ- by gastric acid below pH 1.5; consequently, DGL ously purified; it is a @-kilodalton glycoprotein con- output can be underestimated. This problem has taining 13% carbohydrate and formed by a single been resolved by buffering the acid or by using an polypeptide chain of 377-379 amino acid residues, antisecretory drug such as omeprazole during stim- acting on both long- and short-chain triglycerides.* ulation. There is a clear parallelism between the The use of dogs with chronic gastric fistulas ex- secretion of DGL and of gastric mucus. This obser- pands the scope of physiological studies of gastric li- vation led to the present investigation of the cellu- pase. Thus, the effect of gastric secretagogues admin- lar localization of DGL using immunofluorescence istered by IV infusion can be observed in the techniques. Results showed that DGL is cytolocal- conscious dog by analysis of gastric secretion. ized in mucous pit cells of gastric glands. Pepsino- As far as we know, only one study of the response gen is found in chief cells. To the authors’ knowl- of DGL to IV infusion of secretagogues was per- edge, this is the first description of an enzyme formed in 1970 by Blum and Linscheer” in dogs with (gastric lipase) secreted by mucous-type gastric Heidenhain pouches. They found that both hista- cells. In contrast to other species, gastric lipase of mine and urecholine were secretagogues of DGL. the dog is located in cardiac, fundic, and antral mu- The lipolytic activities found were very low com- cosae. pared with those we are now able to detect with the standard DGL assay. Moreover, the values in this lthough the exact physiological role of preduo- study are insignificant compared with the lipolytic A denal lipases in mammals is not yet definitively activity found in the entire dog gastric mucosa.8 An established, the tissue and cellular localizations of interesting observation by Blum and Linscheer was a these enzymes are now well characterized in several pH optimum of 4 with urecholine- or histamine- species.‘” Human, rat, and rabbit preduodenal li- stimulated gastric juice as lipase source and a pH pases have been purified and localized in different optimum of 7 with unstimulated gastric juice. To ex- tissues of these species.‘-” The cytolocalization was plain this difference, these investigators proposed a performed using immunofluorescence techniques structural alteration of the lipase under stimulated with polyclonal antibodies.‘*6s7 The role of gastroin- acidic conditions or, alternatively, the presence of testinal hormones or neurotransmitters in the secre- two lipases responding differently to urecholine or tory mechanism of preduodenal lipases has also been histamine stimulation. Clementi et a1.,23 who ob- explored.‘2-22 Their secretion has been studied in served the presence of a lipase in the alkaline mucus vivo and in vitro using dispersed gastric glands or collected from dog gastric mucosa, did not observe von Ebner glands. However, an exhaustive study any lipolytic activity in acidic gastric juice collected cannot be performed in humans, and it is uncertain that rabbit or rat are good models because of their 0 1992 by the American Gastroenterological Association different dietary behavior. 0016-5085/92/$3.00 1536 CARRIERE ET AL. GASTROENTEROLOGY Vol. 102, No. 5 from Pavlov pouches. This discrepancy led us to Administration of Drugs reinvestigate DGL secretion. Pentagastrin (6 pg. kg-’ - h-‘, Peptavlon; ICI Pharma, In this paper, we determined the effect of several Cergy, France), histamine (150 pg. kg-‘. h-l; Prolabo, gastric secretagogues on the secretion of DGL and Paris, France), or urecholine (200 pg. kg-’ - h-‘, Bethane- acid. We observed for the first time an in vivo inacti- col; Merck Sharp & Dohme, Paris, France) were infused IV vation of DGL under unbuffered conditions below for 1 hour after a l-hour basal period; the number of exper- pH 1.5. Furthermore, our results suggested that DGL iments (n) was 9, 9, and 17, respectively. might be secreted by mucous-type cells; this was Urecholine (200 pg. kg-’ . h-‘) was also used in associa- confirmed by immunocytolocalization studies. tion with omeprazole (Mopral; Astra laboratories, Nan- terre, France), a proton pump inhibitor (n = 2). Omepra- Material and Methods zole (10 mg), dissolved in 50 mL of a 12 mmol/L sodium bicarbonate solution, was administered 30 minutes after Dogs the urecholine stimulation started, through the duodenal Six l-year old male Beagle dogs weighing 13.5-17.5 cannula, which was closed for 30 minutes. kg (mean, 14.5 + 1.4 kg) were studied. At the age of 6 Synthetic secretin (1 U - kg-’ - h-l, Sekretoline; Hoechst months, they had been prepared with chronic gastric and laboratories, Frankfurt, Germany) was infused IV for 2 duodenal cannulae as described by Thomas.24 The gastric hours after a l-hour basal period (n = 5). cannula was inserted in the pyloric area on the greater The effect of prostaglandins on DGL secretion was stud- curvature (see Figure 1). The duodenal cannula was in- ied using Enprostil [16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E, serted opposite the pancreatic papilla. Dogs showed no (PGE,), Gardrine; Syntex laboratories, Puteaux, France]. symptoms of functional gastric disorders or any endoscopi- After a l-hour basal period, the gastric and the duodenal tally detectable abnormalities in the stomach. cannulas were closed and two capsules of Enprostil (35 Each experiment was preceded by an 18-hour fast with pg/capsule) were given orally 15 minutes apart. Thirty free access to water. During the experiments, dogs stood in minutes later, the two cannulas were opened, and gastric a Pavlov harness and were given a continuous IV infusion secretion was collected for 2 hours (n = 5). Control experi- of 0.15 mol/L sodium chloride solution at a rate of 100 ments (n = 3) were performed using a placebo in which mL/h. After a l-hour basal period, secretagogues were Enprostil was removed from the capsules and replaced by added to the infusion for 1-2 hours. The gastric secretion the excipient (propyleneglycol) only. was collected at 15-minute intervals, and the duodenal cannula was kept open to prevent duodenogastric reflux. In Vivo Neutralization of Gastric Acidity To investigate the role of gastric acidity on the DGL Fundic mucosa : stability, several of the experiments using pentagastrin, histamine, or urecholine as secretagogues (n = 4,4, and 8, respectively) were performed while spraying the stomach with a glycine/HCl solution that buffers in the pH range r Cardia-@ 2-3. One molar glycine/HCl buffer, pH 6, was sprayed at a rate of 5 mL/5 min into the stomach during each 15-min- ute period of gastric juice collection as shown in Figure 1. Control experiments were performed without secreta- gogues. The spray volume was subtracted from the total collected volume every 15 minutes. Enzyme Purifications Pure DGL was obtained as described by Carriere et a1.8 Dog pepsinogen was purified from gastric juice collected under urecholine stimulation. After adjustment to pH 7, gastric juice was incubated with gentle stirring for 30 min- utes with a batch of Mono Q gel (anionic exchanger: Phar- macia, Uppsala, Sweden; equilibrated with 10 mmol/L Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7. All the pepsinogen was bound to the gel. The Mono Q gel was washed with 10 mmol/L Tris-HCl buffer and packed into a chromatographic column (%-mm ID; IBF, Villeneuve-la-Garenne, France). Using FPLC Figure 1. Scheme of dog stomach and sites where biopsy speci- (Pharmacia), a linear NaCl concentration gradient was ap- mens were taken (Cc,cardiac mucosa; F, upper fundic mucosa; A, plied from 0 to 0.5 mol/L in 10 mmol/L Tris-HCl buffer, proximal pyloric mucosa) and scheme of the spray device for in pH 7. The pepsinogen was eluted at a concentration of 0.3 vivo buffer administration. mol/L NaCl. Pepsinogen fractions eluted from the Mono Q May 1992 DOG GASTRIC LIPASE 1537 column were concentrated by ultrafiltration on a YM 10 shown in Figure 1. One of each pair of specimens was im- DiaFlo membrane (Amicron, Paris, France). The second mediately fixed for microscopy studies. The other biopsy step was a gel filtration chromatography performed on a specimen (l-2 mg) was homogenized in 5-10 pL of 10 Superose 12 HR lo/30 column (Pharmacia) using 10 mmol/L phosphate buffer, 0.15 mol/L NaCl, pH 7.2, con- mmol/L Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7, and 150 mmol/L NaCl. The taining 0.5% (vol/vol) Triton X-100 (Merck, Nogent, protein elution profiles were recorded spectrophotometri- France) and assayed for lipase activity. Triton X-100 had tally at 280 nm. Pure dog pepsinogen was identified by no effect on DGL activity at this concentration. amino acid and N-terminal sequence analysis.* Immunofluorescence Studies Enzyme Activity Measurements As described in previously published reports,6,7 the Gastric lipase activity was determined at pH 5.5 as biopsy specimens of gastric mucosa were fixed for 1 hour described by Gargouri et a1.25 using a pHstat (Radiometer, at 4’C in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 2% Copenhagen, Denmark) with tributyrin as substrate.
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